利多卡因、布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞对犬循环系统影响的研究

选择 1 4条健康的成年犬 ,随机分为 2组 ,利多卡因组 8只 ,布吡卡因组 6只。分别用 2 %利多卡因和 0 5 %布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞麻醉 ,测定 2组心率和动脉压的变化 ,观察其对心血管系统的影响。结果 :利多卡因连续硬膜外阻滞下 ,犬心率在注药后 5min开始下降 ,下降最大幅度为基础值的 (82 8± 5 4) % ,但注药 1 0min后心率变化不明显 ;收缩压在 30min后下降到最低 ,降至基础值的 (84 3± 3 9) % ,舒张压在 45min下降至基础值的 (80 3± 6 6) %。布吡卡因组犬心率在注药后 30min下降到最低 ,平均为基础值的 (72 6± 7 6) % ;收缩压和舒张压在 30min下降至最低 ,但平均降幅分别为基础值的 (83 3± 2 8) %和 (82 2± 7 1 ) % ,而后缓慢上升。结论 :利多卡因硬膜外阻滞对犬的心率和动脉压没有明显影响 ;布吡卡因对犬的心率抑制作用较明显 ,但对动脉压没有明显影响。     

利多卡因、布吡卡因行山羊硬膜外阻滞的效果比较

选择 30只腹部手术的山羊随机分成 2组 ,每组 1 5例。行硬膜外穿刺后 ,分别注入 2 %利多卡因 8mg/kg和 0 75 %的布吡卡因 2mg/kg ,观察利多卡因、布吡卡因对山羊的阻滞效果。结果表明 :利多卡因、布吡卡因硬膜外阻滞起效时间分别为 (3 3± 1 5)min、 (1 5 5± 4 5)min ;感觉阻滞上界固定时间为 (1 2 0± 1 5)min、 (2 9 2± 8 6)min ;阻滞平面维持时间为 (72 5± 1 0 4)min、 (1 58 0± 2 5 4)min ;阻滞的最高平面为T 9 0± 1 3、T 8 0± 2 1 (T为胸椎 )。肌肉松弛均良好     

利多卡因、布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞对羊肝、肾功能的影响

为研究利多卡因、布吡卡因硬膜外阻滞对山羊肝、肾功能的影响,将16只成年山羊被随机分成2组(n=8),L3-4之间行硬膜外穿刺、置管后,分别注入2%多利卡因6mg/kg和0.75%布吡卡因2mg/kg。在注药前及注药后的30min、24h、72h和120h采集血样,测定ALT、AST、ALP、γ-GT及LDH的活性和Bilirubin、Grea、UA和Gluc等生化指标。结果表明,利多卡因、布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞对血清ALT、AST、ALP、γ-GT及LDH活性和Grea、Urea、Gluc和Bilirubin均没有明显影响。     

硫酸阿米卡星在犬体内的药代动力学

选择8只健康成年的试验犬,按照10 mg·kg-1的剂量单剂量对所有试验犬皮下注射阿米卡星注射液,并于注射阿米卡星之后的不同时间点采集血液样品,按照本试验选用的方法对采集的血液样品进行处理,测定血浆中阿米卡星的浓度,并运用3P97药物软件将所得到的阿米卡星的药-时曲线进行分析。结果表明:在0.5¹00μg·mL-1的浓度范围内,阿米卡星在血浆内的药物浓度与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,其线性方程为y=10 008x+24 570,R2=0.997。在本试验选用的条件下,犬单剂量皮下注射阿米卡星后的药-时曲线符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其主要的药代动力学参数包括:达峰时间(Tmax)为(0.886±0.06)h,峰浓度(Cmax)为(31.35±1.41)μg·L-1,血浆中药物的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为(1.779±0.13)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)达到(104.9±8.46)μg·h·L-1。结果表明:犬皮下注射阿米卡星后,其在体内分布广泛,且消除时间短。本试验的分析方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,所选用的测定血浆内阿米卡星浓度的方法能满足对阿米卡星临床效果的评价要求。     

布比卡因药物体积对犬硬膜外麻醉效果的影响

本次试验旨在探究不同体积布比卡因用于犬硬膜外麻醉对感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的影响,比较盲扎与神经刺激器引导犬硬膜外麻醉的成功率。试验分为6个试验组,BL组(3组)利用解剖结构定位并进行硬膜外麻醉,S组(3组)利用神经刺激器引导进行硬膜外麻醉。注射药物后持续监测犬的体征变化、感觉阻滞(Sensory blockade,SB)、运动阻滞程度(Motor blockade,MB)等指标,直至犬完全恢复。试验结果表明,使用0.5%布比卡因进行犬硬膜外麻醉产生感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的持续时间和阻滞程度随药物体积增加(0.1 mL/kg·bw、0.2 mL/kg·bw、0.4 mL/kg·bw)而增加。盲扎法与神经刺激器法对硬膜外麻醉的成功率无显著影响。     

犬硬膜外阻滞对腹部手术应激的初步研究

8例犬间隔1个月分别施行2次腹部手术,第1次采用硬膜外阻滞(试验组,n=8),第2次采用硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉(对照组,n=8)。分别于麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)、切开腹壁时(T2)、手术30min(T3)、手术完毕时(T4)、手术后24h(T5)、手术后48h(T6)7个时间静脉采血,采用放射免疫法测定血浆皮质醇、白细胞介素-2浓度,采用比色法测定血糖浓度。结果:(1)对照组血浆皮质醇浓度平均值显著高于试验组(P<0·05),尤其在T3、T4时显著高于试验组(P<0·05)。对照组在T3、T4时血浆皮质醇浓度显著高于T0(P<0·05),而试验组各时间与T0比较均无显著差异(P>0·05);(2)对照组血浆白细胞介素-2浓度平均值极显著低于试验组(P<0·01),尤其在T1、T2、T5和T6时显著低于试验组。对照组在T5时、试验组在T3、T4时其血浆白细胞介素-2浓度均显著低于T0;(3)对照组血糖浓度平均值显著高于试验组,尤其在T4时显著高于试验组。对照组在T3、T4、T5和T6时、试验组则在T4时其血糖浓度均显著高于T0。结论:硬膜外阻滞组与硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉比较,硬膜外阻滞能够更有效缓解犬腹部手术的应激反应。     

强痛宁在犬血浆中的药代动力学研究

强痛宁及其衍生物是目前临床医学中应用最为广泛的麻醉性镇痛药物.近年来,随着动物麻醉特别是复合麻醉的发展,在动物医学领域对强痛宁研究和应用越来越广泛.本研究采用高效液相色谱法-紫外检测器测定犬血浆中强痛宁浓度的方法.并用MCPKP自动化药动学分析程序对实验数据进行分析.分析结果表明:实验犬静脉注射2μg/kg强痛宁后,血药经时过程符合无吸收的三宣开放性模型,其理论方程为:Cp(t)=11.911 e-0.6020t+7.040 e-0.091 70t+5.013 e-0.005 093t;主要药动学参数:t1/2π为1.591 min、t1/2α7.892 min、t1/2β为140.283 min;kel为0.00 902 min-1;V1为153.372 mL/kg、VB为306.535 mL/kg;CL为2.379 mL·kg-1·min-1;AUC为906.040μg·min·L-1;TCP为237.503 min.     

中药药代动力学研究概况

研究中药药代动力学是中医药发展现代化的趋势.本文对中药药代动力学的研究方法(血药浓度法和生物效应法)进行了简单的概括,并展望了该领域的研究前景.     

噬菌体药代动力学研究进展

抗生素在全球广泛使用,导致细菌耐药性问题日益严重,甚至产生MRSA这样的超级耐药菌,寻找新的抗生素替代药物成为目前医学治疗领域的重要趋势.噬菌体可以高效、特异地裂解细菌,与抗生素的作用机制完全不同,是新概念的抗菌物质,有着很大的研究与应用潜力.为了正确评价噬菌体在动物体内的疗效及安全性,必须研究其在机体内吸收、分布、代...     

Bupivacaine 0.25% and methylene blue spread with epidural anesthesia in dog

ObjectiveTo evaluate the extent sensory and motor blocks produced by the epidural injection of different volumes of 0.25% bupivacaine (Bu) with methylene blue (MB), in dogs.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsTwenty healthy adult mongrel dogs, weighing 9.9 ± 1.9 kg.MethodsDogs were randomly allocated into one of four groups that received 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 mL kg^?1 of an epidural solution containing 0.25% Bu and MB. Sensory block was evaluated against time by pinching the tail, hind limb interdigital web, toenail bases and the skin over the vertebral dermatomes. Motor block was assessed by ataxia, hind limb weight-bearing ability and by loss of muscle tone of the tail and pelvic limbs. Data were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes after the end of epidural injection. After the final time point, dogs were euthanatized and laminectomies were conducted to expose the extent of the dural dye staining.ResultsThe volumes 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mL kg^?1 of 0.25% Bu and MB blocked a mean of 5, 14.2, 20.2 and 21 dermatomes, respectively. The extent of the senory block increased up to a volume of 0.6 mL kg^?1. Motor block was longer-lasting and more intense than sensory block. Complete dyeing of the spinal cord with MB was achieved in some dogs at 0.4 mL kg^?1 and all dogs at 0.6 mL kg^?1.ConclusionsThe volume of anesthetic injected into the epidural space plays an important role in the quality of the epidural anesthesia. At 0.25%, bupivacaine provided an efficient sensory block at 0.6 mL kg^?1.Clinical relevanceRelatively high volumes (0.6 mL kg^?1) of 0.25%, BU and MB were needed to produce an effective sensory and motor block caudal to the umbilicus, but all spinal cord segments were reached by MB at this dose.     

Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Caudal Epidural 0.25% Bupivacaine with Bupivacaine Plus Morphine or Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine for Analgesia in Conscious Horses

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of caudal epidural bupivacaine alone (BP), bupivacaine plus morphine (BPMP), and bupivacaine plus ketamine (BPKE) for perineal analgesia in horses. Each of the six saddle horses received a caudal epidural catheter and underwent 3 treatments: BP, 0.25% (0.04 mg/kg) bupivacaine hydrochloride without epinephrine; BPMP, 0.02 mg/kg of bupivacaine combined with 0.1 mg/kg of morphine-preservative free; and BPKE, 0.02 mg/kg of bupivacaine combined with 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine. The order of treatments was randomized. The cardiovascular system, respiratory rate, quality of analgesia, sedation, and motor blockade were assessed before drug administration (baseline), at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes, and every 30 minutes thereafter until loss of analgesia. The median time to onset of analgesia was 5 minutes after BP treatment, faster than after BPKE or BPMP treatments, which were 10 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively (P < .05). The BPMP treatment produced analgesia (315 minutes) for a longer duration than BP treatment (210 minutes) or BPKE treatment (240 minutes), in the regions of the tail, perineum, and upper hind limb in horses. All treatments presented mild sedation or motor blockade. There were minimal effects on the cardiovascular system and respiratory rate. BPMP may be preferable to a high dose of BP or BPKE. Caudal epidural BPMP can be an appropriate choice for regional perineal analgesia in horses.     

头孢维星在犬体内的药动学及生物利用度研究

建立了一种头孢维星在犬血浆中的高效液相色谱检测法,并研究了头孢维星在犬体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。选用健康家犬12只,按单剂量(8 mg/kg b.w.)分别静脉注射或皮下注射头孢维星,利用建立的方法对头孢维星在犬血浆中的浓度进行测定,采用Win Nonlin5.2.1程序的非房室模型处理药时数据。结果显示,静脉注射组的主要药动学参数为t1/2β=129.15±35.79 h;MRT=152.56±44.95 h;λz=0.0059±0.0023 h-1;Cl=1.24±0.56 m L/(h·kg);AUC=6942.88±2462.48μg獉h/m L;V=170.20±28.09 m L/kg。皮下注射组的主要药动学参数为t1/2β=136.94±20.96 h;MRT=167.77±28.15 h;Tmax=0.83±0.26 h;Cmax=59.51±7.99μg/m L;λz=0.0052±0.0009 h-1;Cl=1.05±0.21 m L/(h·kg);AUC=7332.58±1118.30μg·h/m L;V=203.81±30.09 m L/kg;F=105.61%。结果表明,头孢维星在家犬体内表现出吸收迅速、消除缓慢、表观分布容积大、生物利用度高等药动学特点。     

Comparison of clinical effects of epidural levobupivacaine morphine versus bupivacaine morphine in dogs undergoing elective pelvic limb surgery

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of the amount of rescue analgesia required, and the clinical usefulness of epidural injection of morphine with bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for elective pelvic limb surgery in dogs during a 24-hour perioperative period.

Caudal epidural anti‐nociception using lidocaine,bupivacaine or their combination in cows undergoing reproductive procedures

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects of lidocaine, lidocaine-bupivacaine combination or bupivacaine following caudal epidural administration in cows undergoing reproductive procedures.Study designBlinded, randomized experimental study.AnimalsThirty seven healthy Holstein cows (mean weight ± SD, 633 ± 41 kg).MethodsAnimals were allocated randomly to receive one of four treatments: group LID, 0.2 mg kg^?1 lidocaine 2%; group LID-BUP, lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture in a 1:1 volume ratio (0.1 mg kg^?1 and 0.025 mg kg^?1, respectively); group BUP-LD, 0.05 mg kg^?1 bupivacaine 0.5%; and group BUP-HD, 0.06 mg kg^?1 bupivacaine 0.5%. The onset and duration of perineal anti-nociception were determined using superficial and deep pin pricks and the number of cows with complete perineal anti-nociception was recorded. Parameters were compared using anova followed by Duncan's test where relevant.ResultsMean ± SD time to onset of anti-nociception following epidural administration of BUP-LD was significantly longer than for LID-BUP (p < 0.05). The duration (in minutes) of perineal anti-nociception was significantly longer following epidural administration of BUP-HD (247 ± 31) versus LID-BUP (181 ± 33) and LID (127 ± 25) minutes respectively. The % of cows with complete anti-nociception was increased in the group treated with BUP-HD compared to BUP-LD. Severe ataxia or recumbency did not occur in any groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceEpidurally administered bupivacaine, at a dose of 0.06 mg kg^?1, may provide satisfactory caudal epidural anti-nociception for longer-duration obstetric and surgical procedures.     

多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬体内的药代动力学

本试验对多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬血浆中的药代动力学进行了研究。犬背部皮肤一次浇注多拉菌素浇泼剂(0.1 mg/kg体重),给药后,不同时间点从犬前肢静脉采血。以高效液相色谱法对血浆中药物浓度进行测定,血浆药物浓度—时间数据用WinNonlin 5.2.1的非房室模型药动软件处理。给药后的主要药物动力学参数为:t1/2β为(2.14±0.56)d,T_max为(1.00±0.00) d,C_max为(24.38±4.82) ng/mL,AUC为(89.79±16.90)ng/(d·mL)。提示多拉菌素浇泼剂在犬体内血药浓度维持的时间较长,消除缓慢。     

Differences in Epidural Pathology between Cervical and Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusions in Dogs

Background

Although the basic pathophysiology is the same in both cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusions, there are considerable clinical differences that have only been partially explained.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The epidural inflammatory response differs between cervical and thoracolumbar IVD extrusions.

Animals

Fifty‐five dogs with cervical and 80 dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusions.

Methods

Clinical data and histopathologic variables were investigated. Associations between severity of epidural inflammation and clinical and pathologic variables, impact of chondrodystrophic phenotype, and localization (cervical versus thoracolumbar) were evaluated statistically.

Results

Dogs with cervical IVD extrusion were significantly older (P < 0.001), had less severe and longer duration of neurologic signs (both P < 0.001), were more painful (P = 0.038), and had a better outcome (P = 0.005) than dogs with a thoracolumbar IVD extrusion. On histopathology, cervical epidural material had less severe calcification (P = 0.002) and inflammation (P < 0.001). No significant differences regarding chondrodystrophic phenotype were found.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

There was significantly less intensive inflammatory response in the cervical epidural space. This observation correlated positively with less nucleus pulposus calcification in cervical extrusions indicating biochemical, metabolic, and biomechanical differences between the 2 locations, which remain to be characterized in future studies.     

Epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): a comparison of lidocaine,xylazine and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine

Objective

To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of a combination of lidocaine and xylazine to lidocaine or xylazine administered alone for epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

A Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Meloxicam and Ketoprofen following Oral Administration to Healthy Dogs

Ketoprofen (KTP) and meloxicam (MLX) are non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs used extensively in veterinary medicine. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied in eight dogs following a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg of KTP as a racemate or 0.2 mg/kg of MLX. The concentrations of the drugs in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were differences between the disposition curves of the KTP enantiomers, confirming that the pharmacokinetics of KTP is enantioselective. (S)-(+)-KTP was the predominant enantiomer; the S:R ratio in the plasma increased from 2.58 +/- 0.38 at 15 min to 5.72 +/- 2.35 at 1 h. The area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of (S)-(+)-KTP was approximately 6 times greater than that of (R)-(-)-KTP. The mean (+/- SD) pharmacokinetic parameters for (S)-(+)-KTP were characterized as Tmax = 0.76 +/- 0.19 h, Cmax = 2.02 +/- 0.41 microg/ml, t1/2el = 1.65 +/- 0.48 h, AUC = 6.06 +/- 1.16 microg.h/ml, Vd/F = 0.39 +/- 0.07 L/kg, Cl/F = 170 +/- 39 ml/(kg.h). The mean (+/- SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of MLX were Tmax = 8.5 +/- 1.91 h, Cmax = 0.82 +/- 0.29 microg/ml, t1/2lambda(z) = 12.13 +/- 2.15 h, AUCinf = 15.41 +/- 1.24 microg.h/ml, Vd/F = 0.23 +/- 0.03 L/ kg, and Cl/F = 10 +/- 1.4 ml/(kg.h). Our results indicate significant pharmacokinetic differences between MLX and KTP after therapeutic doses.