内蒙古草原生态化的治理机制与法律保护

正内蒙古是我国重要的牧区之一,拥有大量的草原资源。从古至今内蒙古的发展都与草原有着密不可分的关系,因此历朝历代都曾就内蒙古草原的保护制定出针对性的法律规定。近年我国也不断加大对内蒙古草原生态的保护与治理,重点加强了法律的完善和执行力度,力求对内蒙古草原进行更全面的保护,促进内蒙古草原资源的恢复。1立法对内蒙古草原生态化治理的作用在过去很长一段时间里,虽然我国政府一直对草原发展与保护问题十分重视,但是在实际工作中能够     

内蒙古草原保护建设历程

笔者回顾了内蒙古草原保护与建设的历史，对古代内蒙古草原——史前内蒙古草原、古代草原保护律令、内蒙古草原历次大开垦以及内蒙古人民反垦、抗垦武装斗争进行了简要概述。简要介绍了建国后内蒙古草原保护与建设的方针、政策和措施。概要列举了目前草原保护建设中存在的主要问题，并着重强调了草原保护建设的重大意义。     

内蒙古草原现状与发展前景

内蒙古草原是我国重要的牧区及旅游文化风景区,担负着全国肉制品、奶制品以及皮草等主要产出地的角色,草原所产草的质量将直接影响全国乃至周边国家所食肉类、奶制品以及皮草的质量。笔者就如今内蒙古草原的状态和已实施的政策以及如何才能更好地利用和开发草原做出阐述,提高人们保护草原的意识,从而使草原得以可持续发展。     

草原生态保护补助奖励机制实施效果分析——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗为例

内蒙古草原是我国北方重要的生态屏障,是牧民赖以生存的物质基础,是重要的畜产品基地,同时具备强大的碳汇功能。由于全球气候变暖、人口较快增长等原因,草原＂三化＂现象非常严重。为了切实加强草原生态保护,国务院在全国包括内蒙古在内的主要草原牧区省份实施了草原生态保护补助奖励机制。基于内蒙古草原生态保护补助奖励机制的实践,以内蒙古典型草原镶黄旗牧户为研究对象,以草原生态保护为目标,调查研究草原生态保护补助奖励机制实施的情况及农牧户对政策的响应,以期为内蒙古自治区生态环境保护政策的实施提供经验指导与政策依据。     

草原生态保护建设存在的问题及对策

草原资源是我国生态系统的主体,是畜牧业发展的重要物质基础和农牧民赖以生存的基本生产资料,是我国最大的绿色生态屏障,也是我国北方重要的生态防线。在经济飞速发展的同时,草原面临的生态危机愈发突出,如大规模的资源开发致使草原持续干旱、退化;害虫引起草原生态平衡被破坏,导致草场退化,生产率下降等。因此,加快草原生态保护建设步伐十分必要。本文介绍了卓尼县草原生态保护建设实际,指出了其中存在的问题,并提出了优化对策。     

中国草原自然公园建设的必要性

中国是草原资源大国,草原面积为3.93亿hm~2,约占全球草原面积12%,位居世界前列。草原自然公园是重要的自然保护地类型,是我国建立国家公园体制、完善以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的重要组成部分。我国草原类自然保护地的数量较少,保护面积较小,已不能满足草原资源保护与可持续利用的要求。本文阐述了我国草原资源的基本概况,梳理了草原类自然保护地建设情况和草原资源保护存在的问题,最后对中国草原自然公园建设的必要性进行了系统分析,为加快我国草原自然公园建设进程,构建完善的草原类自然保护地体系提供参考。     

全面贯彻执行草原法律法规认真履行职责依法保护草原

内蒙古草原生态状况的好坏．直接关系到“三北地区”乃至全国的生态安全。依法保护草原固然是内蒙古草原保护建设工作的重中之重。新的《草原法》颁布实施后．我们进一步明确了草原监督管理职能职责，按照全面协调可持续的科学发展观．明确了“人与自然和谐相处”的理念，正在履行着为社会主义新农村新牧区建设保驾护航的新的使命。     

草原退化与气候变化

目前我国,特别是内蒙古草原退化的情况说明植被在保护生态环境方面的重要作用。草原退化已导致内蒙古气候变干,降水量减少,气温上升,土地沙化,从而导致草地环境条件恶化。对维持草地生态平衡,作者提出了三点意见和建议。     

加强草原保护建设 促进生态和谐发展

1内蒙古草原生态基本情况内蒙古草原是欧亚大陆草原的重要组成部分,总面积13.2亿亩(其中,可利用面积10.2亿亩),占全国草原总面积的22%,占全区国土面积的74%,是我国北方重要的生态屏障。辽阔的内蒙古草原不仅是蒙古族等少数民族赖以生存的物质基础,也是     

干旱对内蒙古草原牧草生物量损失的评估方法研究

为探索草原干旱对牧草生物量造成损失的评估方法,以内蒙古扎鲁持旗北部的巴雅尔图草原为例,利用水分亏缺量作为内蒙古草原干旱评估指标,建立不同生长阶段牧草生物量损失评估模型。结果表明,牧草生物损失量与牧草返青期、旺盛生长期的水分亏缺量有着显著的Logistic曲线关系。依此确定了不同干旱等级相对应的牧草生物损失量,以满足草原干旱监测与灾损评估需要。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.