鲁梅克斯草颗粒的饲喂效果

反刍动物是我国畜牧业发展的重点,草颗粒是反刍动物的最佳饲料形式.用农作物秸秆和鲁梅克斯K-1鲜草制成草颗粒喂育肥牛试验;试验表明:1.鲁梅克斯K-1颗粒化后,其密度大于水的密度,单位体积重量是精饲料的2倍,是铡短玉米秸秆的20倍,高于其它类型的饲料.2.经30天的饲喂试验,试验组和对照组牛均无发病,生长正常,饲喂颗粒饲料的牛在30天内比对照组多增重4.32千克,平均日增重高于134克,即提高增重9.52%.饲喂颗粒饲料牛的饲料转化比提高8.68%.3.经测定牛采食普通饲料的时间每次为60～90分钟,时常有剩下的秸秆或粗料,而采食颗粒饲料的时间每次为45～60分钟即可完成,采食时间缩短约30～50%.试验中还可发现,采食颗粒饲料牛食欲很好,进食速度较快,表现颗粒饲料对动物的适口性好.     

玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料替代羊草对育成奶牛日增重和采食量的影响

选用平均体重196kg的27头育成母牛，采用随机区组设计，按出生日龄、体重一致原则，随机等分为三组。对照组按牛场现行饲喂制度喂料，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别用玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ替代对照日粮中的羊草，羊草和玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ均按自由采食量供给。试验期由15天预试期和45天正试期组成。结果表明，尽管试验初期育成母牛对玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料的采食量较低，但至试验后期，培育牛对玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料的采食量增加，并接近羊草的水平。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的平均日增重均明显高于对照组，提高幅度分别为4．9、2．3％。表明饲喂玉米秸秆复合颗粒饲料替代羊草，对培育牛的生长没有不良影响。     

酒精清液发酵玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的研究

本试验旨在研究3种玉米秸秆的营养成分及瘤胃降解特性。首先测定玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮及发酵秸秆的常规营养成分,然后采用尼龙袋法其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率与瘤胃降解参数。结果表明:秸秆经酒精清液发酵后,其CP、EE含量显著高于玉米秸秆和玉米青贮(P<0.05),且NDF、ADF含量显著降低(P<0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆各种营养成分72 h瘤胃消失率均显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05),而DM、CP和ADF的72 h瘤胃消失率与全株玉米青贮水平相当,差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆DM、CP、NDF和ADF的有效降解率分别为46.93%、58.35%、36.41%和36.01%,显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。CP的有效降解率略低于全株玉米青贮;CP、NDF和ADF的潜在可降解部分(a+b)值显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。因此,经酒精清液发酵后,秸秆的营养价值得到明显改善,部分营养成分及瘤胃利用效率与全株玉米青贮相似。     

羊草和苜蓿草产品营养物质瘤胃降解特性的研究

运用尼龙袋法,对不同加工方式形成的羊草和苜蓿草产品(草粉、草颗粒)进行了瘤胃降解粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维的评定,结果表明:(1)6～12h苜蓿草粉的粗蛋白质消失率显著高于吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉、吉生羊草颗粒(p＜0.05).(2)12h、24h、72h苜蓿草粉中性洗涤纤维的消失率显著高于吉生羊草颗粒、吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉(p＜0.05).(3)吉生羊草颗粒中性洗涤纤维的消失率与动态降解率要高于吉生羊草草粉、野生羊草草粉,吉生羊草草粉的蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的消失率和动态降解率要高于野生羊草.     

秸秆生物处理技术研究(五)——尼龙袋法测定粗饲料养分瘤胃48 h的消失率

试验采用尼龙袋法测定微贮玉米秸秆、碱化玉米秸秆、羊草及未处理玉米秸秆于绵羊瘤胃４８ｈ的养分消失率。试验结果表明，微贮秸秆、碱化秸秆及羊草在瘤胃中４８ｈ的干物质消失率（ＤＭＤＮＬＤ）分别比对未处理秸秆提高４６．６％、５４．４％及５３．０％，但前三者间差异不显著；微贮秸秆、碱化秸秆及羊草的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃消失率（ＮＤＦＤＮＬＤ和ＡＤＦＤＮＬＤ）与未处理秸秆在统上差异不显著，但微贮秸秆的中     

肉牛不同生长阶段秸秆型TMR颗粒饲料配方研发与试验

[目的]为研究秸秆型颗粒饲料的特性。[方法]本文根据组合效应原理,以玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和苜蓿为原料,按照肉牛不同阶段营养需求各研发设计了9个配方,并制成TMR颗粒饲料。[结果]表明:TMR颗粒饲料在精粗比4:6的情况下的成型率、抗碎程度、牲畜采食率等综合水平最高,其粗饲料的利用率也最高。[结论]在相同含水率、精粗饲料配比和秸秆粒度下,多组分日粮制作的颗粒饲料其成型率、抗碎程度和密度均高于少组分、单组分制作的颗粒饲料。     

微贮对秸秆的瘤胃DM和NDF降解率的影响

试验采用３个重复对比设计,将玉米、小麦和稻草秸秆的微贮样与原样放置在永久瘘管牛体内,分别在６,１２,２４,３６,４８和７２ｈ时间点取出样本进行ＤＭ（干物质）和（ＮＤＦ（中性洗涤纤维）降解率试验测定分析,结果表明：秸秆处理样在各个时间点的ＤＭ和ＮＤＦ瞬间降解率和有效降解率均极显著优于原样（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而玉米秸秆原样和处理样ＤＭ降解率均显著高于小麦和稻草（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

微贮对秸秆在瘤胃NDF降解率的影响

试验采用3个重复对比设计，将玉米，小麦和稻草秸秆的微贮样与原样放置在永久瘘管牛体内，分别在6．12、24．36、48和72小时时间点取出样本进行NDF降解率试验测定分析，结果：秸秆处理样NDF在各个时间点的NDF瞬间降解率和有效降解率均极显著优于原样（P＞0．01）而玉米秸秆处理样与小麦和稻草处理样相比差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

微贮对秸秆的瘤胃NDF降解率的影响

试验采用３个重复对比设计，将玉米，小麦和稻草秸秆的微贮样与原样放置在永久性瘘管牛体内，分别在６、１２、２４、３６、４８、和７２小时时间点取出样本进行ＮＤＦ降解率测定分析。结果表明，秸秆处理样ＮＤＦ在各个时间点的ＮＤＦ瞬间降解率和有效降解率均极显著地优于原样（Ｐ〈０．０１），而玉米秸秆处理样与小麦和稻草处理样相比差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

锯末对肥育牛新陈代谢和生产率的影响

曾报道,在肥育牛的精料型日粮中用软质木材的锯末代替60％的秸秆,用尿素代替三分之一的蛋白质饲料,不会降低牛的新陈代谢和增重。本试验是研究用锯末代替含尿素颗粒饲料中的部分或全部秸秆时小公牛的代谢过程。试验牛为卡尔巴阡山褐牛,分成3组(每组10头),平均活重306公斤,预试期40天。第1组喂全日粮颗粒饲料,含饲用大麦43％,草粉20％,秸秆34％,尿素1％,芒硝     

Effects of corn vs corn gluten feed on site, extent and ruminal rate of forage digestion and on rate and efficiency of gain

Three digestion experiments and one growth experiment were conducted to determine site, extent and ruminal rate of forage digestion and rate and efficiency of gain by cattle offered alfalfa haylage supplemented with corn or dry corn gluten feed (CGF). In Exp. 1, eight steers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with substitution of corn for 0, 20, 40 or 60% of haylage in a 4 X 4 latin square. Increasing dietary corn substitution increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by steers but decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. In Exp. 2, five heifers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with increasing dietary levels of CGF in a 5 X 5 latin square. Increasing dietary CGF increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by heifers. In Exp. 3 and 4, cattle were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets containing either 20 or 60% corn or CGF. In Exp. 3, supplementation increased (P less than .05) OM and NDF digestion but level X supplement source interaction (P less than .05) occurred, with added CGF increasing OM and NDF digestion more than added corn. In Exp. 4, supplementation improved (P less than .05) DM intake, daily gain and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake and daily gain were greater (P less than .05) for 60% supplementation than for 20% supplementation. Overall, whereas increasing the level of dietary supplement increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion, only corn addition decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. Daily gains and feed efficiencies were similar in cattle fed either corn or CGF with alfalfa haylage.     

利用近红外光谱分析预测紫花苜蓿干草品质

粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量是评价苜蓿(Medicago sativa)产品质量的重要指标。美国现行较多的是使用相对饲用价值(RFV)评估粗饲料产品的质量,我国则用粗饲料分级指数(GI)来评估粗饲料产品的质量。应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,建立了适合不同收获期(现蕾期至盛花期)的CP,ADF,NDF,RFV和GI的近红外预测模型。结果表明:粗蛋白的交互验证决定系数(R_cv²)为0.9129,外部验证中预测决定系数为0.901,模型准确性最高。CP, ADF, NDF, RFV和GI外部验证RPD均大于2.5。本文首次探索紫花苜蓿品质评价指标的模型建立,以期为紫花苜蓿品质育种提供数字依据。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种瘤胃降解特性比较

为研究不同紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）品种在牛瘤胃中的降解规律,本试验以10个紫花苜蓿品种为材料,以3头装有永久性瘘管的晋南牛作为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定不同紫花苜蓿品种干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的瘤胃降解率和降解参数。结果表明：不同紫花苜蓿品种DM,CP,NDF和ADF的降解率随着其在瘤胃内培养时间的延长,均呈升高趋势,但不同品种在同一培养时间段内的降解率存在显著差异;不同紫花苜蓿品种的有效降解率（ED）的差异较大,‘WL-319HQ DM’的ED最高,显著高于‘中苜一号’和‘首领’（P<0.01）;‘金皇后’CP的ED显著高于除‘赛迪’之外的其他品种;‘WL-168HQ’、‘中苜一号’NDF的ED显著高于除‘首领’之外的其他品种;‘三得利’、‘皇后’ADF的ED显著高于其他品种（P<0.05）。由此可见,不同紫花苜蓿品种在瘤胃内的降解特性不同。     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

旨在探讨非常规粗饲料(玉米芯、毛豆荚壳)与奶牛常用粗饲料(苜蓿干草、玉米青贮)在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律,试验选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法测定4种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解规律。结果表明:1)苜蓿干草和毛豆荚壳的CP含量分别为17.55%和11.10%,且苜蓿干草显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05);玉米芯和玉米青贮的CP含量分别为2.97%和8.41%,且玉米芯显著低于玉米青贮(P<0.05);玉米芯的NDF和ADF含量显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),达到79.98%和43.35%。2)苜蓿干草的DM有效降解率最高(P<0.05),由高到低依次为苜蓿干草、毛豆荚壳、玉米青贮和玉米芯。毛豆荚壳的CP有效降解率显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),由高到低依次为毛豆荚壳、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和玉米芯。苜蓿干草的NDF有效降解率显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05),玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05);玉米芯的ADF有效降解率最高(P<0.05),苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,玉米芯和毛豆荚壳可作为非常规粗饲料资源加以开发利用。     

Effects of a new molasses byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct, on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle.

Continuous chromatographic separator techniques have allowed the extraction of more simple sugars from molasses (MOL). The resultant byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct (CSB), has reduced readily fermentable carbohydrates but elevated CP and mineral content. The feed value of CSB was compared to that of MOL in two separate trials. In Trial 1, a chopped forage mixture containing 84% meadow grass hay and 8% alfalfa hay was mixed with either CSB or MOL at 7.3% of DM. Diets were administered to four ruminally cannulated cows in a single reversal design. digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were measured. Ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3), VFA, total viable bacteria (TVB), cellulose-xylan fermenting bacteria (CXFB), and ciliated protozoa (PTZ) were evaluated. Blood profiles of electrolytes were also measured. Digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.03, 68.58; 57.48, 57.77; 65.62, 64.75; and 67.63, 65.07% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Only CP digestibility differed (P less than .02). Ruminal pH, NH3, VFA, TVB, CXFB, and PTZ were 6.97, 6.93; 14.21, 16.71 mg/dL; 74.30, 74.78 mumol/mL; 26.79, 27.36 x 10(9)/mL; 21.72, 21.36%; and 13.90, 7.80 x 10(3)/mL for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Ruminal measurements did not differ. Blood electrolyte profiles were not altered. Trial 2 was similar to Trial 1 except the basal diet used was 47% barley grain, 35% alfalfa hay, and 10% barley straw. Either MOL or CSB was added at 7.3% of the DM. Digestibilities of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.52, 71.33; 35.96, 37.11; 27.93, 33.47; and 71.10, 73.66% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

利用尼龙袋法比较3个全株玉米品种青贮前后肉牛瘤胃降解特性

本试验旨在利用尼龙袋法比较不同品种全株玉米青贮前后瘤胃降解特性的差异.试验采用2×3双因素试验设计,选择玉米7367号、玉米7377号、玉米7387号3个全株玉米品种为研究对象,采用尼龙袋法比较3种全株玉米青贮前和青贮后的营养成分和瘤胃降解特性,旨在探讨适合河北省种植的全株玉米青贮品种.结果表明:1)青贮前玉米7377...     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa and rye-grass hay fed to lambs

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of a directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on intake and digestion of DM, OM, protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose of alfalfa and ryegrass hay by sheep. Four diets were randomly assigned to four ruminally cannulated lambs using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, repeated in time, with a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) of diets: 1) alfalfa hay; 2) alfalfa hay + exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (enzyme); 3) ryegrass hay; and 4) ryegrass hay + enzyme. Lambs consumed more DM and OM from alfalfa than from ryegrass hay (P < 0.001). The ADF intake was not different between the hays, but NDF intake was lower for alfalfa (P < 0.001). For both hays, the enzyme increased intake of DM (P < 0.01), as well as OM and CP (P < 0.05); however, NDF and ADF intake were not changed. Alfalfa hay had higher apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and CP (P < 0.001), but lower digestibility for NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The enzyme increased apparent digestibility of CP, hemicellulose (P < 0.05), and NDF (P < 0.10) for alfalfa. Also, for both hays, the enzyme improved N balance because lambs retained more N (P < 0.05). The enzyme increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration (3 and 6 h) for both hays. Results from this trial indicate that directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzymes may change ruminal fermentation, intake, and digestibility of forages with different nutritive value.     

不同加工方式苜蓿干草在肉羊瘤胃内的降解及对消化代谢的影响

选用12只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的1.5岁杂交一代(无角陶赛特×小尾寒羊)肉用羯羊,随机分成3组,研究日粮中不同加工方式(整株、颗粒、草粉)苜蓿干草在瘤胃内的降解及其对肉羊消化代谢的影响。试验结果表明:苜蓿干草经粉碎及颗粒处理后,DM、CP、NDF在瘤胃内的降解率较整株组有显著提高(P<0.05),但ADF降解率未有明显变化(P>0.05)。不同加工方式(整株、颗粒、草粉)苜蓿干草对DM、OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率没有影响(P>0.05),但加工成颗粒及粉料使氮的利用率显著提高(P<0.05)。3种不同加工方式下DM、OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率分别高达71.74%～72.18%、73.67%～74.22%、66.69%～68.48%、45.64%～52.41%。     

Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Six Types of Common Roughage in Khorchin Beef Cattle in Tongliao City

[Objective] The paper was to study the degradation characteristics of different types of roughage in Khorchin beef cattle. [Method] The nylon bag method was used to determine the rumen degradability of six types of roughage: dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF). [Result] Among the six types of roughage, alfalfa hay had the highest effective degradability of DM and CP in rumen; followed by alfalfa block, corn silage, leymus chinensis and corn stover, and the effective degradability of rice straw was lowest. In terms of effective degradability of NDF and ADF, alfalfa hay was the most effective, while leymus chinensis was the least effective. [Conclusion]Considering degradation characteristics of six types of roughage in Khorchin beef cattle, alfalfa hay possesses the highest nutritional value, while rice straw has the lowest value.