Physical and hydraulic properties of synthetic envelopes for subsurface drainage in Pakistan

Three imported and four local synthetic envelope materials were tested in the laboratory with upward flow permeameters to determine their physical properties and hydraulic performance. The base soil was taken from the site of the Fourth Drainage Project, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The performance parameters included ratios of gradient and hydraulic conductivity of the interface of envelope material and base soil and the discharge through the permeameter, which were evaluated against established particle-retention and filter criteria.The study concluded that each of the tested materials satisfied the particle-retention criteria because the ratio of characteristic diameters of envelope (O₉₀) and soil (d₉₀) remained less than 2.5. The filter criteria, however, could not be met satisfactorily, particularly during receding hydraulic gradients, when the ratio of envelope and base soil hydraulic conductivities (Ke/Ks) dropped below 1, except in the case of one imported material. Blocking of the soil-envelope interface occurred due to the internal movement of soil particles, particularly during receding gradients.     

Evaluation of impact of Khushab sub surface pipe drainage project in Pakistan

This paper describes the essential contents of research at a recently completed subsurface pipe drainage project located in the Khushab district of Pakistan. The paper explores the need and decision by Government of Pakistan to install a Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project near Khushab where an old Surface Drainage System was already installed by the Provincial Irrigation and Power Department, Government of Punjab, Pakistan, since 1960. The new Sub Surface Pipe Drainage Project’s planning and executing agency M/S Euro-Consultant used existing Surface Drains with remodeling for to carry the additional drainage effluent of newly constructed sump pumps of the pipe drainage system connected to the old drains by means of small outfall drains. Until now the new system is working well in lowering the water table as well as increasing the agro-socio-economic status of the local population.     

Field determination of soil hydraulic properties for simulation of the optimum watertable regime

A field experiment to evaluate accurate cost and time efficient methodologies for determining soil hydraulic properties was done at the NIAB Research Station at Faisalabad, Pakistan. The experiment was performed on a freely draining loamy soil. This soil type is representative of 75% of the topsoil in a tile drainage area known as the Fourth Drainage Project. Redistribution of water was monitored at five locations, for seven depths, following a steady state infiltration for prolonged time. The data were analyzed with Darcian flow analysis, three simplified methods, and two parameter optimization programs to calculate unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The Darcian flow analysis was used as a reference against which the simplified methods were compared. Two simplified methods produced satisfactory results with less effort. The drawback is that the simplified methods alone do not provide enough information for use in simulation models. The advantage of the two optimization programs — SFIT and RETC — is that they are based on a continuous function which describes complete h() and K() curves. This is a requirement for computer simulation of salt and water movement in the unsaturated soil. The results of the optimizations were evaluated by their correspondence to field measurements and to laboratory measurements and by their ability to simulate soil water flow. Both programs fit the observed field data well, but only the SFIT optimized parameters were suitable for soil water flow simulations.Abbreviations IWASRI International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute - NRAP Netherlands Research Assistance Project - NIAB Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology - SSP Soil Survey of Pakistan Revised paper from Field determination of soil hydraulic properties presented in ICID, CIID IDW5, Lahore, Pakistan (1–55 — 1–64).     

Evaluating Drainage Design Parameters for the Fourth Drainage Project, Pakistan by using SWAP Model: Part II – Modeling Results

This paper presents the results of modelsimulations to evaluate drainage designparameters for the Fourth Drainage Project(FDP), Punjab, Pakistan. The SWAP model wasapplied to compute the effects of landdrainage (12 combinations of drain depthand spacing) on soil moisture conditions inthe root zone and their effect on cropyield and soil salinization. For theconditions considered, the selection ofdrain depth is found to be more criticalthan that of drain spacing. Deeper drainsperform technically better in relation tocrop growth and soil salinization. Theoptimum drain depth for the multiplecropping system of the FDP-area was foundto be 2.2 m. This drain depth will producereasonably good crop yields at rather lowdrainage intensity while keeping the rootzone salinity within acceptable limits.This drainage design also maintained thegroundwater table depth below the root zonethroughout the growing season. The outcomeof this study reveals that the drainagedesign criteria applied for the FDP israther conservative with high drainageintensity. The FDP-area can effectively bedrained with a 25 percent lower drainageintensity (q _drain/h)provided no operational or maintenanceconstraints are present. However, the finaldecision on the optimum combination ofdrain depth and drain spacing would requirea thorough economical analysis. Thenon-steady state approach proved successfulin analyzing the complex interactionsbetween irrigation and drainage components.It is a valuable tool to optimize thedesign of drainage systems against cropyields and soil salinization.     

基于ProE的高效生物质秸秆粉碎机关键部件设计

生物质秸秆粉碎机是一种将生物质秸秆进行粉碎的高速机械,传统的设计方法是利用平面二维图表示,不直观,修改不便。应用ProE对高效生物质秸秆粉碎机的关键部件进行了三维造型设计,对设计的三维模型进行了物理性质分析和干涉检查,根据分析结果确定装配效果及各结构的合理性,并对方案进行了修正,提高了设计效率,缩短了开发周期。      

Time-dependent drainage from root zone and drainage coefficient under different irrigation management levels for subsurface drainage design in Egypt

Drainage water from the lower boundary of the root zone is an important factor in the irrigated agricultural lands for prediction of the water table behavior and understanding and modeling of water and chemical movement in the soil profile. The drainage coefficient is an important parameter for the design of subsurface drainage. On a 33,138 ha of the Nile Delta in Egypt, this study is conducted using 90 irrigation periods over a 3-year crop rotation to estimate the time-dependent drainage from the root zone and the design subsurface drainage coefficient with different cropping seasons and irrigation management levels.The results showed that the cropping seasons and the irrigation management levels as indicated by different irrigation efficiency are significantly affected the drainage rate from the root zone and the design value of subsurface drainage coefficient. Drainage rates from the root zone of 1.72 mm/d and 0.82 mm/d were estimated for summer and winter seasons, respectively. These rates significantly decreased in a range of 46% to 92% during summer season and 60% to 98% during winter season when the irrigation efficiency is increased in a range of 5% to 15%. The subsurface drainage coefficient was estimated to be 1.09 mm/d whereas the design drain pipe capacity was estimated to be 2.2 mm/d, based on the peak discharge of the most critical crop (maize), rather than 4.0 mm/d which is currently used. A significant decrease of the drainage coefficient and the drain pipe capacity ranges from 18% to 45% was found with the increase of irrigation efficiency in a range of 5% to 15%. The leaching requirement for each crop was also estimated.     

基于EDEM-Fluent耦合的颗粒肥料悬浮速度测定试验

为提供气力施肥装置的设计参考依据,以大颗粒尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾3种颗粒状化肥为试验对象,通过计算流体动力学和离散元法耦合的方法对物料悬浮速度进行数值模拟,采用Lagrangian模型进行气固两相流耦合仿真,试验结果表明,大颗粒尿素悬浮速度7. 21～12. 97 m/s,磷酸二铵悬浮速度7. 68～12. 48 m/s,硫酸钾悬浮速度11. 09～18. 15 m/s。通过台架试验测定大颗粒尿素悬浮速度6. 68～12. 48 m/s、磷酸二铵悬浮速度7. 22～11. 96 m/s、硫酸钾悬浮速度9. 46～17. 81 m/s,相对误差分别为5. 3%、5. 1%、7. 2%。在颗粒肥料体积分数1. 0%、3. 5%、6. 0%、8. 5%时,分别测定肥料颗粒群的悬浮速度,结果表明,颗粒群悬浮速度随着体积分数的增加而减小,在不同颗粒肥料体积分数下,仿真结果与试验结果相对误差近似为常数,其原因为颗粒球形度对悬浮速度的影响,标定得出大颗粒尿素悬浮速度修正系数0. 90、磷酸二铵悬浮速度修正系数0. 96、硫酸钾悬浮速度修正系数0. 84。基于流固耦合的颗粒悬浮速度仿真具有较高的准确度,验证了基于EDEM-Fluent气固两相流耦合仿真测定物料悬浮速度方法的可行性。     

Drainage design practices in France

Subsurface drainage annual rate boomed in France in late 70s and reached a steady rate of 130 000 hectares in 1982. As a consequence, better knowledge of drainage requirements, techniques and effects on farm management is requested. Emphasis has been put on preliminary survey planning. First of all extension and location of areas to be drained is determined with the help of farmers and local representatives within so-called “local juries”. Secondly, drainage recommandations are derived using the so-called “soil reference area” method. Drainage criteria and design methods are discussed on the basis of recent field experimental results. Drain spacing computation is related to tail recession stage; soil hydraulic properties are measured in situ using Guyon's pumping test. Subsurface and arterial drainage design rate are related to discharge exceedance duration curves and annual level of protection.     

Drainage water salinity of tubewells and pipe drains:: A case study from Pakistan

Drainage water salinity data from 71 public deep tubewells and 79 pipe drainage units near Faisalabad, Pakistan, were studied. Drainage water salinity of the tubewells and the pipe drains remained approximately constant with time. This was attributed to the deep, highly conductive, unconfined aquifer underlying the area, which facilitates lateral groundwater inflow into the drained areas. Tubewells alongside surface drains showed average electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonate values of 3.2 dS m⁻¹, 17.2 (meq l⁻¹)^0.5, and 6.4 meq l⁻¹, respectively. For pipe drains, which are situated in areas with comparable conditions, the corresponding values were 2.5 dS m⁻¹, 12.2 (meq l⁻¹)^0.5, and 3.7 meq l⁻¹, respectively. Tubewells have an inferior drainage water quality because they attract water from greater depths, where the water is more saline.     

稻茬麦覆秸还田播种机均匀抛撒机理分析与机构优化

针对传统稻茬麦机播设备费工费时、效率低下的问题,对稻茬麦覆秸还田播种机均匀抛撒机构的作业机理进行了研究,并进行了抛撒作业的原理分析、作业过程的受力分析。在EDEM中构建了粉碎后水稻秸秆的模型,对其抛撒过程的运动进行了仿真分析、运动特性研究、运动速度变化和轨迹分析。在仿真分析和理论分析基础上,利用Design-Expert软件开展响应面分析,以抛撒作业幅宽合格率Y₁、抛撒不均匀度Y₂作为稻茬麦覆秸还田播种机抛撒叶轮机构作业的评价指标,以抛撒叶轮杆齿形打散叶片数、抛撒叶轮倾斜角、抛撒叶轮回转轴转速作为试验因素,对机具均匀抛撒叶轮机构进行优化试验。软件优化的最佳机具参数为：抛撒叶轮杆齿形打散叶片数为4排、抛撒叶轮倾斜角为向上倾斜15°、抛撒叶轮回转轴转速为1 195 r/min,此时抛撒作业幅宽合格率和抛撒不均匀度的优化值分别为80.79%和9.24%,在此基础上进行了田间验证试验,调整到最佳参数时,抛撒作业幅宽合格率和抛撒不均匀度的实际作业平均值分别为80.84%和9.32%,满足作业要求,误差小、符合预期结果,说明仿真试验结果可靠且机具作业效果...     

粉碎玉米秸秆压缩特性试验研究

粉碎玉米秸秆的压缩特性对玉米秸秆饲料化工艺的优化和设备的研制有着重要的影响。为此,利用万能材料试验机结合自制压缩装置,对不同筛网粉碎后的玉米秸秆(品种:SC704)进行压缩试验,深入研究含水率、粉碎粒度、压缩速度对粉碎玉米秸秆压缩特性的综合影响。根据二次回归通用旋转组合设计原理设计试验方案,通过试验分析建立了最大压缩力与含水率、粉碎粒度、压缩速度之间的回归模型。试验结果表明:当粉碎玉米秸秆压缩至300kg/m^3时,含水率对粉碎玉米秸秆可压缩性影响极显著,粉碎粒度及压缩速度对粉碎玉米秸秆可压缩性影响显著;最大压缩力随含水率的增大而减小、随粉碎粒度的增大而增大、随压缩速度的增大而增大。     

Drainage Properties and Ammonia Emissions in Slatted Floor Systems for Animal Buildings

Drainage properties of and ammonia emissions from slatted floors and drainage channels were investigated using a laboratory arrangement development for the purpose. The arrangement consists of a steel-framed box with two levels in order to simulate different slatted floor systems. The slatted floor under test is laid on the top level and manure is dropped on to it from various heights. The lower level consists of a drainage channel, the top of which is covered by a lid perforated with holes of different shapes.Drainage experiments on slatted floors for cows with slits from 30 to 45 mm wide showed an average total drainage value for faeces and urine of 72% and an average urine drainage value of 82%. Drainage experiments on slatted floors for pigs showed results varying between 38 and 46% for total drainage depending on different drainage arrangements. The best drainage capacity was obtained when the drainage channel cover had holes giving a large drainage area.The ammonia experiments on slatted floors for cows with 2 and 30 mm spacing showed an accummulated ammonia emission of about 8 and 3 g respectively, during the 20 h testing period. On slatted floors for fattening pigs, the accumulated ammonia emission was calculated to be about 2 g during the 20 h testing period. These ammonia emission results are related to the mass quantities and the nitrogen contents of faeces and urine, which normally are dropped to slatted floor surfaces in animal buildings.     

向家坝水电站尾水渠下游护坡注浆锚杆试验初步研究

通过尾水渠下游护岸边坡锚杆4种工艺性试验及抗拉拔力试验初步研究了松散地层(主要含砂卵砾层、碎石夹泥层、孤石层)中合适的注浆施工工艺,试验结果表明,膏浆锚杆的单位耗浆量最低,整体密实度较好,拉拔力较高,施工质量满足设计要求。通过试验及工程施工证明,该技术符合质量可靠、经济合理的原则,可在类似地基中推广应用。     

基于CNKI的2010—2020年《排灌机械工程学报》载文统计分析

为了更好认识和了解《排灌机械工程学报》,2021年9月25日,在创刊40周年之际,基于中国知网全文数据库,利用文献计量法,统计分析了2010—2020年《排灌机械工程学报》刊载的论文情况,总结论文、作者及影响力的变化情况.结果表明:11年间总载文量1 853篇,年载文量总体呈上升趋势,论文篇幅也明显变长;栏目基本稳定,泵理论与技术为特色栏目,发表论文最多,占36.10%;篇均引文14.24条.作者群分布广泛,主要来自高校,第一作者最多来自江苏大学,占28%,海外论文占4.05%,跨单位的合作和团队协作越来越多,篇均作者4.71人,独立作者仅占1.35%.刊载论文具有鲜明的学科特点,关键词“数值模拟”“离心泵”“压力脉动”“空化”“产量”出现频次位居前五.期刊总被引频次保持增长趋势,影响因子和篇均被引频次处于较高的水平.研究结果客观展示了《排灌机械工程学报》更名以来办刊历程和学术影响,一定程度上揭示了排灌机械行业研究热点和发展趋势,可为读者和相关研究提供科学参考.     

Devaluating Drainage Design Parameters for the Fourth Drainage Project, Pakistan by using SWAP Model: Part I – Calibration

A transient drainage simulation model,SWAP, was used to evaluate the performanceof drainage systems in (semi-) arid zones.Before application, the model wascalibrated by using 14-months datacollected from two sample fields of theFourth Drainage Project (FDP), Punjab,Pakistan. During the calibration process,emphasis was given to the accuratedetermination of soil hydraulic parameters,reference evapotranspiration, drainage fromsample fields and bottom boundarycondition. Laboratory determined soilhydraulic parameters were foundnon-representative of the field conditions.Difference between laboratory and fielddetermined soil water retention curves werefound significant. The pressure heads andsoil water contents measured in depthincrements of 15 cm were in good agreementwith the simulated values after applying afield measured retention curve. A closeproximity was also found between measuredand simulated average root zone salinity at0–1.0 m depth. The referenceevapotranspiration calculated by thePriestly-Taylor (PT-ET _o) methodwas found physically more realistic thanthe Penman-Monteith (PM-ET _o)method due to ignorance of the feed backmechanism of vapor pressure deficit onstomatal closure. The simulated cumulativedrainage from two sample fields wascomparable with the calculated values. Theanalysis of piezometer data shows thatthere is a negligible water exchangebetween the deep aquifer and theunsaturated zone. Therefore for scenarioanalysis, no flow conditions at the bottomof the soil profile can be applied as abottom boundary.     

宁夏银北排水项目暗管排水外包滤料试验研究

采用一维和二维渗透模型对土工织物作为农田暗管排水外包滤料进行了试验研究。试验用的 2种土壤取自宁夏银北暗管排水区 ,对 1 2种不同土工织物的透水效果进行了测定和对比分析 ,其初选结果将用于野外现场作进一步观测评价 ,并最终为宁夏银北暗管排水滤料选择提供依据     

Drainable surplus assessment in irrigated agriculture: field application of the groundwater approach

To assess the drainable surplus of an irrigated area, a methodologybased on a groundwater-balance approach was developed and appliedin Schedule I-B of the Fourth Drainage Project near Faisalabad inPakistan. To determine the seasonal net recharge in this area, anumerical groundwater model was run in inverse mode. The data inputfor the model consisted of the geometry of the aquifer system, theaquifer parameters, and historical watertable elevations. The seasonalnet recharge values, calculated from the individual recharge anddischarge components, were tuned with the results of the inversemodelling. The advantage of such an integrated approach is that allthese components are linked. The design net recharge was estimatedfrom the historical net recharge of the wettest monsoon in the studyperiod. Its rainfall recharge values were then substituted for those of adesign monsoon. In this substitution procedure, the rainfall rechargemethodology and parameters were adopted from the tuning procedure.From this design net recharge, estimates could be made of the requireddrainable surplus, with and without drainage simulation.     

Effect of mole submergence on the life of mole channels

It has been suggested that submergence of mole channels in field drainage systems will cause their premature collapse and lead to a failure of the system. Limited experience on Field Drainage Experimental Unit's sites has not supported this view.An experiment was set up on a clay soil with a good moling potential, and where a previous moling had lasted up to 5 years. In a pumped drainage scheme submergence was examined to determine if it was a cause of mole channel failure. Isolated plots were subjected to short (usually less than 3 h) and long periods (up to 20 days) of submergence. The hydrological performance and the condition of the mole channels was monitored for 5 years.Short periods of submergence did not appear to have a substantial effect on the mole drainage system and a 4–5-year life of the mole channels could be expected. Longer periods of submergence did not cause any immediate deterioration but the gradual collapse of the roof and side walls, which was the normal mode of failure, became more accentuated. This effect reduced the life of the mole channels to 3–4 years, although 3 years after moling the watertable control of the submerged plots was substantially better than similar adjacent undrained land.     

无粘性散粒体的结构和依斯托敏娜的滤层设计准则分析

由于采用太沙基砂砾料滤层设计准则或依斯托敏娜的无粘性散粒体滤层设计准则,时有个别工程的反滤层发生淤堵失效或不起保土作用的现象,鉴于此,对无粘性散粒体的结构和依斯托敏娜的无粘性散粒体滤层设计准则与散粒体的结构关系进行了分析,指出了这个设计准则的适用范围及应注意的问题。可作为无粘性散粒体滤层设计准则的基本模式。     

Lysimetric determination of muskmelon crop coefficients cultivated under plastic mulches

A trial was carried out at the lysimeter station in southern Italy on muskmelon crop cultivated with and without plastic mulch during spring–summer in 2001 and 2003. The objective of the experiment was to verify the reliability of the crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) estimate by means of the most recent update of the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, in comparison with ET_c directly measured by two mechanical weighing lysimeters.Crop coefficients (K_c) were determined during different development stages based on lysimetric measures of ET_c and of the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) estimated through the Penman Monteith and the Hargreaves methods. On melon crop cultivated without plastic mulch, corrected crop coefficients (K_c) following the last FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 procedures were well correlated with those measured from lysimeter and were as reliable as the ET_c estimate. In contrast, values of K_c proposed by FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 for crops grown with plastic mulch were meaningfully lowers than those measured from lysimeter, loading to an underestimation of water consumption. On muskmelon, cultivated with and without plastic mulch, it is necessary to adapt development phase duration, suggested by the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, to the real phenology of the employed cultivar. An adaptation of the phenology to the real duration of the single phases is essential to avoid error in the estimate of ET_c.