果寡糖对固始鸡免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究果寡糖对固始鸡免疫功能的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量。选用1日龄固始鸡公雏150只。分成5组,1组为对照组．其余的4组为试验纽,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3mg／kg、5mg／kg、7mg／kg和9mg／kg。测定胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊重量和指数、血清新城疫（NDV）抗体效价、血清溶菌酶含量等指标。试验结果表明：①21日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的胸腺和法氏囊重量、指数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;42日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的法氏囊重量、指数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。②在二免7d和14d时,果寡糖（FOS）组的血清新城疫抗体效价显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。③21和42日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的血清溶菌酶含量比对照组略高,但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。④日粮中添加7mg／kg果寡糖（FOS）对提高固始鸡法氏囊重量和指数、血清新城疫抗体效价、血清溶菌酶含量具有最佳效果。这说明日粮中添加果寡糖能够提高固始鸡器官免疫、体液免疫免疫和非特异性免疫功能。     

果寡糖对固始鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响

研究果寡糖对固始鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量。选用1日龄150只固始鸡公雏,分成5个处理组,其中1个为对照组,其余4个为试验组,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3、5、7和9mg／kg。测定胸腺、脾、法氏囊质量和指数、血清新城疫（NDV）抗体效价及血清溶菌酶含量等指标。试验结果表明,1）与对照组相比,21日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的胸腺和法氏囊质量及指数显著高于对照组;42日龄时,果寡糖组的法氏囊质量和指数显著高于对照组。2）在二免7和14d时,与对照组相比,果寡糖组的血清新城疫抗体效价显著高于对照组。3）21和42日龄时,与对照组相比,FOS组的血清溶菌酶含量比对照组略高,但无显著差异。4）日粮中添加7mg／kgFOS对提高固始鸡法氏囊质量和指数、血清新城疫抗体效价及血清溶菌酶含量具有最佳效果。试验结果说明,日粮中添加果寡糖能提高固始鸡体液免疫免疫功能和血清溶菌酶的活性。     

免疫调节技术对肉鸡生长性能与抗体消长规律的影响

为研究免疫调节技术对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和抗体消长规律的影响,形成应用免疫调节技术后的推荐免疫程序,选取1日龄AA肉鸡2栋,分为试验组与对照组。记录各组生长性能,检测免疫器官指数、IFN-γ与IL-2水平,进行母源抗体监测并根据监测结果确立免疫程序。结果表明:应用免疫调节技术可使AA肉鸡死淘率降低2.53%,平均采食量提高2.02%,料肉比降低4.40%,出栏均重增加6.53%;提高AA肉鸡14、28日龄胸腺、法氏囊及脾脏指数(P0.05);提高AA肉鸡血清IL-2、IFN-γ水平(P0.05),促进细胞因子产生;根据抗体监测结果确立的免疫程序为7日龄新城疫活疫苗,14日龄鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗,21日龄新城疫活疫苗。     

果寡糖对固鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响

研究果寡糖对固始鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量.选用1日龄150只固始鸡公雏,分成5个处理组,其中1个为对照组,其余4个为试验组,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3、5、7和9 mg/kg.测定胸腺、脾、法氏囊质量和指数、血清新城疫(NDV)抗体效价及血清溶菌酶含量等指标.试验结果表明,1)与对照组相比,21日龄时,果寡糖(FOS)组的胸腺和法氏囊质量及指数显著高于对照组;42日龄时,果寡糖组的法氏囊质量和指数显著高于对照组.2)在二免7和14 d时,与对照组相比,果寡糖组的血清新城疫抗体效价显著高于对照组.3)21和42日龄时,与对照组相比,FOS组的血清溶菌酶含量比对照组略高,但无显著差异.4)日粮中添加7 mg/kg FOS对提高固始鸡法氏囊质量和指数、血清新城疫抗体效价及血清溶菌酶含量具有最佳效果.试验结果说明,日粮中添加果寡糖能提高固始鸡体液免疫免疫功能和血清溶菌酶的活性.     

不同剂量维生素C对蛋鸡免疫机能的影响

为探索不同剂量维生素C对蛋鸡免疫机能的影响,将240只体重相近的45日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为A、B、C、D、E 共5 组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12羽.A组为对照组,对B、C、D、E 4组的鸡颈部皮下注射新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗,在4个试验组的日粮中分别添加0、250、500、750 mg/kg的维生素C,分别在处理后的第7、14、21、28天采样测定供试鸡的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官指数及血清中的新城疫抗体HI效价.结果显示,添加维生素C的C、D、E 组的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官指数均显著高于B 组(P＜0.05),HI效价也显著高于B组(P＜0.05),日粮中500 mg/kg的维生素C添加量效果最好(P＜0.05).表明在鸡的日粮当中适当添加维生素C能显著促进脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官的生长发育,增强免疫系统产生抗体的能力,能改善鸡体的免疫机能.     

茶多酚对固始鸡免疫器官发育的影响

选取1日龄健康的固始鸡90只,按体重相近的原则,随机分成3组.即对照组、试验组Ⅰ、试验组Ⅱ(n=30,),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.25%和0.50%的茶多酚,试验期为42 d.研究茶多酚对固始鸡免疫器官发育的影响.于2、4、6周龄每组屠宰10只固始鸡,称脾脏、法氏囊及胸腺重量,并计算免疫指教.结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加0.25%的茶多酚,2周龄时固始鸡法氏囊增重显著(P＜0.05);日粮中添加0.50%的荼多酚,4周龄时固始鸡法氏囊增重显著(P＜0.05),6周龄时固始鸡胸腺增重显著(P＜0.05);对脾脏无显著影响.     

不同品种肉鸡免疫器官生长规律的比较与分析

为了进行不同品种肉鸡免疫器官生长规律的比较与分析,笔者选择200只1日龄AA肉鸡,公母各半,200只1日龄肉杂鸡(科宝1500♂×海赛克斯♀),公母各半进行试验。试验鸡饲喂基础日粮,常规饲养。在7、14、21、28、35、42日龄各随机抽取8只,公母各半,称取免疫器官(脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊)重量,分析相对生长、绝对生长、累积生长,进行AA肉鸡、肉杂鸡免疫器官生长规律的比较与分析。结果表明,免疫器官的相对生长,14日龄肉杂鸡高于AA肉鸡;21日龄时二者较接近;28~42日龄AA肉鸡高于肉杂鸡。免疫器官的绝对生长,14~28日龄时,二者较为接近;35~42日龄时,总体表现为AA肉鸡高于肉杂鸡的趋势。免疫器官的累积生长,脾脏、胸腺的变化趋势,AA肉鸡和肉杂鸡差异不大;法氏囊的累积生长,28~42日龄二者差异较大。     

纳豆芽胞杆菌对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响

为评价纳豆芽胞杆菌对黄羽肉鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响,将270只1日龄雏鸡随机分为6组,分别在日粮中添加不同剂量的纳豆芽胞杆菌,检测其对试验鸡增重、免疫器官指数和新城疫疫苗免疫后的抗体水平的影响.结果显示:添加不同剂量的纳豆芽胞杆菌对试验鸡增重具有不同程度的促进作用,尤以106 cfu/g、107 cfu/g 2个浓度组效果显著,28日龄试验组鸡平均体重分别比对照组提高7.54%和9.37%,并可以显著提高胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊器官指数,且显著提高试验雏鸡血清新城疫HI抗体应答,到35日龄试验结束时仍持续高于对照组.表明在饲料中添加106 cfu/g、107 cfu/g的纳豆芽胞杆菌能显著改善肉鸡生产性能,增强免疫反应.     

果寡糖对固始鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究果寡糖对固始鸡体液免疫和血清溶菌酶活性的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量。选用1日龄固始鸡公雏150只。分成5个处理组,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4个试验组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3、5、7和9mg／kg。试验结果表明：（1）与对照组相比,21日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的胸腺和法氏囊重量以及指数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;42日龄时,果寡糖（FOS）组的法氏囊重量和指数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;（2）在二免7d和14d时,与对照组相比,果寡糖（FOS）组的血清新城疫抗体效价显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;（3）21和42日龄时,与对照组相比,果寡糖（FOS）组的血清溶菌酶含量比对照组略高,但无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;（4）日粮中添加7mg／kg果寡糖（FOS）对提高固始鸡法氏囊重量和指数、血清新城疫抗体效价、血清溶菌酶含量具有最佳效果。试验结果说明,日粮中添加果寡糖能够提高固始鸡体液免疫免疫功能和血清溶菌酶的活性。     

日粮维生素E水平对AA肉鸡免疫器官发育的影响

目的:本研究旨在探讨日粮维生素E水平对AA鸡免疫器官发育的影响。方法:选用1 d健康AA肉鸡母鸡160羽,随机分为试验组和对照组共5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8羽,试验期为42 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加25、50、75、100 mg/kg的维生素E。饲养期间每双周周末对各组AA肉鸡屠宰并称取胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量,计算免疫器官指数。结果:试验结果表明,第2周时,日粮中添加75 mg/kg维生素E脾脏指数比对照组提高了16.67%(P>0.05),100 mg/kg时胸腺指数比对照组提高了13.04%(P>0.05)。第4周时,日粮中添加50 mg/kg维生素E脾脏指数比对照组提高了64.71%(P>0.05)。第6周时,日粮中添加25 mg/kg维生素E胸腺指数和脾脏指数分别比对照组提高了38.71%(P<0.05)和42.86%(P>0.05),100 mg/kg维生素E胸腺指数和法氏囊指数分别比对照组提高了45.16%(P<0.05)和7.69%(P>0.05)。结论:日粮中添加维生素E对肉鸡免疫器官的发育没有显著影响,但能够具有促进其生长发育的趋势。     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

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