Assessing Forest Ecosystem Health in the Inland West

This paper presents an overview of the conclusions developed by 35 participating scientists and landmanagers at a scientific workshop held in Sun Valley, Idaho, November 14-20, 1993. The conclusions presented here are those of the authors, but reflect discussions of the entire group, and are based upon conclusions reached by those participants in working groups. The forests of the Inland West are, over wide regions, not healthy. Remedial, restorative, and preventative treatment and management particularly on the federal lands-is urgently needed. A brief window of opportunity, perhaps 15-30 years in length, exists. Without timely management intervention, the region is threatened by major ecological setbacks-pest epidemics and uncontrollable wildfires-that will damage resource values and convert large areas into new even-aged forest systems that set the stage for a repeat of the current problems far into the 21st Century. The scientific tools to understand these problems and mitigate them exist today, but are not being applied on the federal forests rapidly enough to meet the urgency of the situation. The current legal and procedural requirements on federal land management agencies impose time delays which, combined with public opposition to timber harvesting, prevent timely management, doom major forest areas to needless loss and damage, and impose large (and, perhaps, preventable) costs on both local and national economies.     

Historical and Anticipated Changes in Forest Ecosystems of the Inland West of the United States

Euro-American settlement of the Inland West has altered forest and woodland landscapes, species composition, disturbance regimes, and resource conditions. Public concern over the loss of selected species and unique habitats (e.g., old-growth) has caused us to neglect the more pervasive problem of declining ecosystem health. Population explosions of trees, exotic weed species, insects, diseases, and humans are stressing natural systems. In particular, fire exclusion, grazing, and timber harvest have created anomalous ecosystem structures, landscape patterns, and disturbance regimes that are not consistent with the evolutionary history of the indigenous biota. Continuation of historical trends of climate change, modified atmospheric chemistry, tree density increases, and catastrophic disturbances seems certain. However, ecosystem management strategies including the initiation of management experiments can facilitate the adaptation of both social and ecological systems to these anticipated changes. A fairly narrow window of opportunity-perhaps 15-30 years-exists for land managers to implement ecological restoration treatments.     

The Role of Nutrition in the Health of Inland Western Forests

In this paper we present evidence supporting the premise that forest nutrition, nutrient cycling and nutrient management are critical factors for the health of Inland Western forests and for management of the ecosystems. The current state of knowledge suggests that inadequate tree nutrition, particularly potassium shortage, influences tree chemistry such that inadequate plant defensive compounds are produced. Pathogens and insects are unusually successful in attacking such trees. Forest managers have substantial influence on the forest nutritional environment through nearly all types of silvicultural treatments.     

我国经济林学科进展

经济林是指以生产果品,食用油料、饮料、调料,工业原料和药材为主要目的的林木,经济林产业已成为我国林业产业的主体。我国是经济林学科形成的发源地,已经形成了包括经济林产业—经济林科学研究—经济林专业教育三个层次的完整学科体系。综述了我国经济林科学研究在经济林木种质资源的收集、保存、评价和利用,经济树种的良种选育、优质高效栽培等宏观技术方面和经济林产品贮藏保鲜与加工利用及绿色食品与有机食品开发等方面取得的重要进展。分析了我国经济林科学研究与学科发展中存在的问题,即研究队伍数量的不足、科研经费和学科建设投入的不足、研究基础相对薄弱;提出了经济林学科的发展战略,即要做好科研平台建设、人才平台建设、政策平台建设、产业平台建设、市场平台建设;并指出经济林产业的重点领域和发展方向是经济林生产的可持续化,经济林种苗的良种化、无性系化,经济林栽培的集约化、标准化,经济林生产经营的规模化、产业化,经济林产品的多元化、加工利用的深度化、产品质量的安全化。     

粗皮桉再生系统的研究(英文)

该研究在国内外首次报导了粗皮桉的再生系统 .利用粗皮桉的外植体通过两种不同的再生途径建立了高效的再生系统 .首先探讨了粗皮桉的下胚轴和子叶的体细胞胚胎发生 .研究发现 ,下胚轴和子叶在含有 2 ,4 D(添加有BA或激动素 )的培养基上可诱导三种典型不同的愈伤类型 .其中 ,来源于下胚轴的颗粒状的、松脆的胚性愈伤在分化培养基上可获得高频率的再生小植株 .讨论了不同类型的愈伤组织和其对应的分化再生率之间的关系 .此外 ,本研究探讨了来源于粗皮桉的下胚轴、子叶及成熟叶片在添加有一系列BA和NAA的不同浓度组合的B5培养基上的器官发生途径 ,三种不同的外植体在不同的再生培养基上的最高再生频率不同 ,其中成熟叶片、子叶和下胚轴的最高再生率逐渐提高 ,分别为 4 1 6 7%、6 6 6 7%和 83 33% .该文还讨论了两种不同再生系统的意义     

浅谈牡丹江市内河的开发治理

牡丹江市爱民区位于牡丹江市北部,区内水系有北安河、金龙溪、银龙溪、青龙溪、海林沟、碾子沟、洋草沟,其中北安河为牡丹江左岸一级支流,银龙溪、青龙溪为北安河支流。根据统筹城乡发展要求,将爱民区北安乡辖区内八达和三道关规划为牡丹江市统筹城乡综合配套改革爱民试验区,本文主要从内河治理方面讨论了统筹城乡试验区的发展规划与管理问题。     

Natural conifer regeneration patterns in temperate forests across the Inland Northwest,USA

Key message

Natural regeneration patterns of conifer species were studied. Seedling regeneration follows patterns responding to stand structure and site condition factors along shade and drought tolerance gradients. Our findings can assist in adaptive forest management for maintaining sustainable regeneration and plant biodiversity.

Context

Seedling regeneration can vary with stand factors of overstory trees and understory non-tree vegetation and site conditions.

Aims

Natural seedling regeneration patterns of coniferous species were investigated using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data of 10 common species across the Inland Northwest, USA.

Methods

Zero-inflated negative binomial models were developed to understand the responses of natural regeneration to stand factors and site conditions.

Results

Seedling occurrence varies along shade and drought tolerance gradients responding to stand structure and site conditions. Two moderate shade-tolerant species of different drought tolerance contributed as a transition. Strong response patterns were revealed for seedling density, in which seedling density was improved with the presence of conspecific trees while limited by competition, especially from the understory vegetation layer.

Conclusion

Overstory structure and understory vegetation could improve or hinder natural regeneration of coniferous tree species given different shade tolerance and site conditions. Our findings can be effectively implemented in adaptive forest management for maintaining sustainable regeneration of specific conifers in broad temperate mixed forests.

     

巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林乔木更新及土壤化学性质对更新的影响

调查太白山巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林林下与林隙乔木更新及土壤化学性质,分析林隙及土壤化学性质对乔木更新的影响.结果表明:巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林乔木更新苗密度较小,为0.059株·m-2,但林下与林隙均以巴山冷杉更新苗为主;林下与林隙乔木更新苗密度差异不显著(P=0.160),但巴山冷杉幼苗密度表现为林隙内显著高于林下(P =0.012);相关分析表明,小林隙更利于巴山冷杉更新(r=- 0.397,P=0.030),而林隙大小对牛皮桦更新没有显著影响(r=0.125,P=0.511);在林下,土壤碱解N、全P含量和pH值与牛皮桦更新苗密度呈显著正相关;在林隙内,土壤全P和有效P含量与巴山冷杉更新苗密度呈显著负相关,全P含量与牛皮桦幼树密度呈显著负相关;林下土壤有机质含量、全N含量和有效P含量及林隙土壤pH值、有机质含量、全N含量和碱解N含量与牛皮桦和巴山冷杉更新苗密度均没有显著相关关系;林下土壤pH值显著高于林隙,而有机质、全N、碱解N、全P和有效P含量显著低于林隙.     

植物叶围细菌研究进展

该文就植物叶围细菌的分布、性质特点以及与植物的相互关系等几个方面的研究现状和进展进行了阐述,指出研究叶围微生物与植物病虫害的相互关系对于开发生物农药具有重要的现实意义。     

白蜡虫的研究进展

白蜡虫是一种重要的资源昆虫。本文述及白蜡虫各方面的研究进展,讨论了当前需进一步探讨的问题,相关产品的前景展望以及在主产蜡区四川白蜡生产与加工存在的主要问题与建议。     

中国鼠类抗生育药剂研究进展

本文介绍了我国鼠类抗生育技术的研究进展, 概述了化学不育剂的发展、植物性不育剂的改进、 新型类激素抗生育剂的生产以及免疫抗生育技术的引进。在实践中提出了抗生育技术的“空间占位”理论。以棉酚和天花粉为主剂的植物性不育剂已在中国北方林区大面积生产并获得成功。此外,本文对抗生育剂对大白鼠、家兔、狗、猴、鸡等非靶动物的安全性做了归纳和总结。参28。     

浙江省内陆立地区立地分类研究

在对浙江省内陆地区立地自然环境特征及分异规律进行分析的基础上，将内陆立地区划分为７个立地类型区、１４个立地类型组和２７个立地类型。     

国外森林土壤研究现状与趋向

本文就森林土壤分类、立地分类和质量评价、生态系统中养分和水分循环以及林木肥效与生物固氮等问题的研究进展作了简要介绍。     

森林害虫治理进展

文章系统论述了国内外近年来在森林害虫监测和治理方面的研究进展。在害虫监测上介绍了种群动态模型研究和地理信息系统应用，在害虫治理上介绍了各种治理策略及在营林技术、林木抗虫性、生物和化学防治上的具体进展。     

土壤水分研究进展

论述了国内外在土壤水分入渗方程模拟、土壤水分运动参数和SPAC理论等方面的研究进展.文中指出沙地水分研究所采用的主要观点由形态学观点转到了能态学观点;土壤水分运动参数的测定方面做了大量的工作,取得了较好的成绩;随着计算机的迅速发展,数值模拟得以广泛的发展.     

Silviculture of the Spruces in West Scotland

An account of the silviculture of Norway and Sitka spruce (Piceaabies and P. sitchensis) practiced in the West (Scotland) Conservancyof the Forestry Commission in the past 50 years. Present methodsare summarized and future developments forecast. A more intensiveform of silviculture is advocated for Sitka spruce.     

蜡质基因研究进展

蜡质基因是编码直链淀粉合成的关键基因.从蜡质基因和直链淀粉合成的关系、糯性的研究进展、蜡质基因的序列结构、蜡质基因中核蛋白结合位点、转录后水平的调控以及Wx座上的微卫星序列等几个方面综述了蜡质基因的研究进展.     

The effect of Armillaria attack on the nutrient status of Inland Douglas-fir

Nutrient status, sapwood basal area (SBA) and sapwood to heartwood basal area (S/H) were measured on second growth Pseudotsuga menztesn trees in western Montana. Armillaria-infected trees had significantly lower S/H ratios, growth, and foliar N and S concentrations than noninfected trees. Our results indicate a general influence of Armillaria infection on nutrient content and physiological status of P. menziesü trees. However, these measurements are not a reliable method to determine the extent of infection.     

杨树抗虫性研究进展

杨树对天牛的抗性可分为遗传抗性和生态抗性。文章综述了杨树抗虫性研究的现状与进展,并针对存在的问题进行了讨论,以期为杨树的抗虫育种提供理论参考。     

派间杂种110杨再生系统的建立

杨树(Populus spp.)是我国北方地区重要的造林绿化树种之一,因其速生丰产、防风固沙能力强、无性繁殖容易,且基因组较少,而成为林木遗传改良的理想模式植物[1].随着分子生物学的发展和杨树组织培养技术的日趋成熟,人们纷纷把目光转向基因工程,希望在短期内达到改良杨树品种的目的[2].