拉布拉多犬的毛色遗传和繁殖选育

本文通过对影响犬被毛颜色色度的不同类型的黑色素,以及控制色素沉着的等位基因位点的深入分析探讨,了解和掌握拉犬毛色的表现型和基因型,以及B、b、E和e等位基因的遗传知识,就可以尝试利用谱系和后代的毛色信息确定父母本的毛色基因型,可以对拉犬的毛色进行所希望的繁殖选育,并可以预测后代中所有被毛颜色出现的比例。通过对色素修饰基因的分析探讨,了解和色素拉犬毛色的独特变化。     

硫酸阿米卡星在犬体内的药代动力学

选择8只健康成年的试验犬,按照10 mg·kg-1的剂量单剂量对所有试验犬皮下注射阿米卡星注射液,并于注射阿米卡星之后的不同时间点采集血液样品,按照本试验选用的方法对采集的血液样品进行处理,测定血浆中阿米卡星的浓度,并运用3P97药物软件将所得到的阿米卡星的药-时曲线进行分析。结果表明:在0.5¹00μg·mL-1的浓度范围内,阿米卡星在血浆内的药物浓度与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,其线性方程为y=10 008x+24 570,R2=0.997。在本试验选用的条件下,犬单剂量皮下注射阿米卡星后的药-时曲线符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其主要的药代动力学参数包括:达峰时间(Tmax)为(0.886±0.06)h,峰浓度(Cmax)为(31.35±1.41)μg·L-1,血浆中药物的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为(1.779±0.13)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)达到(104.9±8.46)μg·h·L-1。结果表明:犬皮下注射阿米卡星后,其在体内分布广泛,且消除时间短。本试验的分析方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,所选用的测定血浆内阿米卡星浓度的方法能满足对阿米卡星临床效果的评价要求。     

美洛昔康片剂在比格犬内的药代动力学及生物利用度研究

本研究以0.1 mg/kg体重的剂量研究美洛昔康片在比格犬中的药代动力学和生物利用度。HPLC分析血浆中的药物浓度,WinNonlin 6.4非房室模型计算药动学参数。比格犬内服美洛昔康片后测得0~48 h美洛昔康的T1/2、Cmax、Tmax和AUC0-t分别为14.55 ± 2.18 h、296.16 ± 74.15 ng·mL-1、6.0 ± 0.00 h和6356.79 ± 1089.78 ng·h·mL-1;比格犬静脉注射美洛昔康溶液后,测得0~48 h美洛昔康的T1/2和AUC0-t分别为11.54 ± 4.18 h和5510.68 ± 1075.29 ng·h·mL-1。内服美洛昔康片剂的绝对生物利用度为115.35%。美洛昔康片在比格犬体内消除速率较慢,消除半衰期较长,在体内滞留时间较长,绝对生物利用度高,药物在体内作用时间较长等药动学特征。     

托芬那酸肌注后在犬体内的药物代谢动力学研究

建立用于检测犬血浆中托芬那酸浓度的高效液相色谱法,并对犬单次肌肉注射托芬那酸注射液后的药物代谢动力学特征进行研究。选用6只健康成年拉布拉多犬,按4 mg·kg-1剂量单次肌肉注射托芬那酸注射液,血浆样品经甲醇沉蛋白、高速离心后,取上清用反相高效液相色谱法进行检测;用3p97药动学软件对药物浓度-时间数据进行分析。结果显示:健康试验犬肌肉注射后的药物代谢动力学过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其主要药动学参数为:药时曲线下面积(AUC)为(9.57±1.30)μg·h·m L-1,清除率(CL)为(0.51±0.20)L/h/kg,达峰时间(Tpeak)为(0.35±0.11)h,峰浓度(Cmax)为(4.10±0.45)μg·m L-1,消除半衰期(t1/2β)为(5.71±2.21)h,吸收半衰期(t1/2α)为(0.66±0.20)h。结果表明:犬肌肉注射托芬那酸后,吸收快,在血浆中能迅速达到血药高峰且达峰浓度高,起效迅速。     

昆明犬毛色遗传的研究浅析

本文概述了犬的毛色类型、犬的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了犬毛色基因的分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

三种恩诺沙星注射液在猪体内的药物代谢动力学研究

三组猪分别按2.5 mg/kg的剂量肌肉注射拜有利5%、恩诺沙星注射液A、恩诺沙星注射液B三种药物,HPLC法测定血药浓度,Winnonlin6.1软件拟合血药浓度—时间数据,计算参数。三种注射液均符合一室开放模型,峰浓度分别为:0.87、0.63、0.49μg/mL,AUC分别为6.32、5.31、3.45 h.μg.mL-1。实验结果表明,拜有利5%在猪体内的药代动力学参数优于注射液B,注射液B的优于注射液A,提示恩诺沙星注射液B与拜有利5%相比临床防治效果略差,药物吸收可做进一步改进。     

磺胺二甲嘧啶在黑鲪体内的药物代谢动力学和残留消除研究

在(14±1)℃水温条件下,对黑鲪单次口灌100 mg/kg体重的磺胺二甲嘧啶,进行药物代谢动力学研究。在(20±2)℃水温条件下,按照《中华人民共和国水产行业标准磺胺类药物水产养殖使用规范》推荐剂量对黑鮶连续5天口灌给予磺胺二甲嘧啶,研究其在黑鮶体内的残留消除规律。血浆、肌肉和肝脏样品采用高效液相色谱检测,DAS2.0药物代谢动力学软件对数据进行处理分析。结果表明磺胺二甲嘧啶在黑鲪血浆、肌肉和肝脏中均符合一室模型,肝脏、血液和肌肉中药物达峰时间分别为6 h,8 h和10 h;峰值浓度分别为26.45μg/g、25.57μg/g和31.15μg/g;连续多次给药后,黑鮶血液、肌肉、肝脏中药物浓度分别在给药后12d、14d、15d后小于最大残留限量要求(0.1mg/kg)。     

富铁酵母药物代谢动力学和生物利用度研究

本实验选用8只健康家兔进行口服富铁酵母和硫酸亚铁的药物代谢动力学研究.试验采用双吡啶比色法测定血清铁浓度,药时数据经Mcpkp程序处理.家兔口服富铁酵母和硫酸亚铁的药时数据分别适合一室和二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数(平均值),富铁酵母为Tmax=2.73 h,Cmax=1.60μg/ml,Ka=0.67 h-1,T1/2Ka=1.08 h,T/2aα=1.82 h,Kel=0.28 h-1,T/2Rβ=9.73 h;硫酸亚铁为Tmax=2.62 h,Cmax=1.41μg/ml,T1/2Ka =0.94h,Kel=0.24 h-1,T1/2K=3.05h.口服高铁酵母的生物利用度F(AUC富铁酵母/AUC硫酸亚铁)%=122%,高于硫酸亚铁,为其1.22倍,显示家兔口服富铁酵母要比硫酸亚铁好.     

扁蓿豆不同品系ISSR标记遗传差异和遗传多样性

采用ISSR分子标记技术对扁蓿豆4个品系的遗传多样性、遗传差异和遗传结构进行了研究。用7个有效引物对4个品系进行PCR扩增,共获得73个等位基因位点,每条引物平均检测出10.4个位点,其中多态性位点69个,多态位点百分率为94.5%。各品系的Nei’s遗传多样性为0.2569,Shannon’s信息指数为0.4046。Nei’s指数估算和分子方差分析均表明,扁蓿豆4个品系的遗传多样性主要存在于品系内,4个品系间亦出现了较大的遗传分化(Gst=0.1324)。品系00-61、90-36、00-81和93-21的多态位点百分率分别为73.97%、79.45%、82.19%和83.56%;Nei’s遗传多样性(H)分别为0.2050、0.2153、0.2264和0.2474;Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.3222、0.3396、0.3538和0.3821。各品系的遗传参数大小排序均为品系93-21品系00-81品系90-36品系00-61。采用系统聚类和主坐标分析(PCA)两种方法所获得的聚类结果一致,即品系00-61和00-81遗传差异相对较小,其次是品系90-36,品系93-21与各品系的遗传差异较大。     

Posterior capsular opacification in diabetic and nondiabetic canine patients following cataract surgery

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common postoperative complication of contemporary cataract surgery. Limited information is available regarding PCO formation and factors that influence PCO development in the dog. Two hundred sixty-five eyes (144 from diabetic dogs and 121 from dogs with breed-related cataracts) were prospectively evaluated for PCO formation for up to 12 months postoperatively. The mean age of all dogs in the study was 7.77 years and diabetic dogs were significantly older than dogs with breed-related cataracts. There were 73 males (61 neutered, 12 intact) and 74 females (70 neutered, 4 intact) in the study. Statistical analysis was performed based on age, breed/size, gender, stage of cataract at the time of surgery, PCO score at each time point, breed-related vs. diabetic cataract, right eyes compared to left eyes, and presence/absence of uveitis. Age and gender did not significantly influence PCO formation. Small and medium-sized breeds developed significantly more PCO in comparison to the large/giant breeds at 2 weeks and 2-4 months postoperatively, but the differences were not significant at later time points. There was an overall significant increase in PCO formation in eyes with early immature cataracts when compared to other stages of cataract up to 4 months postoperatively but not at later time points. There were no statistical differences in PCO score at 6 months or at 1 year postoperatively in eyes with breed-related and diabetic cataracts. Right eyes did not differ from left eyes in PCO score. PCO score significantly increased over time in breed-related and diabetic groups and in the overall population. No difference was found in the degree of PCO formation in eyes with inflammation prior to or after surgery compared with those without inflammation. In summary, age, gender, presence of inflammation, and cause of cataract (breed-related vs. diabetes mellitus) do not influence the development of PCO in canine cataract dogs. Small and medium-sized breeds develop significant PCO earlier than larger breeds. It is important to note that all eyes from all dogs in this study developed PCO in a time dependent manner.     

Metabolic Differences Between Draft-cross and Mustang Horses Detected by Metabonomic Analyses

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabonomics is a powerful multivariate tool that can be used to characterize the unique metabolic profiles of living creatures. To test the hypothesis that NMR-based metabonomic analyses of serum would reveal metabolic differences between two types of horses, NMR spectra of serum samples drawn on 3 separate days from 2-year-old Mustangs (MU, n = 4) and 2 year-old Draft-cross (DC, n = 4) horses were compared. Metabonomic multivariate statistical analysis of the NMR spectra revealed clear and distinct clustering of each group. The metabolic separation between the Mustangs and Draft-crosses was due mainly to differences in urea, certain amino acids, acetate, lipoproteins, and glucose that probably reflected differences in growth rates and efficiency of protein utilization. NMR-based metabonomic analyses may be useful in detection and evaluation of metabolic differences between different types and physiologic states of horses.     

一例犬前肢血管周细胞瘤的病理及免疫组化分析

血管周细胞瘤是一种软组织肉瘤,起源于毛细血管壁的周细胞。在本报道中,描述了一只11岁中华田园犬的左腿腕关节肿块。为确定肿块性质,采用影像学、细胞学和病理学检查加以诊断。X光检查显示肿瘤始于软组织,肿物界限清晰;细胞学检查显示细胞呈梭形,核仁明显,细胞核大小不一;病理组织学结果显示存在围绕血管的梭形细胞;免疫组织化学结果显示波形蛋白和α-SMA阳性表达,desmin和S-100阴性表达,肿瘤组织中PCNA阳性肿瘤细胞的数量大于25%,Masson trichrome染色显示肿瘤组织中胶原纤维的含量少。结合病理学及免疫组化确诊为血管周细胞瘤。     

貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定

采集大庆某貉养殖场病貉的病料,处理后接种于非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)进行病毒分离。对分离毒株进行了中和试验、血凝试验、理化性质的鉴定,并用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测感染细胞中的病毒核酸。病料接种 Vero 细胞 72 h 后产生明显的细胞病变(CPE);病毒分离株可以被犬瘟热病毒阳性血清中和,中和效价为 1∶25;分离株对氯仿、乙醚敏感,对酸和热抵抗力弱,可以凝集鸡红细胞,其凝集作用可被犬瘟热病毒阳性血清所抑制; RT-PCR检测病毒细胞培养液,扩增出的片段长287 bp,与预期设计的长度相同,经测序发现与MS01株的同源性为99%。结果表明,分离的病毒株为犬瘟热病毒,命名为CDV-DQ株。     

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

Background

Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a fatal, noninfectious inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. NME has been reported only in a small number of dog breeds, which has led to the presumption that it is a breed‐restricted disorder.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Our objective was to describe histopathologically confirmed NME in dog breeds in which the condition has not been reported previously and to provide preliminary evidence that NME affects a wider spectrum of dog breeds than previously reported.

Animals

Four dogs with NME.

Methods

Archives from 3 institutions and from 1 author''s (BS) collection were reviewed to identify histopathologically confirmed cases of NME in breeds in which the disease has not been reported previously. Age, sex, breed, survival from onset of clinical signs, and histopathologic findings were evaluated.

Results

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was identified in 4 small dog breeds (Papillon, Shih Tzu, Coton de Tulear, and Brussels Griffon). Median age at clinical evaluation was 2.5 years. Histopathologic abnormalities included 2 or more of the following: lymphoplasmacytic or histiocytic meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, moderate‐to‐severe cerebrocortical necrosis, variable involvement of other anatomic locations within the brain (cerebellum, brainstem), and absence of detectable infectious agents.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Until now, NME has only been described in 5 small dog breeds. We document an additional 4 small breeds previously not shown to develop NME. Our cases further illustrate that NME is not a breed‐restricted disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dogs with signalment and clinical signs consistent with inflammatory brain disease.     

莱克多巴胺在兔体内的药物动力学及生物利用度研究

为了研究莱克多巴胺静脉注射和灌胃在兔体内的药动学特征和生物利用度,静脉注射和灌胃的给药剂量分别为10和20 mg·kg~(-1)。兔静脉注射莱克多巴胺溶液的药-时数据符合无吸收两室模型,主要药动学参数分别为T_(1/2α)为0.56±0.084 h、T_(1/2β)为7.20±0.59 h、AUC为8.04±2.32 h·μg·m L~(-1)。兔灌胃莱克多巴胺溶液的药-时数据符合一级吸收两室模型,主要药动学参数分别为TK01为0.72±0.07 h、T1/2α为0.72±0.11 h、T_(1/2β)为26.43±2.73 h、T_(max)为1.13±0.09 h、Cmax为1.29±0.08μg·mL~(-1)、AUC为3.98±0.43 h·μg·mL~(-1)。灌服莱克多巴胺溶液的绝对生物利用度F为24%。莱克多巴胺在兔体内的药动学特征是吸收迅速,分布广泛,消除缓慢,生物利用度低。     

单诺沙星在蛋雏鸡体内的药物动力学及生物利用度的研究

选用 4～ 5周龄健康蛋雏鸡 12 5只 ,按 5 mg/kg的剂量进行静脉注射和内服单诺沙星的药动学研究及生物利用研究。高效液相色谱内标法测定血浆中药物浓度 ,MCPKP药动学程序处理药时数据。静脉注射和内服给药后血药浓度—时间数据分别符合无吸收因素二室开放式模型和一级吸收一室开放式模型。静脉注射给药的主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2α=0 .3313h、t1 /2β= 5 .994 0 h、Vd=7.5 2 4 6 L/kg、AU C=5 .6 916 μg/m l· h、CLB=0 .8935 L/kg· h。内服给药后主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2 Ka=0 .30 2 9h、t1 /2 K=6 .5 12 8h、tmax=1.2 10 0 h、Cmax=0 .5 15 9μg/m l、AU C=5 .132 9μg/ml· h。生物利用度为 90 .18%。