南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的分布特征

采用样地调查、线路调查的方法,对云南省南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的资源状况及分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,（1）南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物共计206种,隶属于44科108属。其中,国家重点保护野生植物21种,云南省重点保护野生植物36种, IUCN红色名录植物17种, CITES附录植物143种。（2）发现新分布种长蕊木兰、水青树和逸生种喜树。（3）珍稀濒危种子植物区系联系广泛,属级水平上具有极强的热带性质;种级水平上具有热带成分向温带成分过渡的特征,且特有现象突出,与滇西南、滇南分布联系密切。（4）海拔510～2977 m,珍稀濒危植物的丰富度随海拔的增加呈先增后减的趋势,集中分布在海拔1000～1500 m的季风常绿阔叶林中。该保护区珍稀濒危植物面临的主要威胁是人为破坏,并针对所受威胁提出了保护建议。     

武汉自然博物馆馆藏哺乳动物标本编目

参照最新的哺乳动物分类系统和保护等级名录,对武汉自然博物馆馆藏哺乳动物标本进行整理分析,共汇总17目58科232种1136件标本.其中国外标本173种,中国特有动物12种.国家一级保护野生动物37种,国家二级保护野生动物19种;世界自然保护联盟红色名录(IUCN)极危物种6种,濒危物种19种,野外绝迹物种1种;濒危野生...     

Developments in Swedish forest policy and administration – from a “policy of restriction” toward a “policy of cooperation”

Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.     

Managing the Tropical Agriculture Revolution

ABSTRACT

Industrial production of beef, soybeans, cotton, and biofuels is expanding into the tropical latitudes of South America and may soon reach tropical Africa in the most important agricultural transition since the Green Revolution. This shift is driven by the shortage of land suitable for expansion of cultivation and grazing in the temperate zone, increased global demands for agricultural commodities, the rising price of petroleum, and technological advances. At risk are some of the world's most ecologically and culturally-rich landscapes in the world, such as the Amazon rainforest, the Cerrado woodland complex, and African savannas. A strategy for reducing the negative ecological and social impacts of this transition could harness the rising environmental and social standards imposed by many importers and purchasers of agricultural commodities, similar reforms underway among “Equator” banks, growing corporate governance, and Brazil's prominence in international diplomacy. Integrated certification of commodity sanitation, compliance with rigorous environmental standards, and sound labor practices could become the norm for participation in commodity markets. These reforms in agro-industrial behavior could be reinforced by trade agreements and strategic support from non-governmental organizations.     

中华山鸟类自然保护区鸟类资源研究

2013年4月~2015年1月,利用样线法对湖北中华山鸟类省级自然保护区的鸟类多要决策进行了调查,结合历史资料,统计鸟类158种隶属13目37科105属,占湖北省鸟类种数456种的34.6%。其中,国家重点保护鸟类28种,世界自然保护联盟红皮书受危种2种,中国生物多样性红色名录15种,列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录28种。生物多样性指数G-F指数0.82,相当于邻近地区的孝感市,高于京山对节白蜡自然保护区。     

Analysis of multicriteria in the practice of environmental services in areas of watersheds

ABSTRACT

Watersheds have become strategically important for the survival of cities due to the accelerated increase in both the demand and the rapid deterioration of the water intended to supply the urban populations. The present article aims to present the applicability of the “multicriteria method” to help the Government of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil organize payment for environmental services for watershed protection using the “Delphi method” as the principal methodology. This article consists of a review of the literature and a case study of the Mina d’Água program from the State Secretary of the Environment (within the Government of São Paulo) in partnership with other municipalities (city by river basin). The article also covers the advent of pertinent climate change laws. The positive results in the use of the Delphi method represent a fruitful tool to facilitate communication between groups of experts and the public, encouraging better judgment and a more consistent decision-making process.     

Use of Geographic Information System and Direct Survey Methods to Detect Spatial Distribution of Wild Olive (Olea cuspidata Wall.) from High Mountain Forests of Northwestern Nepal

Vast areas of dry subtropical evergreen forests of Olea cuspidata in the northwestern mountains of Nepal have been abandoned in recent decades. The status of this species was found to be very poor in almost all the areas of our study sites, located in Bajura district. However, the lack of past information on this species did not allow us to determine the exact number of hectares that have declined. Overgrazing, illegal cuttings, and lack of environmental awareness were found to be the major causes of Olea spp. forest degradation. Direct survey and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods were used to create a current distribution map of wild olive. Potential sites based on the sparse population and dense patches of wild olive were still found in Bajura. A large amount of wild olive fruit was found unused in these area. If properly managed, subsistence farming of this fruit can be an income supplement for the poorest and vulnerable local communities. The scope of our study was to map the vulnerable status of one of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-listed wild olive species from the remote far-western district of Bajura. The necessity of an immediate national policy is discussed to develop and consolidate control techniques and ecological restoration strategies based on conservation and sustainable approaches in order to prevent future decline of native plant diversity.     

欧盟“零毁林”产品法案及其影响与应对

气候变化、生物多样性丧失和毁林是危及全球的重要问题,影响到人类的生存和地球上可持续的生活条件。随着全球对环境问题的关注度不断提升,各国纷纷出台相关政策措施。2021年11月17日,欧盟委员会正式公布一项新提案——“零毁林”产品法案,目的是最大限度地遏制由欧盟消费和出口引起的毁林和森林退化,并增加欧盟对合法和“零毁林”产品的需求和贸易,以期减少温室气体排放和全球生物多样性丧失。文中从欧盟提出新法案的原因和背景、新法案的主要内容2个方面对欧盟“零毁林”产品法案问题进行梳理,分析欧盟新法案带来的机遇与挑战,并结合当前我国国情和经济发展趋势提出应对措施。     

国际立法中的湿地恢复激励机制及启示

湿地恢复激励机制在《生物多样性公约》、《湿地公约》等国际性立法中得到了充分体现,其主要方式有以直接付费、反向财政激励、以税收减免为主的财政性激励机制和以良好宣传的激励、独占使用湿地资源的激励、湿地缓解银行激励为主的非财政性激励机制。文中对这些激励机制进行了规范考察和效果分析,提出在湿地保护制度和机制构建中借鉴国际立法中的湿地恢复激励机制成功经验、丰富湿地恢复激励方式、拓宽湿地恢复资金来源、推行社区共管的湿地管理模式、加强公众环境教育是实现湿地资源保护的有效途径。     

我国植物新品种保护信息共享问题探讨

植物新品种保护的信息共享已成为各国普遍采用的一种植物新品种保护方式。文中介绍了国内外植物新品种保护信息共享平台建设的现状及特点,包括国际间联盟机构和国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)成员国等建立的国外平台和我国的林业和农业植物新品种保护信息共享平台;分析了国内外植物新品种保护信息共享平台的不同和发展趋势,并提出相关建议。     

Cleavage in the understanding of sustainability: Sustainable pulp industry versus sustained local livelihood

Abstract

“Sustainability” is used as a catchword, with different meanings depending on the actor. This paper examines how the term “sustainability” is used by the Brazilian pulp maker Veracel Cellulose, and other major cellulose pulp producers in South America, and the cleavage between the companies and the local communities in their understanding of the term sustainability. The analysis was based on annual or sustainability reports from companies in Brazil (Aracruz, Fibria, Suzano and Veracel) and Chile (Arauco and CPMC), and Nordic Stora Enso and UPM. The main emphasis is on Veracel for 2008 and 2009, which is contrasted with a letter to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) from the local Bahian NGO, CEPEDES. Although the companies use “sustainability” as a catchword, in the actual reporting the wording “environmental and social responsibility” is preferred. A new reporting standard, GRI, encourages a narrower focus on selected business-related indicators, rather than a broader view in accordance with the Brundtland and Rio definitions. The cleavage between business- and a livelihood-oriented understanding of “sustainability” reflects a difference in understanding of the underlying concept of “development”. To ensure long-term sustainability of company operations, sustainable business development of the pulp and paper industry should include local livelihood perspectives to a greater extent than at present.     

Biodiversity Conservation in the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve

Abstract

The AMISCONDE Initiative was created and promoted by Conservation International (CI). This paper analyzes the approach to biodiversity conservation of the Costa Rican portion of the Initiative in the context of CI's mission statement. Global, national and local challenges to biodiversity conservation are briefly reviewed. Then, the implementation of the AMISCONDE Initiative is examined. To provide a basis for comparison, two other well-known Costa Rican conservation programs are summarized. The Initiative differs from these other programs in its central emphasis. AMISCONDE focuses on community development, apparently prioritizing development above biodiversity protection. The paper concludes with several recommendations: that the Initiative place far greater emphasis on biodiversity through education, employment opportunities and collaboration with other organizations interested in the biota of the region; and that the program evaluate its impact on the protected area's biota. This would enable CI to determine the degree to which the impacts of the Initiative are consistent with its mission.     

生态环境安全的法律问题初探

国家环境安全是与新时期的国家安全观的发展紧密相联系的。全球环境污染和资源短缺等一系列的环境问题己经成为影响全球安全的重大问题。目前，国际上正在展开生态环境与安全性的大讨论，需要借鉴国际和国外有关生态安全立法的先进经验，普及环境安全观念，最终建立起我国自己的环境安全法律体系。     

“Uradome” treatment for prevention of snow damage and terrain parameters of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest in Tsuruoka,Yamagata Prefecture

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is cultivated for edible bamboo shoot production in Japan. Yamagata Prefecture is located in a heavy-snowfall region at the northern limit of the cultivated area. However, snow damage to bamboo culms occurs every year and decreases bamboo shoot production. “Uradome” is a treatment that involves cutting off the upper portion of the new culms when the bamboo shoot is almost fully grown. We studied the effect of “Uradome” implementation on incidence of snow damage to bamboo culms. In addition, we investigated terrain characteristics of bamboo forest at sites where snow damage occurred. As a result, the higher the degree of “Uradome” was, the lower the damage rate was. Furthermore, the results revealed that implementation of “Uradome” prevents snow damage to culms. It is considered that snow damage may be prevented by rendering the culm shape straight as a result of “Uradome”. The results also indicated that snow damage is more likely to occur on steep slopes. Factors that influence the incidence and severity of snow damage are considered to differ between Japan and other countries. Therefore, it is desirable to adopt preventative measures against snow damage, such as the “Uradome” method, irrespective of the local climate and terrain.     

世界部分国家湿地保护法律制度比较及启示

湿地被誉为“地球之肾”，作为重要的自然资源，与海洋、森林并称为地球3大生态系统，具有很高的生态与经济价值。经历早期的过度开垦与破坏，湿地的全面保护与科学恢复已成为各国亟待解决的问题，而相关的法律将为湿地保护提供坚实的制度保障。文中通过对世界上湿地保护法律制度较为完善的部分国家如美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国的湿地保护法律制度进行对比分析，介绍各国在湿地保护法律制度中的特色与优势，并总结其经验；概述我国湿地保护法律体系建构现状及问题，提出国外经验对我国湿地恢复、湿地补偿和公众参与3个方面的启示。     

Consumer perceptions of environmental and social sustainability of wood products in the Finnish market

Abstract

Consumers in today's world can perceive an additional benefit associated with responsible business practices and the sustainability of purchased products. However, in Scandinavian context, there is a lack of knowledge of consumer perceptions toward environmental and social sustainability of wood products. Our data on adult Finnish consumers (private end-users) (N=227) were collected during 2004–2007 as interview exit data from home retail centers selling building materials. The perceived environmental and social sustainability of wood products was investigated using exploratory factor analysis, and the phenomenon was observed to be a two-dimensional construct consisting of “General environmental and social sustainability” and “Specific social sustainability” reflecting strong consumer need for product safety. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the “General” dimension also explains the consumer's self-declared willingness to pay for sustainable wood products. The results also indicate that the respondents may be segmented based on their perceptions on product level environmental and social sustainability: the most environmentally and socially conscious group can be profiled by gender (female), older age, and summer cottage ownership.     

Learning from practices — implications of the “practice based approach” for forest and environmental policy research

With the book publication “Forest and Nature Governance — A practice based approach” (Arts et al., 2013, Eds.) the Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group of Wageningen University, The Netherlands demonstrates its high aspirations of developing a new research approach. This article aims at discussing the methodological and conceptual contributions of the book to the field of forest and environmental policy research and proposes perspectives for further developing this methodological approach. It finds the “practice based approach” being an innovative, theoretically sound concept, which is able to produce valuable and “thick” empirical results. The approach is also found offering a plethora of possibilities to link up to analytical policy research. Yet, the approach will require further elaboration, especially on questions regarding the role of definitions, its contribution towards explaining social phenomena, and concerning the use of normative orientations in some of the empirical cases. The future challenges of the approach lie in either moulding a niche for further developing it independent from other schools, or in influencing mainstream approaches through theoretical innovations or surprising empirical results.     

The Dynamics of Conservation Financing

Abstract

The central question for this paper is whether land managers in Panama might protect or restore forests on their lands in response to the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Conservation financing provided by non-Panamanian sources is used as a proxy for investigating the nature of the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Debt-for-nature swaps and environmental trust funds, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), provide examples of demand in this market. This paper examines trends and policies that could change the cost of supplying biodiversity protection and factors that could improve or undermine demand for the existence value of biodiversity. If ecological restoration receives as much support within the conservation community as protection of pristine areas has in the past, then demand in this market is likely to remain strong. The largest challenge for this market will be shifting to the provision of biodiversity conservation by private landowners rather than solely by the national government.     

Sustaining Tropical Forest Biodiversity

Abstract

Tropical forests are very rich in biological diversity and form an important economic and ecological resource. This biodiversity is of great value for communities living in or near these forests as a ready source of subsistence and cash income, and for the world at large as a source of tropical timber and non-timber products and a repository of genetic and chemical information. However, this biological complexity is diminishing rapidly. We analyze the main human (anthropogenic) actions causing loss of tropical forest biodiversity along with the strategies of management for forest biodiversity. Not only is the biophysical component important in management for biodiversity, but the action participation and support of local people, the national government and international cooperation as a whole, arc essential for an effective and sustainable development of tropical forests. This integrated development strategy ensures that socio-economic and environmental benefits are provided for present and future generations.     

Introduction: Working Forests in the Tropics: Policy and Market Impacts on Conservation and Management

Abstract

Tropical forests are very rich in biological diversity and form an important economic and ecological resource. This biodiversity is of great value for communities living in or near these forests as a ready source of subsistence and cash income, and for the world at large as a source of tropical timber and non-timber products and a repository of genetic and chemical information. However, this biological complexity is diminishing rapidly. We analyze the main human (anthropogenic) actions causing loss of tropical forest biodiversity along with the strategies of management for forest biodiversity. Not only is the biophysical component important in management for biodiversity, but the active participation and support of local people, national governments, and the international community as a whole are essential to effective and sustainable development of tropical forests. This development strategy ensures that socioeconomic and environmental benefits are provided for present and future generations.