小鼠卵巢EGFR表达检测及EGF提高小鼠超数排卵效果研究

在检测发情周期不同阶段小鼠卵巢表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)表达的基础上,利用小鼠卵巢组织学、胚胎回收与胚胎体外培养方法,研究超数排卵前腹腔注射表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)对小鼠超数排卵效果的影响。结果显示:(1)EGFR在卵巢内主要定位于腔前卵泡、有腔卵泡的颗粒细胞和卵丘细胞,间情期、发情前期和发情期小鼠卵巢EGFR阳性反应均强于发情后期。(2)对发情前期和间情期小鼠按照每克体质量5、10、20、40ng的EGF进行腹腔注射,24h后注射孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG)进行超数排卵处理。发情前期小鼠在EGF注射后24h,卵巢切面已有较多的有腔卵泡分布,而间情期小鼠直到PMSG注射后24h,卵巢切面上才可观察到较多的腔前卵泡和有腔卵泡,且发情前期和间情期小鼠卵巢切面上有腔卵泡数量呈EGF剂量依赖性增多。(3)小鼠注射20ng/g EGF预处理24h,超排配种后见栓鼠的2-细胞胚胎回收数最高(P0.05);当EGF剂量超过40ng/g时,胚胎回收数降低;发情前期各组小鼠2-细胞胚胎回收数均低于对应EGF注射剂量间情期小鼠组的。(4)各组2-细胞胚胎体外囊胚发育率无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,小鼠卵巢组织中EGFR定位于腔前卵泡、有腔卵泡的颗粒细胞和卵丘细胞,间情期、发情前期和发情期小鼠卵巢EGFR阳性反应均强于发情后期的;超排前24h腹腔注射20ng/g EGF,可获显著提高间情期和发情前期小鼠的超数排卵效果,并且不影响胚胎的发育潜能。     

水貂毛皮成熟期皮肤中EGF、IGF-Ⅰ及IGF-ⅠR基因的表达

为探讨水貂皮肤和毛囊发育机理,试验运用组织学和免疫组化方法对水貂毛皮成熟期皮肤及毛囊中表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor, EGF）和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ）及其受体（insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰreceptor,IGF-ⅠR）进行了研究。结果表明,水貂皮肤表皮细胞和毛囊外根鞘细胞中都有IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和EGF基因的强阳性表达,3种基因主要分布于细胞质中,细胞核呈空泡状未见到阳性染色,呈苏木精复染的蓝色,皱褶区域和表皮下胶原结缔组织出现了阳性染色为非特异性阳性结果。IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和EGF基因在水貂皮肤表皮和毛囊外根鞘细胞中广泛表达,直接参与调控皮肤和毛囊的发育。表明EGF、IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-ⅠR基因在水貂皮肤及其衍生结构的发育中发挥着重要作用。     

神经生长因子及其受体TrKA在山羊脊髓发育中的表达特点

运用免疫组织化学超敏 SP法对山羊胎儿脊髓发育中神经生长因子 (nerve growth factor,NGF)及其高亲和力受体 Tr KA的表达及其功能进行了系统的研究和探讨。结果显示 ,山羊胎儿脊髓灰质中存在 NGF及其受体 Tr KA,于 6周龄胚就可检测到 ,随胚龄增加 ,其表达范围及免疫反应着色程度逐渐增强。 NGF主要分布于腹角和背角的神经细胞 ,反应产物主要定位于胞质和突起 ;Tr KA的分布主要以腹角及胶状质为主 ,反应产物主要定位于胞核 ,后期胞质及突起也可见到阳性反应。在山羊胎儿脊髓白质中也可观察到 NGF及 Tr KA免疫阳性反应 ,其发育后期更为显著 ,阳性反应主要分布于神经胶质细胞核、神经纤维的轴索及雪旺氏细胞。结果提示 ,NGF不仅对交感和感觉神经元的发育起作用 ,而且还与腹角运动神经元的发育有关     

黑色素合成的细胞基础及影响因素

黑素细胞由神经脊细胞分化而来,是合成黑色素的主要场所。在皮肤中,黑素细胞主要存在于表皮基底层和毛囊中,表皮基底层的黑素细胞主要合成黑色素控制肤色并保护皮肤受免紫外线的损伤;毛囊中的黑素细胞则在毛囊的周期性循环过程中通过合成黑色素控制着毛色。本文从黑素细胞的发育、分布、结构以及促进和抑制黑素细胞分泌黑色素的因素对皮肤中的黑素细胞进行了综述。     

表皮生长因子在荥经长毛兔肠道中的表达特征

应用免疫组化技术检测荥经长毛兔肠道各部位表皮生长因子(EGF)的表达水平和在各部位分布的位置,从而观察EGF在荥经长毛兔肠道的分布情况及其分布意义.结果显示,在荥经长毛兔的十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠、直肠均发现有EGF表达,但在各部位的平均光密度值存在差异,在盲肠和结肠处的平均光密度值最高,回肠处最低.EGF主要分布在各肠道的固有层细胞的胞质中,除十二指肠的其他肠道部位均发现有部分EGF分布在肠黏膜上皮细胞胞质中,只有在空肠肠腺上皮发现有极少量的EGF分布.在肠道中EGF细胞的形态主要以圆形、椭圆形和不规则形为主,还有一部分为梭形.研究结果提示,EGF在荥经长毛兔肠道各部位表达水平和分布位置与其在肠道的作用相关.     

初生水貂皮肤毛囊发育组织学观察

为了解水貂皮肤毛囊发育的变化规律,本试验采集0～6周龄初生的美国短毛黑公水貂的背中部皮肤样品,用HE染色法制备组织切片,在显微镜下观察其皮肤毛囊结构及变化规律。结果发现,水貂的皮肤在出生前就已经基本发育完成,初级毛囊、次级毛囊的毛干具有髓质;水貂出生时可见初级毛囊而无次级毛囊,初级毛囊的密度随周龄的增加而增加,于4周龄后降低,初级毛囊在水貂4周龄后不再发育或很少发育, 4周龄时可见次级毛囊,次级毛囊随水貂体表的增长毛密度增加,且在水貂出生后大量发育。水貂6周龄时S/P值为2.95±0.23,次级毛囊仍将大量发育。水貂背中部表皮呈先增厚后变薄的变化,真皮随着周龄的增加而增厚;初级毛囊、次级毛囊随周龄的增加而加深。     

氟对不同日龄雄性大鼠睾丸组织中表皮生长因子及其受体表达的影响

为探讨氟对不同日龄雄性Wistar大鼠睾丸组织中表皮生长因子（EGF）及其受体（EGFR）表达的影响,选用40日龄雄性Wistar大鼠200只,随机分为2组分别饮用含150mg/L氟化钠的去离子水和去离子水,并于50,80,100,120日龄时处死大鼠,对睾丸组织中EGF及其EGFR的表达情况进行分析。结果表明,染氟组50日龄时睾丸组织间质细胞、精原细胞和生精细胞中EGF的表达量极显著下降（P〈0.01）,精子细胞和管腔脱落物中EGF的表达量降低不明显（P〉0.05）;80,100,120日龄时虽有下降趋势,但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。而染氟组睾丸组织中EGFR的表达量在50,80,100日龄时均降低,但50,80日龄睾丸组织精子细胞和100日龄睾丸组织曲细精管管腔脱落物中EGFR的表达量极显著下降（P〈0.01）,50日龄时生精细胞中EGFR的表达量显著降低（P〈0.05）;而120日龄时睾丸组织中EGFR的表达量均增高,且管腔脱落物中极显著增高（P〈0.01）。证明氟可降低雄性Wist-ar大鼠性成熟时EGF的表达量以影响精子的生长发育,长期抑制EGF的表达使EGFR的表达增高影响生殖功能。     

哺乳动物毛囊形态发生诱导和抑制因子

动物的毛囊产生毛发,而且有调节体温、感觉外界环境、避免损伤皮肤、社会交往等功能,绵羊和山羊还能为人类提供羊毛和羊绒.毛囊发育是表皮角质化细胞向毛发特异性分化和形成毛乳头的真皮成纤维细胞群之间发生的表皮-真皮相互作用的结果.毛囊的形态发生涉及多个信号途径的调节,阐明这些信号途径发生作用的过程对于理解皮肤中毛囊的特征是非常关键的.文章综合了有关动物毛囊发育调节分子机理的一些最新研究进展.     

构建具有毛囊结构的组织工程皮肤及移植研究

旨在构建具有毛囊、汗腺等皮肤附属器官的组织工程皮肤,为人类毛发移植和受损皮肤修复的临床应用提供新的思路。试验以山羊毛囊干细胞和真皮细胞为种子细胞,以羊膜、Ⅰ型胶原为支架材料,进行组织工程皮肤的体外构建,并将组织工程皮肤移植到山羊体内(试验组,同时以羊膜代替组织工程皮肤进行移植作为对照组),观察和检测其对受损皮肤的修复效果。试验结果表明,人工构建的组织工程皮肤经体外培养25 d后,发现有毛囊结构形成;人工皮肤经扫描电镜观察,显示表皮细胞出现角质化;移植30、60、90 d后的瘢痕面积显示,试验组创面恢复平整,瘢痕面积极显著小于对照组(P0.01);移植270 d后,活体组织切片检测发现,试验组真、表皮结构已发生重建,可见分化明显的基底层、毛囊结构,而对照组为致密的结缔组织。综上表明,本研究首次以山羊毛囊干细胞和毛囊真皮细胞为种子细胞,成功构建了具有毛囊器官的组织工程皮肤。     

成纤维细胞生长因子21及其受体1、2在小鼠毛囊形成期的定位和表达

本试验旨在通过研究成纤维细胞生长因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)及其受体FGFR1、FGFR2在胚胎小鼠毛囊形成阶段中的定位与表达,从而探究其在小鼠毛囊形成中的作用。试验采用免疫组织化学、实时荧光定量PCR及Western blotting方法研究FGF21、FGFR1、FGFR2蛋白和mRNA在胚胎期13～18d(E13～E18)小鼠皮肤中的表达。结果显示:(1)FGF21蛋白在E13主要表达于表层细胞、基底层细胞及结缔组织中,E14表达于表层细胞和基板,E15在毛芽中有微量表达,E16、E17表达于毛钉中,E18主要表达于未成熟毛囊细胞;FGFR1和FGFR2蛋白在E13～E18于表层细胞、基底层、基板、毛芽、毛钉、未成熟毛囊和结缔组织中均有表达。(2)实时荧光定量PCR及Western blotting结果显示:FGF21mRNA和蛋白在E14相对表达量最高;FGFR1mRNA及蛋白在E16～E17相对表达量较高;FGFR2mRNA及蛋白的相对表达量在E13至E18均呈上升趋势,在E18相对表达量最高。结果提示:在小鼠胚胎期毛囊形成和发育过程中,FGF21可能在诱导毛囊启动过程中发挥一定的作用;FGFR1可能促进毛钉形成;FGFR2可能在毛囊形成和成熟中发挥重要作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.