新西兰林业发展之路

新西兰林业经过50余年的发展．实现了对天然林的保护．木村生产从完全依靠天然林转变为只有1％的锯材来自天然林；一个只有不足400万人口的国家，现在年产木材已达到2100万m^3，木材及木制品出口创汇占全国创汇的12％，成为国民经济的支柱产业，未来25年木材产量将翻番．而且完全来自可持续利用的人工林；这些经验已成为世界林业实现可持续发展的典范。文中分析了新西兰林业成功的经验，希望有助于正在蓬勃发展的中国林业。     

我国杉木人工林可持续经营面临的问题及发展策略——基于全国分布区的调查

基于2018年7-8月对我国杉木分布区进行的实地调查,总结整理了影响杉木人工林可持续经营的问题,包括"重栽疏养"、极端气候事件频发、做不到"适地适树"、群众造林积极性降低、林业部门投入减少以及木材价格波动频繁等问题。针对以上林农、林场、林业科研院所、林业局等相关林业部门存在的普遍问题,提出推动绿色生态优先发展、加大林场专项资金扶持力度、良种基地建设和技术推广、遵循因地制宜的原则、加快林间混生套种以及林下经济建设、加大林地管理力度、提高应对极端气候事件危害能力、加强木材价格依法管理、着重杉木相关产品开发等相应的对策和政策,以期为杉木人工林的可持续经营提供理论上的支持。     

Forest policy in aroused society: Ukrainian post-Orange Revolution challenges

With the collapse of the communist regime the market changes were introduced in Ukraine, as in other Central and Eastern European Countries, including forestry sector. Reform was not as radical as in other sectors of economy, nor in the forestry sector as in some other countries of region. Ukraine is involved in international forest policy dialogue, particularly Intergovernmental and Pan-European processes of the forest sector development on the principles of sustainability, but implementation of international agreements needs to be sounder in practice.This paper discusses the current situation in forest sector and achievements and failures in economic, environmental, and social aspects of forest sector development. Policy and institutional mechanisms to develop the sustainable forest management (SFM) approaches are discussed. We analyze preconditions for institutional building (legislature, institutions, policy actors) looking at both the existing potential and the constraints in the realization of urgent tasks that arise in the economy in a period of transition. Specific attention is given to the national forest policy conception and forest sector development prospects.     

The ecological sustainability of tropical forest management: evaluation of the national forest management standards of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with emphasis on the need for adaptive management

From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region.     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。     

Mosaic of reform: forest policy in post-1978 China

With the start of economic reforms in 1978, China's forest sector was caught up in a whirlwind of change. It began with the devolution of forest tenures in rural areas, but led to reform of state-owned forest enterprises via introduction of stumpage fees and liberalized forest product prices. From the early 1990s to 1998, while China increasingly embraced the market economy, the nation's natural forests continued to be depleted despite repeated emphasis on sustainable development. Then, in the wake of the 1998 floods in the Yangtze River basin, there was a shift in focus from timber production to environmental protection, with policy redirected toward the rehabilitation of damaged forest ecosystems, afforestation in desertified and degraded areas, and a ban on logging in natural forests. We provide an overview of the central themes of reform in China's forestry sector, identify the major factors that influenced policy formulation, and show that the outcomes of China's forest policy changes in the aggregate represent a paradigm shift.     

莫桑比克林业发展现状及中莫两国林业合作探析

莫桑比克森林资源丰富,是中国在非洲的主要热带木材及原木来源地。在利于两国共同发展的基础上,中莫两国林业建立了广泛的合作。由于莫桑比克毁林和森林质量下降的问题,中国企业林业投资又面临国际上的质疑和批评,迫切需要改进两国林业合作与发展方式和策略。文中介绍了莫桑比克森林资源、林业管理体系、森林采伐、木材加工、流通与贸易等发展现状,提出了促进中莫两国林业国际合作可持续发展的建议。     

对现行森林采伐管理制度改革的思考

森林资源采伐制度对于促进森林可持续经营、保障经营者利益,以及有效保护森林资源具有重要作用。中国以森林限额采伐管理为核心的木材采伐许可证制度,尽管对于有效保护森林资源曾经起到重要作用,但是,在新的历史条件下,森林采伐管理在目标、手段不一致,采伐管理政策单一等一系列问题,已经成为影响与制约中国林业发展的重要政策因素。为此,以森林分类经营、分类管理为基础,提出对于公益林和商品林、人工林和天然林、国有林和私有林等,必须实施森林分类采伐管理政策。     

奥地利森林可持续经营对湖南林业的可借鉴经验

通过在奥地利的学习、考察和交流,深入了解奥地利林业在森林可持续发展经营、近自然林业经营技术、木材资源利用、林业扶持政策、林业人才培养、湿地型国家公园管理、林业科学研究和科技推广应用等方面的先进理念,对比分析湖南林业发展的不足之处,借鉴奥地利林业健全的林业法律规章和制度体系、扎实的林业人才培养与技能培训和深入人心的社区林业经验等可持续发展经验,为进一步推动湖南林业转型升级和实现森林可持续发展提供参考。     

澳大利亚的森林经营及其对我国的启示

为满足发展林产工业和保护环境的双重要求, 近20年来澳大利亚显著改进了森林经营, 其核心是在景观层次上考虑木材生产与环境保护的协调问题。具体措施包括分类经营、拟态经营、健康经营、经济经营、多目标经营、社会化经营、认证经营和安全经营等, 从森林的宏观格局配置到经营作业实施, 从管理体制到技术规程, 从人员素质提高到劳动安全, 进行了全面的调整, 走上了具有明显的现代特征的林业可持续发展道路。我国应借鉴其有价值的经验, 坚持以现代林业的思想指导森林经营, 实行差别经营政策, 完善技术体系, 培养有现代经营理念的人员, 加快推进现代林业, 为完成新时期林业又好又快发展的任务奠定基础。     

Making Forest Projects Sustainable

Abstract

At present Nepal's demand for forest products exceeds its production. The Sagarnath Forest Development Project with its 10,000 hectares in sissoo and eucalyptus plantations may fulfill part of the country's requirement of firewood and timber products. To ensure the sustainable management of these plantations, a harvesting plan was developed. Linear programming was applied to obtain optimal harvesting levels. Models for both sissoo and eucalyptus were run with and without nondeclining, and even flow constraints separately. Linear Interactive and Discrete Optimizer (LINDO) was used to run these models. The plan with even flow constraints was found to be the best fulfilling the demands of both timber and fuelwood to some extent and making the harvest financially sustainable.     

德国森林经营历史经验的借鉴

作者介绍了德国森林经营理论的阶段性特征,包括:德国人工造林思想的形成和“森林永续利用理论”的诞生、膨胀的工业化对木材的需求和“土地纯收益理论”的诞生、对森林生态系统的认识和“接近自然的林业理论”的诞生、国家对林业的扶持和“林业政策效益理论”的诞生.我国林业正由粗放经营向集约经营转变.借鉴德国森林经营的经验,对于我国的林业改革和选择适合我国特点的森林经营模式,具有宝贵的参考价值.     

Forest resources and timber production of Ghana: Current instruments for sustainable development

The decline of the natural tropical high forest has reached a critical stage in Ghana’s forestry history. Timber resources are over-exploited, degraded and further production prospects are questionable and of concern to forest management. The objective of this paper is to discuss some of the institutional measures and development instruments being taken in Ghana towards the feasibility of achieving sustainable management of the high forest for timber and other commodity products, as well as conserving other forest resources. This paper, therefore, provides institutional measures and structures, regulatory and economic instruments, currently being taken to ensure effective forest management and increase the productivity of the land and logging. The role of collaborative management approach of both natural reserved and unreserved high forests and to promote integrated farm forestry is explained. Effective management of the high forest resource demands close harmonizing of instruments and mechanisms, both internal and external to forestry, and which encourage stakeholders to participate actively in decision making that affects the resource quality and its production status. Currently, different instruments including regulatory, property rights, motivational, hypothecation, information supply and economic are being applied in Ghana to achieve sustainable forest resource management and timber production. These instruments are not mutually exclusive in their current application, but rather complementary. Thus, an effective mix of instruments is necessary to promote and make feasible, sustainable forestry in Ghana’s socioeconomic development objectives.     

西双版纳天然林保护与林业可持续发展

西双版纳天然林保护工程的实施对制止区内的环境退化和资源危机,协调人与自然的关系具有重要的作用.在天然林保护工程的实施过程中,对区域的经济、社会和文化造成了一定的影响.为保障社区林业的可持续发展,针对天然林保护给社区带来的影响,提出了发展非木材产品,加强经济林果的发展以及营造速生丰产林和薪炭林的对策,以实现西双版纳的天然林保护和林业可持续发展.     

新西兰森林采伐管理制度与借鉴

森林采伐管理是森林资源管理的核心内容之一。在计划经济条件下制定的中国森林采伐管理制度对于森林资源保护起到了重要作用。但是, 随着市场经济不断完善、集体林权制度改革不断深入, 这种管理制度已经不适应现代林业发展的需要, 亟待完善。分析了新西兰在森林采伐方面实施的分类采伐管理、森林可持续经营计划、森林可持续经营许可证、年度采伐计划等管理措施, 期望能为完善中国森林采伐管理制度提供参考模式和经验借鉴。     

Forest management educational needs in South African forestry companies

South Africa is a world leader in the forest products industry and this industry contributes significantly to the country's economy. Challenges to the industry's future include land reform, water use, global competition, regulations, outsourcing and privatisation (the decreased role of government in forest management). These issues impact forestry skills, jobs and education. As part of the Department of Forest and Wood Science's curriculum revision at Stellenbosch University, a survey was sent to forest industry representatives to better understand the transition in forestry and what is expected from upcoming forestry graduates, specifically in business and economic-related studies. Major issues that surfaced included skill shortages, timber supply constraints and land/legal issues. The most important skills lacking in future foresters were people and business management skills. The survey results confirm that, although forest managers still need a core technical toolbox, they are also required to address multiple issues and require a broader 'package' of skills.     

天保工程区人工商品林采伐管理办法探讨

天然林资源保护工程区内禁止对天然林进行商品性采伐,但如何对区内人工林施行商品性采伐,需要一个探索过程,原有的林木采伐管理办法已与当前林业发展的形势不相适应。文中提出了改进人工商品林采伐的政策措施,并对完善人工商品林采伐管理办法进行了探讨。     

海南桉树引种种植成功经验

海南种植桉树对国家、集体、个人、企业都有利益,有许多功绩。海南引种种植桉树88年历史,海南生态环境仍然保持良好生态环境,仍然成为世界人居好环境。海南种植桉树为海南经济发展,保护好天然林,保护好环境,保护好橡胶林,促进平原绿化,增加海南森林覆盖率,丰富森林资源,在短时间内为社会提供大量的木材和薪炭材,保持林业可持续发展,起到非常重要作用。海南种植桉树具有生态效益,社会效益,经济效益。但我们发展桉树同时必须讲究科学规划,适地适树,选用良种,讲究科学种植、合理密度、科学管理,科学施肥,桉树一定能获得高产,又有良好的生态效益。但不能盲目经营,绝不能砍伐天然林,次生林来种植桉树,海南人民有能力把桉树产业这篇文章做得更好。     

低碳经济背景下中国森林可持续经营策略

低碳经济倡导以较少的温室气体排放实现经济发展目标, 强调经济发展与环境保护的相互协调。在发展低碳经济、应对气候变化过程中, 森林具有特殊的作用。同时, 发展低碳经济将会对森林和林业发展产生重大影响, 也必将对传统林业管理、林业政策、森林经营等形成新的机遇和挑战。文中讨论了低碳经济与森林的关系, 阐述了林业低碳经济的发展内涵和发展路径, 基于低碳经济发展理念, 提出积极推进森林多功能经营、通过认证助推森林可持续经营以及加强人工林生态环境管理的我国森林可持续经营策略。     

中国热带地区次生林经营现状和技术

文章分析了中国热带地区次生林经营相关资料,在对广东、海南、广西和云南重点热带次生林林区或典型经营区进行实地调查的基础上,分析和总结了中国热带次生林经营管理政策、经营现状和经营技术。中国的热带次生林经营在中华人民共和国成立后不久的1951年开始提出,但在20世纪50至80年代中期,主要以利用为目的,经营方式以封山育林为主。到了80年代后期,经济相对发达的地区如广东开始从木材生产为主向生态营林方向转化的大规模经营活动,自然保护区建设规模加大。1998年发生严重的洪涝之后,中央政府加强了以林业为主题的生态环境建设,热带次生林开始得到有效的保护,这一阶段的经营特点是生态建设,经营方式以政府主导的生态公益林、天然林保护等工程建设为主。经营技术除封山育林外,强调了退耕还林、提高物种的多样性和地带性乡土树种的开发利用。但是,中国的热带次生林经营始终未能走出木材利用或是生态防护的两个极端,缺乏既提高生态效益又提高经济效益、能满足生态和林区居民生存经济需求的可持续经营技术和实践。