Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and fish oil supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens

1. Laying hen performance, yolk fat fatty acid concentrations and firmness of eggs were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil. 2. Nine diets were arranged factorially, with three levels of supplementation of CLA (1, 3 and 5 g/kg) and fish oil (0, 14 and 20 g/kg). 3. Type of diet did not affect egg production traits. 4. CLA addition increased yolk weight and yolk fat concentrations of CLA, saturated and total long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but decreased those of monounsaturated and total long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 5. Fish oil addition increased long-chain n-3 fatty acids yolk fat concentrations but decreased those of CLA, saturated and long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 6. Effects of CLA addition on yolk fat concentrations of C22:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 were greater when no fish oil was added to the diet. 7. CLA supplementation increased linearly yolk moisture and firmness and altered albumen and yolk pH.     

共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋黄腊肪酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究不同共轭亚油酸(CLA)添加水平对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋黄脂肪酸含量的影响.选用30周龄罗曼商品蛋鸡96只,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复4只鸡,分别饲喂添加0%、0.5%、1%和2%共轭亚油酸的基础日粮,试验期为印d.结果表明,添加共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄重量和蛋黄脂肪含量的影响不显著,但添加1.0%和2.0%共轭亚油酸,鸡的采食量和蛋清重显著降低(P<0.05);随着日粮共轭亚油酸添加水平的提高,蛋黄中胆固醇和单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低(P<0.05),蛋黄中饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸含量显著提高(P<0.05).本试验条件下,2%共轭亚油酸添加组对于提高蛋黄的共轭亚油酸含量,降低蛋黄的胆固醇含量效果最佳.     

能量水平对粉壳蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质量的影响

为研究不同能量水平对产蛋性能和蛋品质量的影响,试验选用504只194日龄罗曼粉蛋鸡,试验共设3个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复33～35只,分别饲喂三个能量水平(10.88、11.09、11.30 MJ/kg)的日粮。试验共进行30 d。试验结果表明,各处理组在采食量、产蛋率、平均蛋重、料蛋比、蛋壳强度和哈夫单位等方面差异不显著;表明能量水平在50～100 kcal/kg范围内波动,对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质量未产生显著影响。     

Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on carnitine homeostasis in laying hens

1. The effects of n?3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on genes involved in carnitine homeostasis were compared in laying hens. Three groups of laying hens were fed on a control diet or a diet with either 3% of fish oil or CLA for 4 weeks.

2. Feed intake and egg production rate did not differ between the three groups. Diets with fish oil or CLA had only a weak effect on mRNA levels of PPARα target genes (ACO, CPT-I) in the liver and did not influence mRNA concentrations of the most important carnitine transporter OCTN2, enzymes of involved in carnitine synthesis (TMLD, TMABA-DH, BBD) or concentrations of carnitine in plasma, liver and total egg contents.

3. Hens fed the CLA diet had lower concentrations of free and total carnitine in egg yolk but higher concentrations of carnitine in albumen than control hens (P? 4. In conclusion, the study showed that feeding fish oil or CLA causes only a weak activation of PPARα in tissues of laying hens that probably explained the lack of effect on carnitine homeostasis. The results contrast with those in humans and mice that show a significant effect of synthetic PPARα agonists on carnitine homeostasis in humans and mice.     

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in laying hens

1. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on various functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in the laying hen were determined. 2. Seventy two 28-week-old-ISA brown hens were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups and were fed diets containing 0 or 1% CLA for a total period of 18 weeks. Blood samples were collected from 6 hens per diet group every 3 weeks and macrophages and heterophils were isolated. The following variables were determined in resting and phorbol myristate acetate-activated (65 microM) macrophages and heterophils: total cell-associated urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production. 3. There were no significant differences between diet groups throughout the whole experimental period in total cell-associated u-PA, membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production by resting macrophages and heterophils. 4. Activated heterophils and macrophages isolated from hens fed the CLA-supplemented diet had higher membrane-bound u-PA activity compared with the corresponding values for activated heterophils and macrophages obtained from hens fed the basal diet. These differences were significant for heterophils during weeks 6, 12, 15 and 18 and for macrophages during weeks 6, 9 and 12 of the experiment. 5. Macrophages and heterophils from hens fed the CLA diet had lower superoxide production compared with the corresponding cells from the control hens on weeks 12, 15 and 18 of the experiment. 6. Dietary CLA modulated certain aspects of the immune system in the laying hen. The increased quantity of u-PA on the membrane of macrophages and heterophils isolated from hens fed the CLA diet may facilitate the ability of these cells to reach the point of a potential inflammation (pro-inflammatory effect). 7. In contrast to the effect on the u-PA system, dietary CLA reduced superoxide production by activated macrophages and heterophils during the second half (last 9 weeks) of the experimental period suggesting that CLA may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in the laying hen.     

优质蛋白玉米对产蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响

国外培育的优质蛋白玉米通过大鼠（Mertz，1965；Sproule等，1988），猪（Knabe等，1992；Okai等，1994），肉鸡和蛋雏鸡（Liu等，1993；Osei等，1994）的试验已被证明营养价值优于普通玉米。而国内培育的优质蛋白玉米总能和代谢能与普通玉米相近；氨基酸组成发生了变化，尤其是赖氨酸、色氨酸等含量高于普通玉米所有氨基酸消化率不低于普通玉米。但是其在产蛋鸡上应用的研究还未见报道。为此，进行本次试验，研究优质蛋白玉米（中单9409）在产蛋鸡上应用的效果，为优质蛋白玉米的推广应用提供依据。     

日粮中添加发酵木薯渣对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

试验旨在探讨发酵木薯渣对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响.选取39周龄240只健康海兰蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组设5个重复,每个重复12只.第1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,第2组、第3组、第4组为试验组,分别饲喂添加5％、10％、15％发酵木薯渣的试验饲粮.试验期28天.结果显示:①各组平均蛋重差异不显著;第2组与第1组生...     

酵母菌培养物对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

270只19周龄的ISABrow母鸡随机分3组处理,每个处理5个重复,研究酵母培养物对产蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响。试验为期16周。酵母培养物在试验中的添加水平分别为0%、0.1%、0.2%。试验中采用的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中粗蛋白质为16.0%,能量为2800kcal/kg。试验结果表明,饲喂添加0.1%酵母培养物组产蛋鸡的生产性能和每日产蛋量显著提高(P<0.05);各处理组之间的蛋重、饲料摄入和饲料转化率无显著差别;试验组与对照组的蛋壳质量、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色和蛋黄中脂肪酸含量也无显著差别。     

日粮中添加女贞子粉对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

选择150只49周龄、平均体重(1.99±0.17)kg的健康海兰褐蛋鸡,采用单因素完全随机分组试验设计,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验组Ⅰ(基础日粮+0.5%女贞子粉)、试验组Ⅱ(基础日粮+1%女贞子粉)。每组设5个重复,每个重复10只蛋鸡,试验期为8周,研究了女贞子粉对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ产蛋率分别提高了4.86%和11.75%(P0.05)。试验组Ⅰ蛋黄颜色显著高于对照组9.60%(P0.05)。日粮中添加女贞子粉可以提高蛋鸡产蛋率,改善蛋黄颜色,进而提高蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质。     

Effects of dietary red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on production performance and egg quality of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on production performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 200 Esa Brown laying hens (23 weeks of age) were allocated equally to negative control group (no yeast supplement); positive control group (2 g/kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae); 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg red yeast respectively. The experiment was lasted for 12 weeks. Feed intake, hen‐day egg production and egg weight were not different between control and supplemented groups. However, yeast‐supplemented groups were significantly improved feed efficiency (p < .05). Incremental levels of red yeast increased the colour score of egg yolk (p < .05). The cholesterol and triglyceride of serum and yolk were significantly (p < .05) lower in the laying hens fed dietary administration red yeast compared to the control diet; however, no significant (p > .05) differences among yeast‐supplemented groups were observed. The hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzymeA (HMG‐CoA) reductase activity was significantly lower (p < .05) in the 2 g/kg red yeast‐supplemented group compared to the control and other red yeast‐supplemented groups. Concentrations of caecal short‐chain fatty acids was increased (p < .05) in laying hens fed 1 and 2 g/kg red yeast as compared to the control group. Dietary administration of 2 g/kg red yeast (S. pararoceus) significantly improved egg yolk colour, decrease serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels.     

甪里艾叶粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能与蛋品质的影响

为了研究甪里艾叶粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能与蛋品质的影响,试验选用50周龄健康状况良好、生产性能相近的海兰褐蛋鸡288只,随机分为四组,一个对照组,三个试验组,各组甪里艾叶粉分别添加0、1%、2%、3%,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,预试期为7 d,试验时间为42 d。结果显示:(1)甪里艾叶粉对产蛋性能的影响:试验各组的平均日产蛋重均高于对照组(P0.05),分别提高了2.62%、3.58%、2.41%;随着艾叶粉添加量的增加,平均日采食量显著减少(P0.05),分别减少了2.76%、3.29%、3.62%;试验各组料重比均显著低于对照组(P0.05),分别降低了5.10%、6.63%、5.61%;随着甪里艾叶粉添加量的增加,产蛋率分别提高了2.85%(P0.05)、3.99%(P0.01)、5.93%(P0.01)。试验各组的蛋重与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)甪里艾叶粉对蛋品质的影响:甪里艾叶粉可显著提高蛋的比重(P0.05),其中添加量为2%时差异极显著(P0.01)。各组间的蛋形指数、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色差异均不显著(P0.05)。但试验各组的蛋白高度分别提高了8.92%(P0.05)、11.29%(P0.05)、10.21%(P0.05),哈氏单位则相应提高了4.51%、5.67%、5.69%。各组间的蛋壳指标差异不显著(P0.05)。试验各组的蛋白比率、蛋黄比率差异不显著(P0.05),随着甪里艾叶粉添加量的增加,蛋壳比率逐渐降低,其中添加2%和3%的甪里艾叶粉可显著降低蛋壳比率(P0.05)。甪里艾叶粉可以改善海兰褐蛋鸡的产蛋性能,蛋的比重和蛋白高度显著提高,蛋壳比率呈降低的趋势。     

Effects of phenyllactic acid on production performance,egg quality parameters,and blood characteristics in laying hens

Organic acids have been widely used as feed additives to replace antibiotics in livestock feeds. Data on the use of phenyllactic acid (PLA) are lacking. The effects of PLA on production performance, egg quality parameters, and blood characteristics in laying hens were studied in a 35-d experiment. A total of 240 ISA Brown 36-wk-old layers were divided into the following 4 treatments: 1) control (basal diet), 2) control + 0.1% PLA, 3) control + 0.2% PLA, and 4) control + 0.3% PLA. Although supplementing the diet with PLA did not affect ADFI and FE, it linearly improved egg production rate, eggshell breaking strength, and Haugh units. Egg weight, eggshell thickness, and egg yolk color were not significantly altered by supplementing the diet with PLA. White blood cell, red blood cell, total protein, and albumin concentrations were higher in the control + 0.1% PLA and control treatment groups (P < 0.05), whereas the groups fed the control + 0.2% PLA and control + 0.3% PLA diets had greater (P < 0.05) lymphocyte concentrations. In conclusion, PLA may exert some positive effects to the immune system and egg production over the short term. It may be beneficial to supplement the diets of laying hens with PLA in the absence of antibiotics. This experiment involved a small experimental sample and a short time, so the beneficial effects of PLA should be studied further in commercial farms over the long term.     

芽孢杆菌蛋白酶复合制剂对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究芽孢杆菌蛋白酶复合生物制剂对产蛋后期罗曼蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。试验选取360羽60周龄左右体况基本一致的罗曼蛋鸡,随机分为2个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复30羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加芽孢杆菌蛋白酶制剂。试验分为两个阶段,1～14 d为前阶段,15～28 d为后阶段。结果表明:在前阶段和后阶段蛋鸡生产性能中,芽孢杆菌酶制剂试验组相比对照组罗曼蛋鸡产蛋率和平均日产蛋量均有所提高(P>0.05),料蛋比有所下降(P>0.05);在全阶段蛋鸡生产性能中,芽孢杆菌蛋白酶制剂试验组相比对照组罗曼蛋鸡平均日采食量有升高的趋势(P=0.09);试验组鸡蛋蛋壳强度相比对照组有提高的趋势(P=0.07),且蛋黄颜色、蛋黄重量和哈氏单位相比对照组均有所提高(P>0.05)。由此可知,芽孢杆菌蛋白酶制剂可以提高产蛋后期罗曼蛋鸡生产性能,同时改善了鸡蛋蛋品质。     

酯化牛膝多糖对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

为研究饲料中添加酯化牛膝多糖对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响,选取134日龄海兰灰商品代蛋鸡240只,随机分为6组,每组设4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验Ⅰ组设为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ～Ⅵ组为酯化牛膝多糖处理组,分别在基础日粮中添加50、100、200、300、400 mg/kg的酯化牛膝多糖,研究其对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,50 mg/kg组、100 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组蛋鸡的产蛋率、蛋重有显著提高(P <0.05),产蛋率151～167日龄分别提高1.51%、 3.25%、1.74%;168～184日龄分别提高4.47%、5.84%、4.47%;100 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组185～202日龄分别提高2.81%、2.58%,均达到显著水平。185日龄100 mg/kg组以及202日龄100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组的蛋重分别提高4.29%、5.41%、4.47%,显著高于对照组。50 mg/kg组、100 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组的料蛋比分别降低2.00%、2.40%、2.40%,差异显著(P <0.05)。100 mg/kg酯化牛膝多糖组哈氏单位显著提高(P <0.05),151、168、185、202日龄分别比对照组提高了7.25%、6.4%、8.14%和10.34%;其对蛋黄相对重、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度及蛋壳相对重无显著影响(P> 0.05)。     

乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响

为研究乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响,试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取1600只360日龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组8个重复,每个重复50只鸡。础饲日粮为玉米-豆粕型粉状饲粮,处理1组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg一水硫酸锌(以锌计),处理2组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计),处理3组饲喂基础饲粮+40 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计),处理4组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg锌(一水硫酸锌和乳酸锌提供的锌各一半)。结果表明,蛋鸡日粮中添加60 mg/kg乳酸锌(以锌计)能显著降低平均破蛋率、提高平均蛋壳强度(P<0.05)和明显提高平均蛋壳厚度,并且平均死亡率最低,但对蛋鸡的平均产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和平均料蛋比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同硒源对蛋鸡生产性能和硒沉积的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同硒源及不同水平对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋中硒沉积量的影响。试验选择产蛋率一致的海兰褐壳蛋鸡720只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共设计5种日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮(不添加硒),处理组分别在基础日粮中添加2个水平的无机硒(0.4和0.8mg/kg硒,亚硒酸钠)以及2个水平的酵母硒(0.4和0.8mg/kg硒),试验共进行16周。结果发现,无论日粮添加酵母硒还是无机硒,随着硒添加水平的升高,蛋鸡生产性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。从第9周到试验结束,0.4mg/kg无机硒和0.8mg/kg酵母硒组较对照组和0.8mg/kg无机硒组显著提高了蛋鸡的产蛋率(P<0.05)。试验第9周开始,对照组、0.8mg/kg无机硒组和0.4mg/kg酵母硒组产蛋率显著降低(P<0.05)。随着日粮无机硒或酵母硒添加水平的升高,鸡蛋中硒的沉积量显著线性增加(P<0.05)。从第4周开始到试验结束,无机硒或酵母硒组较对照组均显著提高了鸡蛋中硒含量(P<0.05)。在同一硒添加水平及同一时间下,酵母硒较无机硒显著提高了鸡蛋硒含量(P<0.05),随着试验时间的增加,对照组鸡蛋硒含量显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,日粮硒的来源和添加水平直接影响鸡蛋硒沉积量,酵母硒较无机硒显著提高了鸡蛋硒沉积量。日粮中酵母硒的添加量可以达到0.8mg/kg,对蛋鸡生产性能无负面影响。     

维生素E对免疫抑制产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的调控效应

试验探讨维生素E对免疫抑制蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的调控效应,选取健康的尼克褐产蛋鸡270只,随机等分为5组,每组3个重复,每重复18只。第Ⅰ组为对照组,第Ⅱ~Ⅴ组为免疫抑制组,对第Ⅱ~Ⅴ组鸡在试验第5、6、7 d进行腿部肌肉注射80 mg/kgBW环磷酰胺(CTX),第Ⅰ组注射等量生理盐水。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮(维生素E含量44.59 mg/kg),Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加50、100、200 mg/kg维生素E。结果显示:①免疫抑制产蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),破蛋率显著升高(P<0.05)。基础日粮中添加50 mg/kg维生素E显著提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组Ⅰ(P<0.05);显著降低料蛋比和破蛋率(P<0.05)。②免疫抑制产蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和哈氏单位显著降低(P<0.05),蛋形指数和蛋黄颜色无显著改变(P>0.05);50 mg/kg维生素E添加量显著提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和哈氏单位(P<0.05),与对照组Ⅰ无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,免疫抑制显著降低产蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质;基础日粮中添加维生素E对免疫抑制蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质具有明显的调控效应,且以50 mg/kg添加量效果较好。     

加丽素红对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

选用160只360日龄的京红1号蛋鸡,随机均分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,探讨日粮中不同加丽素红添加量(15,30,60 mg/kg)对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加不同剂量的加丽素红会显著降低蛋鸡的饲料转化率(P0.05),而对蛋鸡的其他生产性能、血清生化指标均无显著性影响(P0.05)。对于蛋品质,试验组蛋黄色度与对照组比较有极显著性差异(P0.01),对其他指标均无显著性影响;说明加丽素红能明显增加蛋黄色度,可以作为外源性色素添加剂,但是不会对蛋鸡的健康产生危害。     

果胶寡糖螯合锌对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和蛋中锌铁含量的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平果胶寡糖螯合锌(zinc pectic oligosaccharides che-late,Zn-POS)对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和蛋中锌铁含量的影响。选取600只健康的体重和产蛋率相近的22周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,每个重复12只鸡。Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ组在基础饲粮中添加268 mg/kg杆菌肽锌,均作为对照组;Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组分别在基础饲粮中添加200、400 mg/kg和600 mg/kg果胶寡糖螯合锌。预饲期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:(1)Ⅱ组和Ⅴ组的产蛋率和平均蛋重均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),但平均日采食量和料蛋比差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组与Ⅴ组相比,产蛋率、平均日采食量、平均蛋重和料蛋比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。各试验组之间平均日采食量和料蛋比差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)Ⅴ组的蛋黄颜色显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。(3)Ⅱ组蛋中锌含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),各试验组蛋中铁含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加果胶寡糖螯合锌可以改善海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能,提高产蛋率,增加平均蛋重和蛋黄颜色。试验中海兰褐蛋鸡饲粮Zn-POS的适宜添加量为600 mg/kg。