Stable isotope enrichment in stratospheric nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that also plays a role in the cycling of stratospheric ozone. Air samples from the lower stratosphere exhibit 15N/14N and 18O/16O enrichment in nitrous oxide, which can be accounted for with a simple model describing an irreversible destruction process. The observed enrichments are quite large and incompatible with those determined for the main stratospheric nitrous oxide loss processes of photolysis and reaction with excited atomic oxygen. Thus, although no stratospheric source needs to be invoked, the data indicate that present understanding of stratospheric nitrous oxide chemistry is incomplete.     

Spectroscopic measurements of stratospheric nitric oxide and water vapor

Spectroscopic measurements have been made of the nitric oxide and water vapor concentrations in the stratosphere at an altitude of 28 kilometers. The measurements, carried out in situ with the use of a spin flip Raman laser, represent the first accurate determination of nitric oxide as a function of time (as the sun rose) from about 6: 30 to 14: 00 C. D. T.     

Solar proton events: stratospheric sources of nitric oxide

The production of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere during each of the solar proton events of November 1960, September 1966, and August 1972 is calculated to have been comparable to or larger than the total average annual production of NO by the action of galactic cosmic rays. It is therefore very important to consider the effect of solar proton events on the temporal and spatial distribution of ozone in the stratosphere. A study of ozone distribution after such events may be particularly important for validating photochemical-diffusion models.     

菜地系统土壤氧化亚氮排放的日变化

采用原状土柱试验,研究了武汉市菜地连作系统不同时期土壤N2O释放日变化特征及其与土壤温度和水分的关系.结果表明:当土壤水分日变化较小时,土壤N2O排放速率随土壤温度的升高而增大,随着温度的降低而减小,在温度最高时达到峰值;而当土壤水分日变化较大时,N2O排放速率峰值出现在适宜的水分且较高的温度时,而非温度最高时.这说明...     

Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust

Although a great deal of attention has been given to the role of water vapor from supersonic transport (SST) exhaust in the stratosphere, oxides of nitrogen from SST exhaust pose a much greater threat to the ozone shield than does an increase in water. The projected increase in stratospheric oxides of nitrogen could reduce the ozone shield by about a factor of 2, thus permitting the harsh radiation below 300 nanometers to permeate the lower atmosphere.     

Nylon production: an unknown source of atmospheric nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere contributes to catalytic stratospheric ozone destruction and is also a greenhouse gas component. A precise budgetary accounting of N(2)O sources has remained elusive, and there is an apparent lack of source identification. One source of N(2)O is as a by-product in the manufacture of nylon, specifically in the preparation of adipic acid. Characterization of the reaction N(2)O stoichiometry and its isotopic composition with a simulated industrial adipic acid synthesis indicates that because of high rates of global adipic acid production, this N(2)O may account for approximately 10 percent of the increase observed for atmospheric N(2)O.     

中国省域农业源N2O排放清单及特征分析

对中国31个省(市、自治区)2000—2016年的农业源N₂O排放清单进行计算和分析。结果表明:中国(不含港、澳、台)农业源N₂O排放量从2000年的71.801 3×10⁴ t波动增加到2016年的95.354 9×10⁴ t,增幅为32.80%,年均增长1.79%,其中,农用地N₂O是农业源N₂O的主要来源,占农业源N₂O总排放量的63.47%~77.26%。省域农业源N₂O排放存在明显的区域差异性:广西、广东和云南的N₂O排放量最高,远高于北京、上海、天津等地。其中,农用地N₂O排放以广西最高,2016年为45.320 2×10⁴ t,西藏最少,2016年为0.005 3×10⁴ t。农用地N₂O排放以直接排放为主,所占比例为69%~87%。畜禽粪便管理N₂O排放以四川、河南、内蒙古、云南和山东最高,而上海、北京、天津、浙江、海南较少。     

Coupling of nitrous oxide and methane by global atmospheric chemistry

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) are chemically reactive greenhouse gases with well-documented atmospheric concentration increases that are attributable to anthropogenic activities. We quantified the link between N(2)O and CH(4) emissions through the coupled chemistries of the stratosphere and troposphere. Specifically, we simulated the coupled perturbations of increased N(2)O abundance, leading to stratospheric ozone (O(3)) depletion, altered solar ultraviolet radiation, altered stratosphere-to-troposphere O(3) flux, increased tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration, and finally lower concentrations of CH(4). The ratio of CH(4) per N(2)O change, -36% by mole fraction, offsets a fraction of the greenhouse effect attributable to N(2)O emissions. These CH(4) decreases are tied to the 108-year chemical mode of N(2)O, which is nine times longer than the residence time of direct CH(4) emissions.     

Chlorine oxide in the stratospheric ozone layer: ground-based detection and measurement

Stratospheric chlorine oxide, a significant intermediate product in the catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic chlorine, has been detected and measured by a ground-based 204-gigahertz, millimeter-wave receiver. Data taken at latitude 42 degrees N on 17 days between 10 January and 18 February 1980 yield an average chlorine oxide column density of approximately 1.05 x 10(14) per square centimeter or approximately 2/3 that of the average of eight in situ balloon flight measurements (excluding the anomalously high data of 14 July 1977) made over the past 4 years at 32 degrees N. We find less chlorine oxide below 35 kilometers and a larger vertical gradient than predicted by theoretical models of the stratospheric ozone layer.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

不同盐碱程度土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)排放途径的研究

选取内蒙古河套灌区4种不同盐碱程度土壤(极度盐土、盐土、重度盐土和轻度盐土),通过室内低浓度乙炔抑制技术和纯氧气抑制技术,研究不同盐碱程度土壤中N_2O的排放途径及其贡献率。结果表明:N_2O累积排放量随着土壤盐碱程度的升高而升高,轻度盐土(SA)、重度盐土(SB)、盐土(SC)和极度盐土(SD)的N_2O累积排放量分别为289.71、500.08、951.66、1 750.39μg·kg~(-1);在整个培养实验期间,4种不同盐碱程度土壤的硝化过程和反硝化过程的N_2O排放总贡献率分别为22.51%~35.75%和60.35%~72.46%,其他过程的N_2O排放贡献率为3.90%~5.81%,表明反硝化过程是盐碱土壤中N_2O的主要排放途径。4种不同盐碱程度土壤,不同排放途径N_2O排放贡献率随着土壤盐碱程度(电导率)的升高,硝化过程的N_2O排放贡献率逐渐升高,反硝化过程的N_2O排放贡献率逐渐降低。     

氧化亚氮超浅麻醉在人工流产术中的应用与护理

人工流产作为避孕失败后常用的补救措施之一,无痛性操作越来越多地成为人们的要求.我院自2003年12月起将氧化亚氮超浅吸入麻醉应用于人工流产术,取得了较好的疗效,现将观察和护理结果报道如下.     

中国农业系统N2O排放量评估及低碳措施

为评估中国农业系统目前氧化亚氮(N2 O)排放量和各区域分布特点,采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐方法,结合官方统计数据,对全国各区域农作物种植及粪便管理过程中产生的氧化亚氮排放量进行评估.结果表明:2018年全国农业活动带来的氧化亚氮排放量为7.333×105 t,其中农用地的氧化亚氮排放量最大,约占总排量的62.69％;禽畜粪便管理过程中估算的N2 O排放量约占总排放量的37.31％.从空间分布上看,各地域氧化亚氮排放量差异明显,其中中南地区排放量最大,其次是华东、西南、东北和华北地区,西北地区排放量最小.针对中国种植业及畜牧业相关特点,建议通过合理施氮及改善灌溉模式来提高田间管理措施;通过适当调整养殖结构、改善存储环境和改进粪便处理方式来降低氧化亚氮排放量,探索种养结合、循环利用等低碳新农业模式,实现氧化亚氮减排和科学管控.     

Transport and loss of nitrous oxide in soil water after forest clear-cutting

Whole-tree harvesting increased the concentration of nitrous oxide dissolved in soil water by two orders of magnitude over the concentration expected in equilibrium with the atmosphere. In contrast, the nitrous oxide content of soil water in an intact, second-growth forest was close to the expected theoretical value. Nitrous oxide, produced at active sites in the soil, dissolves in soil water and is transported to seeps and streams where it rapidly degasses from the solution and is released into the atmosphere. This loss of nitrous oxide after clear-cutting is not important to the nitrogen economy of the site; however, it may be important to the global atmospheric budget of nitrous oxide. Sources of nitrous oxide may have been overlooked because nitrous oxide emissions can be separated in time and space from the sites of the most intense production of nitrous oxide.     

农田氧化亚氮减排的关键是合理施氮

农业源氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量占全球人为源总排放量的2/3,是最大的人为排放源,氮肥和有机肥的施用是其主要贡献者。合理施氮是获得较高目标产量、维持土壤氮肥力和降低因施氮引起环境污染风险的关键,在减少农田土壤N2O排放、缓解温室效应中起重要作用。本文基于合理施肥的“4R”(Right amount,Right type,Right time,Right place)理念和技术,论述了施氮量与N2O排放量之间的数量关系,肥料品种、施肥时期和方法对N2O减排的影响。强调了氮素投入超过作物需氮量后,N2O排放量会呈现指数型增长;将施氮量控制在合理范围对N2O减排的重要性。建议在不同土壤-气候-作物体系下,同时开展产量、品质,氨挥发、硝酸盐淋洗、N2O排放和土壤肥力的长期系统研究,不能顾此失彼;形成同类地区能够机械操作的规范化种植模式与合理施肥措施,包括与其他农艺措施的配合,如轮作与耕作、灌溉、有机肥和秸秆还田、磷钾肥和中微量元素管理等,以实现产量、品质、效益与环境效应相协调的可持续集约化作物生产目标。     

Mitotic synchrony in mammalian cells treated with nitrous oxide at high pressure

Mammalian cells grown in suspension or monolayer cultures were synchronized for cell division by the application of nitrous oxide under pressure. The metaphase block induced by nitrous oxide was dependent on pressure and was reversible. Exposure of HeLa cells to nitrous oxide had no significant effect on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein. The progress of cells through the mitotic cycle was also unaffected. A high degree of mitotic synchrony was obtained in suspension cultures of HeLa cells treated with thymidine during exponential growth, resuspended in fresh medium, and then exposed to nitrous oxide.     

Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores

The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core enables us to extend existing records of atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) back to 650,000 years before the present. A combined record of CH4 measured along the Dome C and the Vostok ice cores demonstrates, within the resolution of our measurements, that preindustrial concentrations over Antarctica have not exceeded 773 +/- 15 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) during the past 650,000 years. Before 420,000 years ago, when interglacials were cooler, maximum CH4 concentrations were only about 600 ppbv, similar to lower Holocene values. In contrast, the N2O record shows maximum concentrations of 278 +/- 7 ppbv, slightly higher than early Holocene values.     

农田N2O排放时空格局的形成机理和全球评估

准确理解全球农田氧化亚氮(N2O)排放时空格局是制定区域或全球N2O减排战略的科学基础。过去40年,国内外在农田N2O排放时空格局的形成机理和全球评估方面开展了大量研究。结合国内外现有实证研究进展,本文梳理了气候、土壤、农艺管理措施对农田N2O排放的空间格局和时间变化的多尺度影响,介绍了最新的排放因子、陆面过程模型、大气反演、升尺度等多模型方法及其全球评估成果。同时,提出了跨区域/样带观测、极端气候控制试验、陆面过程模型的区域预测能力、模型-数据融合系统等未来研究挑战,为推动全球氮循环的科学评估和气候智能型农业的国家建设提供科技支撑。     

Analgesic strength of 33 percent nitrous oxide: a signal detection theory evaluation

Radiant heat stimulation was applied to volunteers and rating scale responses were obtained to assess the analgesic properties of 33 percent nitrous oxide. The methodology of signal detection theory was applied to the data to demonstrate that nitrous oxide reduces both sensitivity to pain and willingness to report pain. This method is superior to threshold estimation for the evaluation of analgesics.     

Nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18 characteristics of nitrous oxide: a global perspective

The global budget of N(2)O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean. Measurements of the (15)N/(14)N and (18)O/(16)O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N(2)O, tropical rain forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N(2)O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from sugar-cane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both (15)N and (18)O relative to mean tropospheric N(2)O. A major source of heavy N(2)O, enriched in both (15)N and (18)O, must therefore be present to balance the light N(2)O from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N(2)O from the stratosphere, which is enriched in (15)N and (18)O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of (15)N and (18)O are so great that a large oceanic flux of N(2)O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these effects will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N(2)O in polar ice cores.