甘肃省天然林资源保护工程及森林可持续经营初探

森林环境作为社会，经济可持续发展的物质基础，是可再生的，也是可消失的。因此，科学合理地经营和管理天然林资源，可持续经营是唯一的选择。甘肃省天保工程实施区森林是本省森林环境的主体，对本省生态系统和生态安全至关重要。就天保工程实施区森林与森林可持续经营的关系以及可持续经营的部分途径进行了论述。     

按照“激励相容”原理启动热带次生林和退化林地的可持续经营

中国热带天然次生林和退化林地约有1000万hm2,约占热带国土总面积的1/3。在这里,涉及森林资源可持续经营和经济社会可持续发展的基本课题尚未解决。文中建议利用“激励相容”的原理,针对中国的3种次生林和退化林地大类型,选择典型地区,按照尽可能接近当地社区及居民的原则,建立一个由分散化、微型化和多样化示范的小区组成的示范体系,高效率地推进热带次生林和退化林地的可持续经营,增强热带经济社会发展的弱可持续性并进一步向强可持续性转化。     

Sustainable Management of Forests for Atmospheric CO2 Depletion

Abstract

The topic of forest sector carbon balance in connection with climate changes currently has both great scientific and political importance for ecological sustainability on a global scale. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by 1-2 ppm per year in the last few decades. The present paper examines the actual and potential role of forest management to deplete atmospheric CO2 concentration, with specific reference to the Italian situation as a case study. Italian carbon emission derived from fossil fuels amounts to 432 Mt/year, of which 65% comes from burning oil. Annual CO2 absorption, estimated by combining the 1985 National Forest Inventory data with selected biomass data, proves to be quite relevant, amounting to more than 10% of the annual Italian CO2 emission. This is a prudent estimate, since no account is taken of the contributions of non-tree vegetation and soil. Current forest management standards are mainly oriented to conservation. Optimisation of forest management specifically purposed also to carbon storage and non-wood products substitution may further enhance the role of Italian forest sector for atmospheric CO2 depletion: in such a view, practical issues (amelioration of existing forest stands; adjustment of harvesting yield to the actual production capacity of forest stands and adjustment of production standards towards high durable wood products; afforestation and tree cropping by means of changes in land use) are addressed within a sustainability framework.     

热带雨林保护的数字信息技术

数字信息技术在热带雨林保护中的作用，集中于信息的采集、处理、分析和应用。在实际应用中包括：热带雨林本底调查、建立生物资源数据库、热带雨林景观分析、林地变化动态监测以及生态环境的评价和保护。并以西双版纳热带雨林保护为例，介绍了具体研究过程。     

Inclusive Community Forest Management

Summary

Proponents of community-based natural resource management often use definitions of community that implicitly, if not explicitly, favor resident forest users over migrant forest users. This paper explores the shortcomings of the “fixed-in-place” model of community, using examples from ongoing community-based management projects in Mali. The author then summarizes strategies that these projects are using to expand migrant forest user participation in decisonmaking. The paper ends with a brief discussion of how these experiences in West Africa can enrich community-based natural resource management efforts in the United States.     

Implementing Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts in an Adaptive Management Framework

Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achieving results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six concepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. Overall our paper offers an approach that will help forest owners and managers implement the ambiguous SFM concept.     

An Interdisciplinary Research Initiative Towards Sustainable Management of Forest Resources in Lowland Rain Forests of Sri Lanka

Ever-wet forests of SW Sri Lanka are biodiversity hot spots with a wealth of potentially useful and currently used species. Traditional peoples surrounding these forests depend on them for a variety of focds, medicinals and the like as well as for timber. Some of these forests are being preserved as storehouses of diversity that include rare endemics and wild relatives of useful plants. Other natural forests and plantations must be managed for multiple uses including timber and non-timber products used by the forest dependent villagers. Understanding the ecological, social and economic interdependence of forests and rural communities is vital for the future forestry sector development in Sri Lanka. As many of the plants used locally are characteristic of early stages of gap regeneration, timber and non-timber products are compatible uses, given sufficiently judicious management. Anthropological and biological research is now in progress to plan for multiple use management of Sri Lankan ever-wet forests.     

试论可持续森林资源管理与生物多样性的保护

本文介绍了可持续森林资源管理与生物多样性的概念及其所包含的内涵、外延和蒙特利尔进程中对生物多样性规定的内容和指标体系．并提出现阶段保护生物多样性的一些具体实践途径。     

浅谈林业的可持续发展和森林资源的保护管理

从我国林业发展的现状入手,探讨了林业如何实现可持续发展的条件以及实现林业的可持续发展与森林资源保护管理之间的关系.     

中国热带次生林的可持续经营

文中概述了次生林的内涵及中国热带次生林的2种产权形式和2种经营体制, 阐述了目前次生林经营的边缘化和人工化趋势, 并说明了这2种经营趋势不是可持续经营, 同时指出实现可持续经营的途径在于树立生态哲学的世界观, 接受"近自然林业"的经营思想, 探索促进多方参与的经营体制, 以及形成"激励相容"的经营技术体系。     

西双版纳天然林保护与林业可持续发展

西双版纳天然林保护工程的实施对制止区内的环境退化和资源危机,协调人与自然的关系具有重要的作用.在天然林保护工程的实施过程中,对区域的经济、社会和文化造成了一定的影响.为保障社区林业的可持续发展,针对天然林保护给社区带来的影响,提出了发展非木材产品,加强经济林果的发展以及营造速生丰产林和薪炭林的对策,以实现西双版纳的天然林保护和林业可持续发展.     

林业可持续经营与发展方式的探讨

环境问题已成为世界普遍关注的问题,我国林业经过几十年的发展道路,从过度采伐森林资源到森林采伐限额的调整,以及加大森林资源的管护力度,开发新的非林替代产业力度,建立新的经济增长格局,将成为林区社会发展的必然趋势.     

ITTO热带森林可持续经营标准与指标的新进展

从ITTO进程的发展过程、2005年新修订的《ITTO热带森林可持续经营标准与指标》及其与1998年版的ITTO标准与指标的比较3个方面论述ITTO热带森林可持续经营标准与指标的新进展。     

海南岛热带天然山地雨林立地质量评价研究

以森林群系（以下简称群系）为海南岛热带天然山地雨林立地质量评价基本单元（对象,）以群系优势树种组平均优势高为因变量,平均优势木胸径为自变量,用定量方法求出基准胸径为４０ｃｍ。以鸡毛松、海南油杉、岭南稠林、陆均松、线枝蒲桃、黄枝木林、白椎,鹅掌柴,黄酮林３个群系为例,建立了立地指数导向曲线模型,经模型适合性检验,理论值与实测值之间差异不显著,编制了立地指数表。     

天然林保护工程中森林管护存在的问题及对策

森林管护是天然林保护工程建设的重要内容,天然林保护工程实施方案和工程管理办法对森林管护有严格的规定和要求。阐述天然林保护工程中森林管护工作现状和存在的主要问题,探讨解决问题的对策措施。     

三区式森林经营管理模式对天然林资源保护工程的启示

从17世纪中叶森林永续利用理论的诞生, 到当前森林可持续经营理论的应用, 国际社会不断地对森林经营管理模式进行有益探索。目前正在美国、加拿大等地区应用的三区式森林经营管理模式的核心目的就是在满足木材生产需要的同时, 最大程度地减少森林经营活动对森林生态系统的干扰及影响, 恢复和保护森林生态系统的完整性和自然性。经过多年实验和评估, 其实施效果已经得到不同利益群体、政府部门和学术界的广泛认可, 而它的森林区划、经营理念等很多方面又与我国正在实施的天然林资源保护工程存在着相似性。因此, 希望通过对三区式森林经营管理模式的系统研究, 为我国更好地实施天然林资源保护工程提供启示和参照。     

浙江省森林旅游资源的保护与持续利用

浙江省既是林业大省也是旅游大省,1996年全省共接待海外游客72．9万人次,国内游客3773万人次,旅游业收入占总产值的6．2％;森林公园接待国内外游客701万人次,其中境外游客7万人次,对振兴我省经济起到了很大的推动作用。森林旅游业在带来巨大经济效益的同时,也产生了许多负面影响,如短期行为的盲目开发或重复建设导致森林风景资源大量浪费,游乐设施的增加、游客的增多导致生态环境的恶化等,这一切都将严重影响森林旅游业的持续稳定发展。因此,合理保护与利用森林旅游资源,已成为当务之急。     

贵州森林可持续经营探讨

本文结合贵州省实际情况,收集、分析相关数据,从经济、社会、生态三个体系,建立相应的模块对贵州省森林资源的可持续经营进行评价分析。并对实现贵州森林可持续经营的途径给予了分析。     

借鉴“林分施业法” 开展天然林经营的探讨

我国天然林保护工程已经启动,许多地方的天然林已经基本上得到了有效的保护。当前急需研究的是如何进一步对已经保护起来的天然林进行科学合理的经营管理,最终达到可持续经营的目的。本文论述了日本天然林经营、研究现状,介绍了日本东京大学演习林的"林分施业法"经营技术,提出了借鉴"林分施业法"作好天然林保护工作急需研究解决的几个森林经营技术问题。