西南桦在广东省中部引种初报

西南桦是我国热带、南亚热带地区的优良乡土阔叶树种。文章对广西壮族自治区11个西南桦种源在广东省中部引种的苗期及幼林生长性状进行了分析,结果表明:引种西南桦的地径、苗高以及幼树高生长在种源间、家系间差异极显著,种源内遗传变异大于种源间,家系遗传力高于种源。依据苗期地径选择出表现良好的5个种源,在其中选择出35个优良家系,遗传增益为14.59%;根据苗高在5个优良种源中选择20个优良家系,遗传增益达到21.27%。幼林阶段高生长与苗期略有变化,根据幼树高生长指标在5个优良种源中进一步选出25个优良家系,遗传增益达到10.03%。     

水分胁迫对日本柳杉种子萌芽的影响

本文采用配置不同浓度的PEG(聚乙二醇)溶液来模拟土壤自然水势,对日本柳杉种子萌芽实验进行人工水分胁迫处理。结果表明：随着水势的下降,其发芽率在轻度水分胁迫下有所上升,然后降低,随PEG浓度上升到15％时,发芽率、发芽速度、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长等都出现不同程度的降低。而当PEG浓度上升到25％时,则上述指标均受到强烈抑制。结果表明,日本柳杉在轻度干旱胁迫时,具有一定的耐旱性。     

醋酸水溶液预处理对柳杉木材炭化的影响

杉木(日本柳杉)经醋酸水溶液处理后,重量减少。将处理前后柳杉木材在4℃下进行炭化,得到了木醋液、木焦油和木炭。与未处理材相比,处理材木醋液的收率增加,而木焦油和木炭的收率减少。处理液的醋酸浓度增加后,木醋液和木焦油的收率几乎不变,但木炭的收率稍微减少了。用毛细管气相色谱法对木醋液的成分进行了定量分析。与未处理材相比,处理材木醋液中糠醛(呋喃甲醛)及5-羟甲基糠醛的收量增加,而羧酸类、苯酚类、邻苯二酚、愈创木酚类及麦芽酚的收量几乎不变。当醋酸浓度从0增至3％时,糠醛的收量随着增加,但是当醋酸浓度从3％增至30％时,其收量却几乎不变。     

Plus tree of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don with a heterozygous male-sterility gene

To find plus tree clones of Cryptomeria japonica that are heterozygous for a male-sterility gene (Aa), we crossed a homozygous male-sterile tree (aa) with 63 clones. Male sterility in this case is controlled by a recessive allele at a single gene locus and is expressed only in homozygotes. All F₁ seedlings obtained by crossing the male-sterile mother tree and 62 out of the 63 clones produced pollen. In contrast, F₁ seedlings obtained from the crossing between the male-sterile mother tree and a plus tree clone, Ohara 13, produced 64 male-sterile individuals and 52 fertile individuals. The segregation ratio fitted the expected 1 : 1 ratio according to a chi-square test. These results clearly demonstrate that the Ohara 13 clone is heterozygous for a male-sterility gene.     

Species richness in sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. DON) plantations in southeastern Kyushu,Japan: the effects of stand type and age on understory trees and shrubs

 The species richness of trees, shrubs and climbing plants was investigated in 41 sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations of different stand age and area in southern Kyushu, southwestern Japan. Altogether 174 species were found, of which 145 infrequent species were selected for analysis. Two groups were extracted from the species list according to their occurrence in older (49 spp.) or younger (28 spp.) stands, the latter containing a higher percentage of climbing plants and species with wind-dispersed seeds. In contrast, the older stand group contained major tree components typical of seminatural, evergreen broadleaved forests in the region and was more heavily dependent on stand age, especially for species with gravity- and frugivore-dispersed seeds, showing a gradual increase up to 60 years old. The species richness was less correlated with edge perimeter facing seminatural forests and the years after latest thinning. The juxtaposition of plantation compartments with stands of seminatural forest or other plantations, as well as the compartment's origin as former plantation site or a seminatural stand, had relatively little influence on species richness. However, topographic variation was important in determining the species composition, with valley stands having higher species richness and containing many plants typical of the regional seminatural forests. These results suggest that (1) the major trend of species richness is determined by the presence of old stand type species, (2) topographic variation of species richness remains even after establishment of plantations, and (3) the normal rotation period of sugi plantations (35–40 years) may therefore be too short to conserve the maximum potential species diversity within the working forest. Received: June 4, 2001 / Accepted: August 26, 2002 Acknowledgments We wish to thank the staff of the Miyazaki University Forests for cooperation in the fieldwork. A part of this study was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Study from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (no. 09041071 and no. 10460068). Correspondence to:S. Ito     

柳杉木材边材木醋液中的成分研究

用毛细管气相色谱法对日本柳杉木材边材炭化得到的木醋液中的37种成分进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,醇类、酮类、羧酸类、呋喃类、苯酚类及愈创苯酚类是其主要成分.用溶剂萃取-硅胶柱层析法进一步分离处理木醋液,纯化出炭化过程中产生的手性脱水内醚糖-左旋葡聚糖(LGA,1,6-脱水-β-D-葡萄糖),但其不能被毛细管气相色谱法检...     

Genetic variation in height growth curves observed in three clonal tests of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) in Kyushu

Genetic variation in the height growth curves was investigated by analyzing data from three clonal trials of sugi (Crytomeria japonica D. Don) in Kyushu. Average height of twelve clones measured at each of five years until 30 years of age were fitted to the Chapman-Richards function with two parameters model. Clonal variation in the two parameters (an upper asymptote and a rate of growth parameter) was statistically significant across the tests, indicating that height growth pattern is under genetic control. The type of growth curve was clearly classified with the two parameters and agreed with the empirical classifications of the growth habit of local varieties. The rate of growth parameter was correlated with total height up to 20 years of age, while the upper asymptote was correlated only with the last ten years’ increment from 21 to 30 years where the clonal repeatability was decreasing. This indicates that a clonal selection for long rotation management system would not be reliable unless the height is measured accurately with more advanced devices or it is adjusted by the current increment of diameter.     

香坡垒扦插繁殖技术研究

2002年5月利用引自原产地泰国和越南的香坡垒(Hopea odorata Roxb．)种质资源,开展了以扦插为主要方法的无性繁殖试验,包括采穗母株的培育、插穗的选择、生根促进剂的筛选和使用、扦插苗的管理等。试验结果表明：扦插时间选择在夏季最好,平均成活率可以达到97．4％;其次是在春季,成活率可达90.1％。生根促进剂和穗条的木质化程度对扦插成活率的影响不显著。     

Study of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) with male-sterility gene using CAPS markers

The frequency of open-pollinated male-sterile seedlings from a male-sterile mother tree in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don was determined in 765 open-pollinated seedlings. Pollen was not formed by 29 out of the 765 seedlings. To find pollen donor candidates for 29 male-sterile seedlings, a male-sterile tree was crossed with five individuals in the neighborhood of the mother tree. Analysis of microspores in male flowers of F₁ seedlings revealed that one of the five individuals had a heterozygous male-sterility gene. Paternity tests were conducted on the 29 male-sterile seedlings using eight kinds of CAPS markers in C. japonica. The pollen parents of 29 male-sterile seedlings were not only a tree in the neighborhood of the mother tree, but also other trees. Since it was found that the pollen parents of four of the male-sterile seedlings were not in the study plot, it was inferred that C. japonica trees that possess the male-sterility gene grow in other places and may be widely distributed.     

鄂西地区欧洲云杉幼龄无性系生长差异及早期评价与选择

目的

通过对378个9年生捷克种源欧洲云杉无性系的生长性状遗传变异分析,选育欧洲云杉优良无性系,为本地区造林提供优质遗传材料,加速当地引入云杉人工林高质量发展。

方法

采用随机完全区组设计,建立378个欧洲云杉无性系对比试验林,调查或计算其树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、当年新梢长、第一轮分枝数等指标,并通过EXCEL和R包lme4(Linear Mixed-Effects Models using 'Eigen' and S4)进行数据整理及遗传参数计算,选择优良无性系。

结果

无性系树高、当年新梢长、胸径、分枝数、冠幅在无性系间及与区组交互作用下均差异极显著;遗传变异系数为10.02%～20.38%;表型变异系数为31.36%～48.36%;无性系重复力为0.59～0.71;相关系数中,无性系树高、新梢长、胸径、冠幅表型相关和遗传相关系数较高（0.72～0.95）,且都极显著相关。采用BLUP 法计算无性系树高遗传值,从378个无性系中选择30个欧洲云杉无性系,入选率为7.94%,入选无性系树高遗传增益为26.38%。

结论

378个欧洲云杉无性系树高、新梢长、胸径、分枝数和冠幅在无性系间存在显著变异,同时受到无性系与环境互作效应影响,即无性系也存在与立地的明显互作关系,说明在推行无性系林业时,要因立地选择最适宜无性系。根据无性系树高遗传值筛选30个优良无性系,各表型性状生长优良,可为欧洲云杉在本地进行无性系造林推广应用提供优质材料作参考。

     

辐射松、油松幼苗抗旱性能比较

采用盆栽控水法和单因素试验设计,对两种针叶树种辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)、油松(Pinus tabulaeform is Carr.)幼苗在连续干旱胁迫下分别测定其植株的叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量和脱落酸含量等4项抗旱生理指标,以评定两种树种的抗旱性能。研究结果表明,在连续干旱胁迫下,两树种叶片相对含水量均呈下降趋势,但辐射松的降幅较大,两树种的质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量和脱落酸含量均有所增加,但辐射松的增幅较小,因此,辐射松的抗旱性能次于油松。     

Estimating individual tree heights of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations in mountainous areas using small-footprint airborne LiDAR

Recently, it was shown that individual tree heights could be accurately estimated using small-footprint airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing. Because most of the areas studied previously were limited to flat terrain, we investigated the accuracy of LiDAR-derived individual tree height estimates for different types of topographical features in mountainous forests with a steeper and more complex topography. Several middle-aged (40–50 years old) sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations are found in the mountainous regions in Japan; hence, we chose 48-year-old sugi plantations to investigate the accuracy of these estimates. The surveyed area was divided into three types of topographical features; steep slope (mean slope ± SD; 37.6° ± 5.8°), gentle slope (15.6° ± 3.7°), and gentle yet rough terrain (16.8° ± 7.8°). Before estimating tree heights, the number of detected trees within each topographical feature was researched. In each of these terrains, the percentage of trees detected correctly was 74%, 86%, and 92%; the average error between LiDAR-derived and field-measured tree heights was 0.227m, –0.473m, and –0.183m; and the accuracy of the LiDAR-derived tree height estimates, given as root mean square error (RMSE), was 0.901m, 0.846m, and 0.576m, respectively. Consequently, the procedure presented in this study could detect most canopy trees and estimate individual tree heights with an accuracy better than 1m, even in a forest with a mean slope angle of approximately 38°; thus, indicating that small-footprint airborne LiDAR will be a useful tool for accurately estimating the heights of individual canopy trees in sugi plantations in mountainous areas.     

马尾松无性系种子园球果产量的遗传变异

对马尾松一代无性系种子园投产后连续６ａ不同产地和产地内无性系的球果产量进行了统计分析。研究表明,产地和无性系是球果产量的重要变异来源,但产地内无性系的方差分量是产地的５倍;产地和无性系平均遗传力都较高,分别为０．７３－０．７９和０．７０－０．８５,种子园在不同年份间的球果产量变化很大,在群体总变异中所占的方差分量比例最大,具有 大小年,种了园内无性 对球果总产量的贡献率因组成的无性系没崦有较大差异     

母猪果不同个体间插穗生根能力的变异

为了缩短育苗周期,对药用植物母猪果不同个体间插穗生根能力的变异进行研究。研究表明:母猪果不同个体间插穗的生根率、根系效果指数和平均生根速度均存在着较大的变异性,其中成年树生根率的变异范围在0%~90%,幼年树生根率的变异范围在13.5%~100%之间。相关分析表明:成年树插穗的生根率与根系效果指数存在显著的正相关关系;与平均生根速度之间存在着显著的负相关关系。因此,建议选择生根率高、发根能力强且生根快的植株作为采穗母株。此外对不同年龄段采穗母树插穗的生根能力分析表明,母猪果幼年树母株的生根能力较成年树强。     

Removal of trichloroethylene from aqueous solution by pyrolyzed Japanese cedar bark

The bark of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) was heated in an N₂ atmosphere at 300–900C for 3h to investigate the surface properties of the pyrolyzed residuces and their ability to remove trichloroethylene (TCE) from aqueous solutions. The specific surface areas (S _N) and total pore volumes (V _N) of the pyrolyzed barks steadily increased with rising pyrolysis temperature; no significant differences in the average pore diameters (D _N) were observed at higher temperatures (600–900C). The adsorption capacities of the pyrolyzed residues for TCE were determined under batch mode conditions using an aqueous solution containing 500g TCE dm^–3. The adsorption data were well fitted to the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacity of the bark pyrolyzed at 900C was about five times larger than that of commercial activated carbon.This study was presented at the 10th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Yokohama, June 1999     

Cytological and genetical studies on male sterility inCryptomeria japonica D. Don

Genetic male sterility is a useful trait in plant breeding, especially in angiosperm crops such as corn, onion and carrot. We found a male sterile sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) tree in Toyama, Japan. Pollen of sugi is one of the major causes of pollinosis in Japan. We carried out this research in an attempt to make clear the characteristics and inheritance of this male sterility. Microsporogenesis of the male sterile tree proceeded meiosis, however, the microspores collapsed after they were separated from pollen tetrads in locules, resulting in complete male sterility. Most likely, ethylene evolution was responsible for male sterility expression. Full seed setting in the male sterile tree indicated normal macrosporogenesis. Seeds obtained from crossing between male sterile and normal lines showed relatively high level of germination and their seedlings grew vigorously. The somatic chromosome numbers of 241 germinated seeds, derived from the male sterile tree, were mostly 22, euploid. These results indicated that male sterile tree was different from other similar previously reported trees with low pollen fertility, resulting from triploid or trisomics. Probably, male sterility in sugi is either nuclear genetic male sterility or cytoplasmic male sterility. The study was partially supported by Program for Promotion of Basic Research Actives for Innovative Biosciences.     

杉木无性系育种的初步研究

对杉木采穗圃中不同无性系和杉木林分中不同家系的树高生长、遗传力以及采穗母株不同栽培管理方法对采穗量的影响进行观测。结果表明：采穗圃中各无性系的树高生长有极显著差异，林分中不同家系的树高生长无显著差异，不同栽培管理方法对采穗母株的采穗量无显著影响。     

春榆优良家系的苗期选择

本文对大兴安岭地区的春榆在苗期进行了优良家系的初步选择。结果表明:家系平均遗传力为0.61;从50个供试群体中选择出5个优良家系,分别是21号、40号、2号、39号、16号家系,遗传增益为17%。