石灰氮和水杨酸对油桃金山早红花芽休眠的影响

以金山早红油桃为试材,在花芽自然休眠进程的不同阶段施用不同浓度的石灰氮和水杨酸后置于温室中进行萌芽培养,并对芽体内活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性和呼吸速率变化进行了测定.结果表明:①初休眠期和深休眠期施用水杨酸对油桃破眠无效,后期休眠10%水杨酸对促进油桃破眠有一定效果,萌芽较对照提前8 d,最终萌芽率达100%;在整个休眠期石灰氮处理对破眠无效.②在初休眠期和深休眠期,石灰氮和水杨酸处理的花芽H2O2含量、抗氧化酶和呼吸速率的变化趋势相似.③在休眠后期,芽体的H2O2含量很低,但石灰氮处理的有所升高,而水杨酸处理的则呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在较低水平上有所升高后再继续下降,但水杨酸处理的活性比石灰氮处理的上升幅度小;石灰氮和水杨酸处理的过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低水平上升高,幅度大于对照;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则在较高水平上缓慢下降,但10%水杨酸处理的在培养后期有所回升;石灰氮处理的呼吸速率变化幅度很小,但10%水杨酸处理的上升幅度较大.     

休眠期曙光油桃芽电导率及丙二醛含量的变化

[目的]探讨膜渗透性在落叶果树休眠中的作用,为休眠的人工调控提供理论依据。[方法]以曙光油桃的花芽和叶芽为材料,研究油桃芽体休眠期电导率及丙二醛含量的动态变化。[结果]12月31日曙光油桃花芽、叶芽的萌芽率分别是54.52%、55.23%,表明其自然休眠已经解除。休眠期油桃芽体的电导率及丙二醛含量的变化趋势基本一致即11月6日之前,花芽和叶芽的电导率、丙二醛含量均呈下降趋势;11月6日以后,随着外界低温的来临,芽体进入休眠状态,电导率、丙二醛含量均呈迅速升高趋势,并都稳定在较高水平。[结论]诱导芽体休眠时,芽体膜透性变化与其休眠关系密切,芽体休眠后,膜透性大而稳,说明芽体对低温有很好的适应性。     

打破长白楤木种子休眠方法的研究

长白楤木（Aralia continentalis Kitagwa）种子具有休眠特性,自然条件下萌发困难,试验采用温度和药剂处理的方法研究打破长白楤木种子休眠促进萌发的方法.试验结果表明：变温处理比恒温处理更有利于长白楤木种子的萌发.在变温处理的条件下,GA3可以有效的提高长白楤木种子的发芽率和发芽势,在试验范围内其发芽率与发芽势随着处理浓度的增大而升高.     

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Floral Buds on Chilling Deficiency

Changes in main biochemical respiratory pathways in dormant nectarine floral buds were studied with nectarine trees （Prunus persica.var, nectariana cv. Shuguang） in order to determine the function of respiration in dormancy release. Oxygen-electrode system and respiratory inhibitors were used to measure total respiratory rates and rates of respiratory pathways. Results showed that chilling deficiency blocked the transition of respiratory mode, and made buds stay in a state of high level pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and low level tricarboxylie acid cycle （TCA）. The decline of PPP and activation of TCA occurred synchronously with the release of dormancy. In addition, the inhibition of PPP stimulated a respiration increase related with TCA. It could be concluded that the function of PPP activation in dormancy release might be limited and PPP declination inducing TCA activation might be part of respiration mode transition mechanism during bud sprouting.     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Dormancy Induction and Changes in Correlated Respiratory Rate of Nectarine Peach Bud

The responses of dormancy induction to illumination and the characteristics of respiratory rate were studied with the nectarine peach bud in this article. The trial was conducted with nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） and involved three treatments： a short day treatment （8 h）, a long day treatment （16 h）, and the normal condition as the control. The dormancy status was determined with the growth of shoot and the sprouting ability, and the respiratory rate was mensurated with oxygen electrode. Short day treatment could induce the growth stopping of peach shoots ahead, promote the development of dormancy, and induce buds into dormancy with 21 d previous to control. Long day treatment postponed the growth stopping and the induction and development of dormancy. The respiratory rate decreased according to the development of dormancy induction. The minimum respiratory rate appeared about 7 days after the start of dormancy induction. Bud respiratory rate increased during this period and then declined and remained at low level during dormancy period. Long day reduced buds respiratory rate slightly. Short day could induce dormancy obviously, and long day postponed dormancy induction. The changes of respiratory rate were correlated with the development of dormancy induction, and the bud respiratory rate was also affected by photoperiod.     

Relation Between Endodormancy Induction and Changes in Two Main Electron Transport Pathways of Nectarine Buds

Operation regulations of two main electron transport pathways in nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） buds during endodormancy induction were studied to understand possible roles which two main electron transport pathways played in the buds of deciduous fruit trees during endodormancy induction. Respiratory inhibitors （KCN and SHAM） were used to investigate total respiration rate （Vt）, the development and operation of the alternative pathway and partitioning of electrons between the cytochrome and alternative pathways in nectarine buds during endodormancy induction. Results indicated that changes of Vt in flower and leaf buds showed single and double hump-shaped curves, respectively. In endodormancy induction, the capacity （Valt,） and activity （ρValt） of the alternative pathway rapidly increased, but changes of them had different patterns during the entire measuration. At the same time, changes of engagements of the alternative （ρValt/Vt） and cytochrome pathway （ρ′Vcyt/Vt） were opposite, and ρ′Vcyt/Vt was always further higher than ρValt/Vt during the entire measuration. All these results indicated that the development and operation of the alternative pathway played important roles in endodormancy induction, but the cytochrome pathway was the main pathway for mitochondrial electron transport in buds during endodormancy induction.     

葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】研究葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导过程中呼吸速率和呼吸途径的变化规律,明确呼吸代谢与自然休眠诱导的关系,为休眠调控技术如无休眠栽培和秋促早栽培技术的发展提供理论依据,进而解决葡萄鲜果的周年供应问题。【方法】以‘贝达’嫁接的3年生高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’和低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’为试材,采用专一性呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极测定葡萄冬芽呼吸速率及呼吸途径的变化,结合利用单芽扦插沙基培养法界定自然休眠诱导的进程,研究自然休眠诱导过程中葡萄冬芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’的冬芽自然休眠诱导开始和结束的时间晚于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’,且自然休眠深度浅于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’。需冷量不同的‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间冬芽的总呼吸速率变化趋势相同,呈单峰曲线,于自然休眠诱导结束时达最大值;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’在自然休眠诱导结束时冬芽的总呼吸速率和增幅略低于高需冷量的葡萄品种‘夏黑’。‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间,冬芽底物氧化水平和电子传递链水平上不同呼吸途径的运行活性发生了明显的变化,且变化趋势基本一致,与其自然休眠进程紧密相关,其中冬芽底物氧化水平上的戊糖磷酸途径（PPP）途径的运行活性与容量、蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量和电子传递链水平上的交替途径的运行活性与容量,随着自然休眠进程的推进迅速增加;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’冬芽底物氧化水平上的PPP、蛋白质脂肪-TCA和电子传递链水平上的交替途径等与自然休眠诱导密切相关的呼吸途径的运行活性和容量都要略低于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’的冬芽。【结论】在自然休眠诱导期间,葡萄冬芽的总呼吸速率达最大值即峰值是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期结束的标志。PPP途径和交替途径的运行活性与容量及蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量的迅速增加是葡萄冬芽进入自然休眠的关键,是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期的标志性生理变化。     

光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导效应及呼吸速率的影响

 【目的】分析光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导及发展进程的影响,并探讨休眠诱导期内桃芽呼吸速率的变化规律。【方法】以曙光油桃（Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang）为材料,设置3个光周期处理：短日照（8 h）、长日照（16 h）和自然日照,结合测定枝梢的生长和桃芽萌芽能力界定桃芽休眠状态,利用氧电极测定桃芽呼吸速率的变化。【结果】短日照能够诱导曙光油桃新梢提前停长,使桃芽提前7 d进入休眠诱导期,且促进休眠迅速向深度发展,较对照提前21 d进入自然休眠期;长日照明显延迟油桃新梢停长,并且延缓桃芽休眠诱导及发展的进程。呼吸速率随着休眠诱导而降低,桃芽进入休眠诱导期7 d后出现呼吸速率低谷,休眠诱导期内呼吸速率出现回升后降低并在休眠诱导期结束时维持在较低水平。另外,短日照明显减弱芽体的呼吸速率,并维持其在较低水平,长光照略使呼吸速率上升。【结论】短日照对休眠的产生具有明显诱导效应,长日照可推迟休眠诱导的发生,呼吸速率变化与休眠的诱导与发展进程相关,也与光周期有关。     

摘叶对大樱桃休眠花芽内源激素及活性氧代谢的调控

 以8年生大樱桃为试材，分析了人工摘叶处理对休眠花芽中内源激素含量，活性氧物质H2O2、O2-·含量及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响，同时研究了摘叶打破休眠的效应。结果表明，与对照相比，摘叶后花芽各种激素均出现不同程度的下降，其中，ABA下降最显著。摘叶后期GA3和ZT等生长激素的含量逐渐回升，且明显高于对照花芽。摘叶增加了花芽中的H2O2含量，摘叶后30 d较同期对照增加了34.57%，而O2-·含量出现降低的趋势，摘叶后30 d比同期对照降低了25.49%。另外，摘叶提高了SOD的活性，而CAT活性降低，这与H2O2含量的降低一致，摘叶同时还提高了POD的活性。摘叶花芽平均较对照提早萌芽3～6 d，提早2～4 d解除休眠。     

果树破眠剂在日光温室油桃栽培的应用试验

在日光温室油桃栽培的生产中,升温前后的1—2d或升温当天,应用含50％单氰胺的果树破眠剂2号喷布早红2号油桃枝条,结果表明,喷布60倍液果树破眠剂催芽,可提前萌芽10—12d,果实成熟提早9-10d,并且使油桃开花整齐,花期集中,使果实成熟均匀。     

葡萄芽自然休眠期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】探讨葡萄芽呼吸代谢与自然休眠解除的关系,为葡萄人工休眠调控技术措施的制定提供理论依据。【方法】以高需冷量品种夏黑和低需冷量品种京蜜为试材,采取呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极研究休眠解除过程中芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】不同需冷量品种休眠期间芽的呼吸速率和各呼吸途径所占比例大致相同,而且变化趋势也基本一致,但低需冷量品种京蜜呼吸速率及呼吸途径发生显著变化的时间比高需冷量品种夏黑提前20 d左右,且变化更为迅速,只是变化幅度略小于夏黑。休眠期间总呼吸速率呈单曲线变化,当休眠解除时达到顶峰。底物水平上,糖酵解-三羧酸途径所占比例在休眠解除时大幅度增加。电子传递链水平上,剩余呼吸和交替途径在休眠解除时显著增加。【结论】不同品种对低温的敏感度不同,低需冷量品种对低温刺激更为敏感。糖酵解-三羧酸途径是葡萄芽休眠解除的关键因素,剩余呼吸和交替途径的激活在葡萄芽休眠解除过程中起重要作用。     

不同层积条件下老山芹种子形态后熟的研究

以老山芹种子为试验材料,研究低温及变温层积处理对种子形态后熟过程影响,为揭示老山芹种子休眠机理,终止种子休眠提供依据。结果表明,两种层积处理种胚胚长、胚宽、胚剖面面积及胚率等指标均随层积时间延长不断增加,而胚附近胚乳空腔面积在层积过程中随着种胚逐渐增大而减小;变温层积处理效果优于低温层积处理。变温层积可加速老山芹种子后熟过程,缩短种子休眠时间。     

赤霞珠葡萄休眠及萌发过程中的氮素代谢

 【目的】探索赤霞珠葡萄在自然休眠期间不同部位不同器官的氮素代谢规律。【方法】以杨凌地区酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠为试材,对其自然休眠及萌发过程中冬芽、韧皮部、木质部和根部中含氮化合物及氮素代谢相关酶活性的变化进行研究,测定氮化物、总氮含量、总蛋白含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、氮素代谢相关酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、蛋白酶活性等指标,并对葡萄各器官休眠期的蛋白质进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析。【结果】总氮、总蛋白和可溶性蛋白质在葡萄不同部位的含量高低为：冬芽＞根＞韧皮部＞木质部,冬芽中的总氮和总蛋白在萌芽时显著上升;可溶性蛋白质在葡萄不同部位的趋势为休眠期逐渐下降,萌发期渐渐上升。葡萄休眠过程中,不同器官的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性为冬芽＞根部＞韧皮部＞木质部,从休眠期到萌发期,各部位的硝酸还原酶活性均呈现下降趋势。在葡萄各器官中,冬芽的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性最高,在生理休眠期活性降到最低;冬芽中谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性变化的总趋势为上升,并出现了两个峰值。在休眠初期,蛋白酶的活性随休眠的加深而降低,随休眠的解除和萌发的进行而升高（除冬芽外）;在葡萄休眠期检测到大量蛋白质。【结论】在赤霞珠葡萄自然休眠和萌发过程中,冬芽、一年生枝韧皮部、木质部及根系中的含氮化合物含量、种类和酶活性在休眠前后发生变化。     

桃离体枝条水培调控花期试验研究

研究离体休眠枝条不同的水插培养条件对花期的影响,可调控花期.试验用水培的方法研究了不同的化学药剂、不同的温度、不同的水培梯度对桃(Prunus Persica L.)离体休眠枝条萌芽开花的影响.结果表明:不同的化学药剂均不同程度的使第一芽体萌发时间提前,其中GA3、CTK使萌芽率超过50%,说明二者对打破桃离体枝条休眠有效;需冷量满足后,不同的温度处理对花芽萌芽率影响较大,恒温处理易使枝条干枯死亡,变温与室温对花芽萌芽较好;不同的水培梯度对芽体萌芽影响不大.     

玉巴达杏花芽形态分化时期和芽体特征变化

对玉巴达杏花芽形态分化的时期和芽体内外形态变化进行了初步的研究。结果表明:(1)花芽开始进入形态分化的时期较为分散。最早在6月初,最迟到8月下旬。多数集中在6月下旬;(2)玉巴达杏8月下旬开始进入雌蕊分化,9月中旬达到盛期,9月下旬已全部出现雌蕊原基。(3)花芽芽体纵径从萼片分化盛期(8月初)开始明显增大,横径在雌蕊原基出现盛期(9月中旬)明显增大。休眠期芽体纵横径变化较小,2月中旬又开始迅速增大。     

化学物质解除休眠过程巨峰葡萄芽糖类及蛋白质含量的变化

以巨峰葡萄为材料,探讨化学物质在葡萄解除芽休眠过程中糖、淀粉以及蛋白质含量变化的机理。结果表明,用催芽剂处理后到萌芽为止,葡萄芽的还原糖含量一直降低,总糖和非还原糖含量先升后降,蛋白质含量变化先降后升再降,淀粉含量则出现两次先降再升的变化。     

百合鳞茎低温解除休眠与抗氧化系统酶的关系

以东方百合"索蚌"(sorbonne)小鳞茎为试验材料,研究了鳞茎在4℃低温处理过程中活性氧和抗氧化系统酶的动态变化。鳞茎中超氧阴离子自由基的释放速率在低温处理的前期缓慢上升,30 d时达最大,随后迅速下降,过氧化氢含量在低温45 d后达最大值,随着低温积累也迅速下降。在休眠解除过程中4种抗氧化酶活性变化的动态不同,超氧化物歧化酶呈现先下降后上升的趋势。过氧化氢酶的活性在低温处理前期下降,随后又上升,45 d后又迅速下降,与过氧化氢的动态变化趋势一致。抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和愈创木酚过氧化物酶的活性在低温解除休眠过程中都呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

化学杀雄剂EXP对油菜膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and mechanism of chemical emasculation in rapeseed and to provide the theoretical basis for development and utilization of new chemical gametocides.[Method] The activity of peroxidase,catalase and the content of hydrogen peroxide,malondialdehyde in leaves and flower buds of Brassica napus cultivars Qinyou No.3 and L89 induced by the chemical gametocide EXP in the course of male sterility were studied.[Result] Protective enzyme activity and the content of hydrogen peroxide,malondialdehyde in rapeseed treated with EXP changed significantly,which indicated that active oxygen metabolism was abnormal.Furthermore,there was a significant difference in the reaction degree of different cultivars and organs treated by EXP.[Conclusion] There was a correlation between the disturbance of active oxygen metabolism and the male sterility induced by chemical gametocide EXP.     

休眠期杏花芽若干生理指标变化的研究

以露地杏金太阳、凯特为试材,研究了休眠期杏树花芽的一些生理指标变化情况。结果表明:在休眠期,两品种花芽中可溶性糖含量变化平缓,淀粉含量在休眠期呈缓慢上升趋势;自然休眠解除期可溶性糖含量迅速上升,淀粉含量迅速下降;两品种POD活性在休眠期变化平缓,休眠解除期POD酶活性迅速上升;H2O2含量在休眠期大体呈上升趋势,休眠解除期H2O2含量迅速下降。     

Effect of Chemical Gametocide EXP on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Protective Enzyme Activity in Rapeseed (Brassica napus)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and mechanism of chemical emasculation in rapeseed and to provide the theoretical basis for development and utilization of new chemical gametocides.[Method] The activity of peroxidase,catalase and the content of hydrogen peroxide,malondialdehyde in leaves and flower buds of Brassica napus cultivars Qinyou No.3 and L89 induced by the chemical gametocide EXP in the course of male sterility were studied.[Result] Protective enzyme activity and the content of hydrogen peroxide,malondialdehyde in rapeseed treated with EXP changed significantly,which indicated that active oxygen metabolism was abnormal.Furthermore,there was a significant difference in the reaction degree of different cultivars and organs treated by EXP.[Conclusion] There was a correlation between the disturbance of active oxygen metabolism and the male sterility induced by chemical gametocide EXP.