Forests in the Time of Violence

Summary

Forest remnants in the Colombian Amazon, Andes, and Chocó are the last repositories of a highly diverse and endemic biota. Historical changes in the Colombian landscape have been dramatic, but the magnitude and rate of change has increased over the last half century, while conflict has consumed the capacity of Colombian society to respond to environmental threats. Academic experts in the study of the Colombian conflict have explored the social, political, and economic implications of the war. However, the environmental consequences of conflict are documented only when groups in conflict target salient economic resources. This paper presents the first analysis of the geographic distribution of forest remnants in relation to armed conflict in Colombia. Results show that guerrillas and/or paramilitaries range throughout areas of human encroachment into remnant forests. The policies promoted by Colombia's irregular armed forces range from “gunpoint conservation” rarely applied by guerrillas, to the rapid conversion of forests and crops to cattle ranches and coca (Erythroxylum sp.) plantations, following paramilitary occupation. Because the rates and extent of fragmentation are linked to such land use practices, armed groups may play a crucial role in determining the fate of Colombia's forests and their endemic biota.     

基于证据理论组合多分类规则实现大区域植被遥感分类研究

[目的]利用遥感影像的时效性和宏观性特点,基于证据理论组合多分类规则的方法快速和高效地实现大区域植被遥感分类。[方法]首先,依据辨识框架的概念设计分类系统,并采用大区域样本快速采集方法提取训练样点;其次,将多个单分类规则得到的植被类型特征影像归一化处理为基本概率赋值作为表达对各类型信任程度的证据源数据,再将不同证据源的信任度信息依据证据理论组合;再次,将组合结果依据最大信任度原则确定植被类型;最后,在中国植被图与中国土地覆盖图的类型一致区域随机布点作为验证样本。[结果]各单分类器分类结果的总体精度范围为60%70%,两两规则组合分类结果的总体精度范围为70%80%,3个规则组合分类结果的总体精度达到80.84%。[结论]组合多分类规则的证据理论分类方法可以提高分类精度;参与组合的单分类器精度越高,相关证据源越多,组合分类结果精度越高。     

从儿童友好到全龄友好——复合空间视角下的佛山公园改造设计研究

以家庭为单位的亲子游是目前城市公园中儿童游憩的最主要形式。建设儿童友好城市,将老公园改造成儿童公园,不仅要考虑儿童自身的行为特征和活动要求,也要统筹考虑儿童家庭群体的游憩需求。佛山公园是佛山新城中央发展轴上的老公园之一,以绿化为主,服务功能单一,2020年政府提出将其改造为禅城区儿童公园。在改造设计实践中,积极探索以儿童家庭为服务主体,覆盖全龄需求的设计方法,从儿童、家人及其互动的游憩需求出发,突破传统的并列式功能分区布局,探索功能混合利用的公园复合空间体系构建思路,营造对儿童家庭全年龄层友好的开放式共享空间。     

新疆巩留县杏果实斑点病病原菌鉴定

[目的]鉴定引起新疆巩留县杏树果实斑点病病原菌,研究造成杏树果实病害的原因,为当地杏树防治工作提供依据。[方法]采用常规组织分离法分离得到罹病杏真菌菌株,利用传统形态学观察和分子系统学分析相结合的方式对所分离出菌株进行分类鉴定及其致病性检测。[结果]杏果病斑处的病原菌在显微镜下观察到分生孢子形态与经PDA培养基培养后观察到分生孢子形态均与Thyrostroma carpophilum（Lév.） B.Sutton所产生分生孢子一致;将分离获得的3株真菌的rDNA-ITS片段测序后与NCBI参考序列进行多重序列比对的结果显示,其序列与T.carpophilum一致性为100%;在基于ITS基因序列构建的系统发育树中,3株菌与T.carpophilum聚在同一分支。在接种了T.carpophilum后,杏果实和叶片均产生明显病斑并且从其所产生的病斑上再次分离到所接菌,满足柯赫氏法则。[结论]从新疆巩留县杏果实病斑处分离获得的3株真菌,经鉴定为引起杏穿孔病的病原菌T.carpophilum。这是该菌首次在该地区发现并报道。     

Evaluation of operator vibration exposure to chainsaws equipped with a Kesper safety bar

Abstract

Chainsaws are widely used for timber harvesting operations. Vibration transmitted into the operator's hand and arm system by the chainsaw's handle can cause vascular and neurological disorders. This article presents the results of operator vibration exposure to three different chainsaws, equipped once with conventional and once with Kesper safety bar. Measurements were done simultaneously on saws' front and rear handle, both for sharpened and blunt chain, as well as for three operational modes being cutting, limbing, and idling. Measurement and analysis of vibration were carried out according to the guidelines of ISO 5349-1 and ISO 5349-2. The results show that root mean square (rms) vibration acceleration was highest in the x-axis for front (in the vertical direction relative to the chainsaw – up though the hand) and in the z-axis for rear handle (perpendicular to the grip, up through the hand into the arm), respectively. For all measurements, vibration at the rear handle exceeded that of the front handle. Differences in vibration between saws equipped either with Kesper safety bar or with a conventional bar were not statistically significant. Frequency-weighted vibration (values for sharpened chain) for cutting was between 4.39 and 4.96 m/s². During delimbing values between 4.93 and 5.04 m/s² were recorded. Vibration for idling saw ranged from 5.87 to 6.15 m/s².     

Developments in Swedish forest policy and administration – from a “policy of restriction” toward a “policy of cooperation”

Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.     

Association between temperature,relative humidity and concentration of volatile organic compounds from wooden furniture in a model room

Abstract

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wooden furniture in a child's room were investigated. A model room was set up in a 12?m³ test chamber, and in parallel, a scaled-down version was run in a 1?m³ test chamber. The latter had a steady climate of 23°C/50% relative humidity (RH), while the temperature and humidity conditions were varied in the 12?m³ chamber between 18 and 28°C, and 30 and 80% RH. Compounds found were α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene and hexanal. Variations in the climate showed that there is an association between temperature and room concentrations of all found VOCs. Changes in RH showed effect on hexanal concentration, and all monoterpene concentrations remained unaffected.     

基于MaxEnt模型的毛红椿适生区预测

[目的]了解环境因子对毛红椿适生区分布的影响,为其资源保护、引种及其人工林的发展提供参考。[方法]基于MaxEnt模型能利用现存不完整、小样本、离散型分布数据构建物种适生区预测模型,用受试者工作曲线线下面积(AUC)检验预测模型的精度,面积越大精度越高等优点,本研究应用毛红椿在云南的分布数据及1个地型因子和6个气候因子,来构建其适生区分布模型。[结果]毛红椿适生区分布MaxEnt模型平均训练AUC和平均测试AUC分别为0.891、0.885,说明对毛红椿适生区的预测是可靠的;降水量变异系数和最干季度降水量是决定毛红椿适生区分布的主要因子,年均气温变化范围、最冷季度平均气温、最湿季度降水量、最冷季度降水量是次要因子。在当代和未来(2050S、2070S)气候变暖条件下(RCP2.6情景),云南省和全国适生区面积计算结果直观、定量的反应了全球变暖对毛红椿适生区变迁的影响。[结论]预测云南省及全国的毛红椿适生区随全球变暖而小幅萎缩。     

大别山不同龄级映山红种群遗传多样性的SSR分析

[目的]利用SSR标记比较大别山黄狮寨不同年龄级映山红(Rhododendron simsii Planch.)种群的遗传多样性及遗传结构,探究映山红不同世代间遗传多样性的变化规律,为大别山野生映山红资源的合理利用和高效保护提供科学依据。[方法]按照基径大小和丛枝多少将大别山黄狮寨典型映山红种群划分为老树、成树、小树、幼苗4个年龄级,筛选出12对多态性强的SSR引物用于PCR扩增,扩增产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测并银染。构建"0/1"矩阵,利用POPGENE 32. 0软件分析种群遗传多样性。基于Nei's遗传距离,采用软件MEGA5. 0进行UPGMA聚类。[结果]不同龄级的映山红遗传多样性差别较大,幼苗和老树种群多样性最差,小树种群多样性最丰富。12个微卫星标记观测等位基因数为3～9个,平均5. 08;有效等位基因数为2. 254 9 6. 129 7,平均3. 460 5;观察杂合度HO和期望杂合度HE分别为0. 676 4～0. 881 2和0. 607 7～0. 690 7。Shannon信息指数(I)以小树群体最高,成树次之,幼苗最低。近交系数Fis为-0. 638 3～0. 174 4,平均为-0. 294 6;总近交系数Fit为-0. 615 1～0. 270 6,平均为-0. 162 1,表明各龄级种群内主要繁殖方式为杂交。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明89. 76%的遗传变异存在于年龄级内,仅10. 24%存在于年龄级间。基因流水平高,仅1个位点Nm 1。遗传一致度最高的为小树和成树种群。[结论]大别山黄狮寨映山红种群遗传多样性丰富,种群间中度分化,遗传变异主要存在于年龄级内。     

Fate of Culm Shoots in Wild Stands of a Tropical Clumping Bamboo

ABSTRACT

Bamboo culm shoots provide food for humans and wildlife and are the basis for vegetative recruitment by bamboo genets, a potential three-way competition with implications for sustainability. The fate of 605 culm shoots from three wild stands of Bambusa arnhemica F.Muell., a riparian bamboo from northern Australia, were identified. Shoots emerged over a four to five month period, but shoots that emerged in the first month were rarely successful. Recruitment rates were similar at about 38% in an unmanaged and a protected stand, with losses due to harvesters and animals four times higher at the former and losses due to culms rotting almost three times higher at the latter. Harvesters and feral animals preferentially removed shoots close to or beyond the periphery of clumps. It is proposed that culm rot is not pathogenic but rather a compensation mechanism in which shoots in excess of recruitment potential are produced, held in abeyance and nutrients withdrawn from them if they are not needed as replacements. If correct, this offers potential for sustainability in the harvest of shoots from unmanaged wild bamboo stands, but issues relating to clump expansion and culm size remain to be addressed.     

Path tracking in forest terrain by an autonomous forwarder

Abstract

Autonomous navigation in forest terrain, where operation paths are rarely straight or flat and obstacles are common, is challenging. This paper evaluates a system designed to autonomously follow previously demonstrated paths in a forest environment without loading/unloading timber, a pre-step in the development of fully autonomous forwarders. The system consisted of a forwarder equipped with a high-precision global positioning system to measure the vehicle's heading and position. A gyro was used to compensate for the influence of the vehicle's roll and pitch. On an ordinary clear-cut forest area with numerous stumps, the vehicle was able to follow two different tracks, three times each at a speed of 1 m s^?1, with a mean path tracking error of 6 and 7 cm, respectively. The error never exceeded 35 cm, and in 90% of the observations it was less than 14 and 15 cm, respectively. This accuracy is well within the necessary tolerance for forestry operations. In fact, a human operator would probably have a hard time following the track more accurately. Hence, the developed systems function satisfactorily when using previously demonstrated paths. However, further research on planning new paths in unknown unstructured terrain and on loading/unloading is required before timber transports can be fully automated.     

基于国家森林资源清查数据的不同生物量和碳储量估计方法的对比分析

[目的]通过对不同生物量和碳储量的估计方法进行对比分析,为确定在国家森林资源清查中生物量和碳储量的具体估计方法提供依据。[方法]以广东省2012年森林资源清查的100个杉木林和80个马尾松林的实测样地资料为基础,利用近年来我国建立的主要树种立木生物量模型,对改进IPCC法、生物量模型法和转换因子连续函数法(即方精云法)3种方法按一元和二元模型共6种方案进行了对比;同时,基于改进IPCC法一元和二元模型的生物量估计值,用平均含碳系数法、组分含碳系数法和固定含碳系数(0.5或0.47)法分别对碳储量进行估计。[结果]用二元生物量模型法得到的杉木林和马尾松林样地的总生物量分别为320 Mg和331 Mg,一元生物量模型法的结果分别相差0.9%和6.2%;改进IPCC法的估计结果,采用二元和一元模型时杉木林分别相差-3.6%和-11.9%,马尾松林分别相差-8.5%和-19.6%;而方精云法的估计结果,采用二元和一元模型时杉木林分别相差6.65倍和6.60倍,马尾松林分别相差-14.3%和-18.0%。平均含碳系数法和组分含碳系数法的碳储量估计结果,杉木林仅相差0.2%,马尾松林相差约0.4%;固定含碳系数法的估计结果因树种而异,对杉木林要低估0.6%5.4%,对马尾松林要低估3.3%9.1%。[结论]对生物量的估计,采用生物量模型法准确性最高,而林木水平的生物量模型其预估精度要高于林分水平的模型;IPCC法是基于材积源的通用方法,将其中的缺省参数改进为可变参数模型,可大大提高方法的适应性;方精云法只是基于IPCC法所建立的林分水平模型在大尺度上的一种具体应用方法,其精度要低于林木水平的生物量模型法,不适于中小尺度应用。对碳储量的估计,采用平均含碳系数法与组分含碳系数法差异很小,但采用固定含碳系数法则误差较大。     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

我国重点国有林区改革对职工家庭间收入不平等的影响

利用我国3个重点国有林区24个林业局1 454户职工家庭微观调查数据,通过极大似然估计法和最小二乘法估计国有林区各项改革对职工家庭间收入不平等的影响。研究发现,国有林区职工家庭间不平等程度不断加剧,而在国有林区推行的各项改革对不平等的加剧有显著影响。其中,市场化手段组织林业生产这项改革实施时间每增加1年,林业局职工家庭间收入差距就增加8元;参与森林资源承包管护改革户数的比例每增加1个百分点,林业局职工家庭间收入差距增加13元;加工企业转制比例每增加1个百分点,林业局职工家庭间收入差距增加2元;一次性安置富余职工也显著提高了林业局职工家庭间收入差距,但养老负担显著降低了职工家庭间收入差距。因此,在推行以改进效率为目标取向的市场化改革过程中,政府需要出台相应的配套政策,尤其是要扶持和帮助林区贫困弱势群体,以避免不平等程度加剧。     

Intrapopulation and Interpopulation Genetic Variation of Quercus in Denmark

Native Danish oak stands are fragmented and decreasing because of the extensive use of foreign seed sources. Therefore, the population structure of natural Danish oak stands was analysed by means of six polymorphic enzyme loci. A total of 17 stands of Quercus robur L. (including an ''outgroup'' sample from The Netherlands), seven Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. and two putative hybrid stands were included in the study. The average genetic diversity was similar for the two species as well as for the putative hybrid stands: 0.25 for Q. robur, 0.27 for Q. petraea and 0.26 for the hybrid stands. The genotypic proportions at two (Pgm and Mnr) of the six loci showed many significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, always with an excess of homozygotes, whereas the remaining four loci accorded to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, suggesting a low level of inbreeding. The differentiation of the Q. petraea and Q. robur populations was quantified with Wright's F-statistics. The within-species component was low, 0.022, reflecting the wind-pollinated reproductive mode of the two species. The betweenspecies component was 10-fold higher, 0.235, indicating two separate groups. A phylogenetic tree estimated from allele frequencies also supported the presence of these two groups. Despite the two well-separated groups in the tree, it was not possible to assign all individuals to the species to which they supposedly belonged. In total, 10% of the Q. robur individuals and 14% of the Q. petraea individuals were assigned to the other species, suggesting a limited amount of introgression between the two species.     

The Evolution of Watershed Councils and the Oregon Plan

Summary

Revisiting the history of Oregon politics, especially environmental policy, shows that populist tradition and innovative government are tied together. Political innovation through massive reform led to the Oregon System, a governmental approach that allows a good deal of direct, or participatory, democracy. The degree of direct democracy in Oregon, or at least the threat of voters bypassing the legislature, led to a series of environmental laws passed in the 1970s. Along with similar federal laws, these set a regulatory baseline from which to build a watershed protection strategy. Key to this Watershed Health Program is the role of community-based watershed councils, which provide a good example of local, inclusive, participatory democracy. Utilizing watershed councils as the key component of a state watershed restoration strategy within the context of a regulatory baseline is an example of a hybrid centralized/decentralized approach to environmental policy. This hybrid approach is a political innovation that serves as an incremental response to competing environmental and anti-government populism. This approach will be severely tested by the 1997 Oregon Plan for Salmon and Healthy Watersheds, a state conservation plan designed to head off a listing of salmonid species under the Endangered Species Act. If this approach is successful, community-based ecosystem management groups and states that wish to copy Oregon's example will have new ideas to foster maintenance and restoration of ecosystems through state-administered conservation plans.     

Development, manufacture and application of Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension

The optimal formula of Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension was screened out through the experiment,preparation and manufacture of basic formulas, which has no sedimentation, suspended drops of oil, peels and agglomerating and the diameter of capsule is in range of 10-30μm, conformed to the technical requirement. The aftereffect of the 3.3% Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension which was manufactured according to the optimal formula was up more than 25 days. The experiments on controlling the larvae of Dendrolinmus superans Butler and the adults of Xylotrechus rusticus L were carried out with different concentrations of this chemical. The death rate reached 80% when 250 times solution of the chemical was sprayed on stem to control the larvae of D. superans. For control of the adults of X. rusticus, 200, 400 and 600 times solution of the chemical were applied and their control effects (death rate) reached 85.23%, 74.21% and 66.59% respectively. Two kinds of solution (200 times and 300 times) of the chemical were used to control the larvae of D. superans in large area, and the control effect for both concentrations was over 90%.     

Multivariate product adapted grading of Scots pine sawn timber for an industrial customer,part 1: Method development

ABSTRACT

Rule-based automatic grading (RBAG) of sawn timber is a common type of sorting system used in sawmills, which is intricate to customise for specific customers. This study further develops an automatic grading method to grade sawn timber according to a customer's resulting product quality. A sawmill's automatic sorting system used cameras to scan the 308 planks included in the study. Each plank was split at a planing mill into three boards, each planed, milled, and manually graded as desirable or not. The plank grade was correlated by multivariate partial least squares regression to aggregated variables, created from the sorting system's measurements at the sawmill. Grading models were trained and tested independently using 5-fold cross-validation to evaluate the grading accuracy of the holistic-subjective automatic grading (HSAG), and compared with a re-substitution test. Results showed that using the HSAG method at the sawmill graded on average 74% of planks correctly, while 83% of desirable planks were correctly identified. Results implied that a sawmill sorting station could grade planks according to a customer's product quality grade with similar accuracy to HSAG conforming with manual grading of standardised sorting classes, even when the customer is processing the planks further.     

寡核苷酸管芯片技术检测和鉴别我国不同组植原体

[目的]不同组植原体检测和鉴别的特异性探针已有报道,为了筛选出适合于我国不同组植原体检测和鉴别的特异性探针,建立管芯片检测和鉴别植原体技术,并对我国发生的疑似植原体病害进行鉴别。[方法]通过PCR扩增结合管芯片杂交技术,对收集到的15种植原体侵染的植物样品及其健康对照进行检测和鉴别。[结果]建立了管芯片检测和鉴别植原体技术体系。15种病害样品中,13种获得显著的阳性杂交信号,并且所有的健康对照都呈现为阴性。13种植原体病害依16Sr DNA直接测序可分为16SrⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、XIX四组植原体。在所有探针中,植原体的通用探针(Pp-502)可以检测到所有确定的植原体样品。16SrⅠ组特异性探针(PpⅠ-465)可以确定16SrⅠ组的泡桐丛枝、苦楝丛枝、桑树萎缩和莴苣黄化4种植原体样品。16Sr II组特异性探针(PpⅡ-629)仅可以确定16Sr II组的花生丛枝、甘薯丛枝和臭矢菜丛枝3种植原体样品。但16Sr V组的枣疯病、樱桃致死黄化和重阳木丛枝及16Sr XIX组的板栗黄化皱缩植原体与其他组专化性探针皆有明显的交叉杂交信号。相比于PCR扩增的凝胶电泳检测,管芯片检测的灵敏度提高了1 000倍。对疑似植原体病害的诊断结果显示河南濮阳的红花槐丛枝的病原应为16Sr V组植原体,福建福州的长春花黄化丛枝应为16SrⅠ组植原体;而北京戒台寺牡丹黄化皱叶和内蒙古包头柳树丛枝未出现任何植原体专化的杂交信号。[结论]管芯片杂交技术作为一种检测和鉴别植原体的方法,可应用于我国植原体病害调查和诊断,并为植原体的鉴别和分类提供可靠的依据。     

Selected physical and mechanical properties of the Chilean wood species roble,lingue, manio and alerce

Abstract

Data sets with mechanical and physical properties of wood species can aid the recognition of biomechanical correlations, and they can also be valuable tools to assist decision making regarding the practical industrial employment of the species. However, such data sets are still lacking for many species, particularly non-European and non-North-American species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of four Chilean species (the softwoods alerce and manio, and the hardwoods lingue and roble), including the three Young's moduli and the three shear moduli. Dynamic methods were applied as well as static ones. The results suggest that Brinell hardness, compression strength and Young's moduli are clearly correlated with the density and can partly be related to anatomical details. Since the investigated species cover only a fraction of the Chilean species that are suitable for construction purposes, for example, further future examination of relevant species would be beneficial for basic research and industry.