An Introduction to Community-Based Ecosystem Management

Abstract

This paper introduces the concept of community-based ecosystem management and explores cases and trends reflecting this emerging approach to natural resource management. It presents the workshop tone as a disciplined inquiry and addresses several questions such as where community-based ecosystem management came from, what it looks like, its potential benefits, and its key challenges.     

Community-Based Ecosystem Monitoring

Abstract

Community-based ecosystem monitoring refers to a range of observation and measurement activities involving participation by community members and designed to learn about ecological and social factors affecting a community. This chapter presents observations from community-based ecosystem monitoring activities throughout the United States. It discusses factors leading to the emergence of community-based ecosystem monitoring, multiparty monitoring and its role in building social capital, the monitoring process, the integration of social and ecological factors, and ongoing challenges in community-based monitoring. Sidebars illustrate the chapter's central themes and lessons with examples from particular community monitoring initiatives. Community-based monitoring has been motivated by concern for special places, in response to perceived environmental threats, and as part of an effort to overcome longstanding conflict between diverse stakeholder groups. Multiparty monitoring has the potential to address each of these needs. Significant challenges include achieving effective, diverse community participation, integrating social indicators into ecosystem monitoring and analysis, identifying an appropriate level of rigor for specific monitoring objectives, and effectively integrating monitoring into an adaptive decisionmaking process.     

森林生态系统管理研究概述

森林生态系统管理是实现森林可持续经营的一条生态途径。生态系统管理思想的发展历程与生态学的发展历程密切相关, 是生态学理论与管理学思想的融合过程。文中在概述森林生态系统管理思想的发展历程与背景的基础上, 重点讨论了森林生态系统管理的概念和内涵, 并分别从生态学、社会学和经济学3个角度论述了目前森林生态系统管理的主要研究方向和内容, 指出森林生态系统管理本质上是一种森林资源管理方法, 其应用不仅仅关系到自然科学, 而更多地关系到文化和社会, 因此要根据特殊的国情和林情, 研究适合我国现阶段社会经济发展背景的森林生态系统管理模式。     

全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。森林作为全球陆地生态系统的一个重要组分, 对全球气候变化的响应较为敏感。文中系统总结了全球气候变化对物种和森林类型分布、森林生态系统结构和物种组成、森林生产力、森林土壤碳氮循环和森林灾害等几个方面的影响, 以及森林生态系统管理面临的挑战, 在此基础上提出了适应未来气候变化的森林生态系统管理策略。     

国外森林生态系统管理模式的经验与启示

介绍了美国、加拿大和德国3个国家森林生态系统管理模式的基本情况及其相应的社会、经济和文化发展背景, 分析比较了它们的基本特征, 并在此基础上讨论对我国开展森林生态系统管理的几点启示。     

区域生态系统治理企业——基于区域生态认证的生态系统管理专业化

区域生态认证是实现可持续发展的一种市场机制, 区域生态系统治理企业(REME)是这一动力机制的关键结点。分工理论和企业理论的推导表明, 应建立REME以实现区域生态系统管理专业化。对区域生态认证机制中REME的博弈分析进一步表明, 每个区域只应由1个REME申请认证, 该REME与政府构成代理人-委托人关系, 与其他企业和组织在讨价还价博弈中互利合作。除了通过REC标志使用权转让获利外, REME还应当开辟其他的获利途径以改变风险偏好, 争取在博弈中的有利地位。     

森林生态系统管理概述

森林生态系统管理是以生态学原理为指导 ,结合社会、经济科学来管理森林生态系统 ,使其保持长期健康稳定 ,不断增强林地生产力 ,并确保其可持续性。文中对森林生态系统管理产生的背景、概念、内涵、实施过程以及国内外森林生态系统管理实践进行概述 ,分析森林生态系统管理目前面临的主要问题 ,对我国实行森林生态系统管理提出对策     

森林生态系统经营探讨

阐述了森林生态系统经营提出的背景及概念 ,论述了生态学的物流与能流原理、系统边界的确定、维护森林生态系统健康以及生物多样性原理在森林生态系统经营中的应用 ,并简述了森林生态系统经营目前存在的主要问题和未来的发展     

Participatory Research for Adaptive Ecosystem Management

Summary

Participatory research involves members of interested communities who work with researchers to apply their joint skills and experience to explore issues of mutual concern. There is an increasingly explicit federal mandate for participatory research efforts involving stakeholder groups in public land management. This paper presents a case study of one effort ongoing in the Hayfork Adaptive Management Area (AMA) on the Six Rivers and Shasta-Trinity national forests of northern California. There, a network of U.S. Forest Service staff, scientists, local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and nontimber forest product harvesters (wildcrafters) has been working to address ecological, economic, and social aspects of harvesting nontimber forest products (NTFP) from public land. This paper discusses the challenges of NTFP management on public lands and analyzes participatory research as an approach for addressing some of these challenges.     

森林生态系统经营中有关森林结构问题的探讨

森林生态系统经营是将森林作为一个复杂的生态系统来经营,在对森林资源的经营利用过程中,应维持森林生态系统的健康与完整,并长期保持系统的功能良好．提出将小班区划与林型划分相结合的方法来划分森林生态系统经营的最基本单位,并对森林生态系统经营中森林结构与系统生产力、生产潜力、生物多样性等的关系问题进行了探讨．     

中国传统文化中卓越的生态系统经营思想和实践

介绍了中国传统农(林)业文化中“整体协调、平衡适中、时空有序、用养结合、循环再生”等卓越的生态思想与生态系统经营的实践。     

森林生态系统经营研究初探

阐述了森林生态系统经营产生的背景及概念，论述了森林生态系统经营与传统森林经营的关系；森林生态系统经营是传统森林经营的继承和发展，同时，它们之间又有明显的区别。并简述了森林生态系统经营目前存在的主要问题及今后研究方向。     

森林生态系统经营的新模式:FORECAST模型

系统地阐述了FORECAST模型的原理,其应用过程包括数据收集与调准、生态系统的构建、设置管理模式或自然干扰情景、模拟情景、分析模型输出结果.目前许多国家已开始运用该模型,模拟了不同管理措施对树木生产力的影响等.该模型不受特定的树种、立地条件的限制,可在很大程度上提高预测的准确度,成为预测森林经营管理的最佳模式.     

海岸带木麻黄林生态系统过程与可持续管理

木麻黄为我国东南沿海防护林体系的主栽树种,如何维持和提高其环境调控功能成为当前沿海防护林经营的重要科学问题。文中概述了海岸带木麻黄林生态系统的物质循环、能量流动和防护功能以及育林措施对森林生态系统的影响等国内外研究成果,指出木麻黄人工林具有生产力高、光能利用率高和适应性强的特点;在探讨干扰与木麻黄林生态系统退化之间关系的基础上,提出加强木麻黄海岸防护林的恢复重建与生态系统管理等建议。     

Study on Optimized Pattern of Forest Ecosystem Management in Dagangshan

A comprehensive analysis was made based on the relevant information from the results of the orientation study by the Dagangshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station obtained in the past 20 years The conclusions reached from the study are as follows: The biodiversity in the area is constantly on the decline and the categories of forest, forest age and tree species were out of balance. The stumpage had reduced by 18.1% from 77.4 m3/ha to 63.4 m3/ha in this period. The ecological benefits declined and the commodity ratio of timber was low. The paper puts forward an optimized pattern of "Integration of Three Benefits with Priority to the Ecological Benefits" to carry out a rational structural adjustment. It is shown that the integration of benefits after the adoption of the optimized pattern will be increase 260 million RMB yuan or 28.1% than before. The ecosystem will be improved dramatically both in its healthiness and stability.     

巴音布鲁克草原生态恢复与综合治理调查报告

新疆巴音布鲁克草原在新疆生态安全及经济可持续发展中占有极为主要的地位。目前该草原沙化、退化、盐碱化面积已达67.33万hm2,并继续扩展。超载过牧、生态破坏是其主要原因。改变这种状态要采取加强牧草地建设、加强林牧结合、开展草原蓄牧科技推广及实施贸易兴牧等战略措施。     

美国国有森林系统规划管理

美国的森林资源丰富且国有森林经营管理水平较高,其国有森林的权属清晰,管理理念先进,管理体系规范,法律法规健全,科学化经营程度高,森林多功能经营完善。美国最新的国有森林系统规划管理是在吸取了几十年的经验和教训之后提出的,旨在为人们和社区提供生态系统服务和多种用途,为当前和未来提供一系列的社会、经济和生态效益。文中介绍美国国有森林系统规划管理的背景和规划框架,分析其规划管理特点,总结其现行管理体系,并提出对我国国有林经营管理的借鉴意义。     

景泰县红跃村综合生态系统管理理念与应用

运用综合生态系统管理(IEM)理念,对景泰县红跃村的生态系统进行了分析.在此基础上,提出了社区综合生态系统管理理念提升方法,以及将综合生态系统管理的原则贯穿于防止土地退化活动中的生态恢复措施.最后探讨了社区综合生态系统管理的对策和参与式持续发展建议.     

森林可持续经营问题探讨

阐述了森林可持续经营提出的背景；论述了保持森林生态系统的生产力可再生能力，维护森林生态系统健康以及保护生物多样性是森林可持续经营的三个关键因素；并提出了实现森林可持续经营主要对策。     

Developing Sustainability Indicators for Woody Biomass Harvesting in the United States

Bioenergy production has increased significantly in the last decade, and recent legislative efforts such as the discussion draft for the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act. (2007). H. R. 6: 110th United States Congress. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf)  [Google Scholar] are expected to encourage even more growth. The growing demand for bioenergy will necessitate production of large quantities of woody biomass and plant residues if it is to be met. However, concerns are being raised as to how increased pressures will affect the sustainability of woody biomass. In order to avoid potential pitfalls and ensure the sustainability of wood-based bioenergy systems, a set of sustainability indicators needs to be developed. Some of these indicators can be based on standards similar to those developed for sustainable forest management, energy balances, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and existing codes and guidelines for biomass harvesting. This article discusses a potential set of sustainability indicators encompassing ecological, economic, and social principles for harvesting woody biomass for bioenergy. The extent to which existing standards and certification systems reflect these indicators is elaborated upon. Methods for making these standards operational are also suggested.