Soil enzyme activities in dependence on tree litter and season of a social forest,Burdwan, India

The study was done to evaluate enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase and invertase) from the soils of different vegetation sites, with seasonal variation, of social forest, Burdwan, India. Study results showed significant lower enzymatic activities in the subsoil compared to those of the topsoil. The seasonal variations indicated that amylase, cellulase and invertase enzyme activities had reached peaks during the rainy seasons in different soil depths. Amylase activity was highest in Tectona litter containing soil in all seasons in both the soil layers. All the three enzyme activities have shown significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (p < 0.05) and available phosphorous (p < 0.05) during rainy season in both the soil depths. Correlation study revealed that soil organic carbon was positively correlated with cellulase and invertase activities except in the Anacardium vegetation site in the topsoil during rainy season. Irrespective of the seasons and the depths of soil, control site without vegetation showed much lower levels of organic carbon and enzyme activity compared to those of the experimental sites. Therefore, it is concluded that carbon transformation will be higher during rainy season in the vegetation sites of forest soil under such agroclimatic conditions.     

Changes in enzyme activities of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest soil as related to burning in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The effect of forest fire on soil enzyme activity of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was assessed. Six specific enzymes were chosen for investigation: invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. It was found that the activities of invertase and proteinase were reduced by burning, but the activities of acid phosphatase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase increased. Meanwhile, burning significantly (P < 0.05) resulted in the decrease of concentrations of available N and K of 0–20 cm depth layer soil, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased concentrations of organic matter content, total N and P, as well as available N, P and K in soil at both 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths except for available P at 20–40 cm soil depth. These results illustrated that burning could influence the enzyme activities and chemical properties of soil not only of upper but also lower soil layers. Correlation analysis indicated that invertase activities in 0–20 cm depth layer soil were significantly positively correlated with organic matter, total N and P, as well as available N and P. Furthermore, all six enzymes studied were sensitive to fire disturbance, and thus could be used as indicators of soil quality. Our study also showed that soil enzyme activities were associated with soil depth, decreasing from top to bottom in both burned and unburned spruce forests. The distribution pattern of soil enzyme activities suggested that the rate of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling depended on soil depth, which had important structural and functional characteristics in nutrient cycling dynamics and implications in plantation nutrient management. The finding that burning effects on enzyme activities and soil properties between different soil layers were homogenized was attributed to the 8-years’ regeneration of forest after burning.     

Changes in enzyme activities of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest soil as related to burning in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The effect of forest fire on soil enzyme activity of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was assessed. Six specific enzymes were chosen for investigation: invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. It was found that the activities of invertase and proteinase were reduced by burning, but the activities of acid phosphatase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase increased. Meanwhile, burning significantly (P < 0.05) resulted in the decrease of concentrations of available N and K of 0–20 cm depth layer soil, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased concentrations of organic matter content, total N and P, as well as available N, P and K in soil at both 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths except for available P at 20–40 cm soil depth. These results illustrated that burning could influence the enzyme activities and chemical properties of soil not only of upper but also lower soil layers. Correlation analysis indicated that invertase activities in 0–20 cm depth layer soil were significantly positively correlated with organic matter, total N and P, as well as available N and P. Furthermore, all six enzymes studied were sensitive to fire disturbance, and thus could be used as indicators of soil quality. Our study also showed that soil enzyme activities were associated with soil depth, decreasing from top to bottom in both burned and unburned spruce forests. The distribution pattern of soil enzyme activities suggested that the rate of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling depended on soil depth, which had important structural and functional characteristics in nutrient cycling dynamics and implications in plantation nutrient management. The finding that burning effects on enzyme activities and soil properties between different soil layers were homogenized was attributed to the 8-years’ regeneration of forest after burning.     

Carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and enzymatic activity under different land uses in a tropical,dry ecosystem

We compared total C, N and P, available forms of N and P and dehydrogenase, urease and acid phosphatase activities in soils from primary forests, 26‐year‐old pastures and 26‐year‐old secondary forests in the tropical dry forest region of Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico. We hypothesized that, because of their natural regeneration and greater plant diversity, secondary forest soils would have higher fertility and enzyme activities than pasture soils and would be more similar to primary forest soils. We predicted also that enzymes would be better indicators of land‐use effects on soil fertility than nutrients. Only one nutrient, available phosphorus, and one enzyme, acid phosphatase, were significantly and consistently affected by land use. As expected, these parameters were greater in primary and secondary forests than in pastures. Principal components analysis using all variables placed secondary forests intermediate between primary forests and pastures, as predicted, and total C, N and P, available P, ammonium, phosphatase, urease and the C:P ratio were the variables associated with this spatial arrangement of land uses. We conclude that secondary forest soils showed improved fertility and were overall closer to primary forests than to pastures in most variables measured.     

Some enzyme and respiratory activities of tropical soils from new hebrides

Activities of invertase and amylase and respiratory activities of samples of 11 soils from New Hebrides were determined. The soils mostly were under forest and were acid with medium to low C/N ratios. Invertase activities were rather low but amylase activities were similar to those found in New Zealand soils. The ratios of invertase to amylase activities were mostly low.O₂ uptakes mostly responded markedly to glucose. Most values of respiratory quotients were about 1.0. Most, but not all, dehydrogenase activities were strongly related to O₂ uptakes. On an organic C basis, these respiratory activities declined with the depths to which the soils were sampled.Biochemical activities were mostly similar in forest soils derived from basalt and from andesite. Invertase activities were lower in soils under forest than under grassland covers.All biochemical activities were correlated significantly with contents of soil moisture and organic C, less with numbers of aerobic bacteria, and negatively with soil pH. On an organic C basis, none of the biochemical activities was significantly correlated with either soil moisture content or pH.     

浙江省凤阳山不同林分类型土壤酶活性研究

在浙江省凤阳山自然保护区选取海拔相近的6个典型林分类型(常绿阔叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林、杉木林、毛竹林以及柳杉林),在其林下采集土壤样品,分析了脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶5种主要土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,在6个林分类型中,常绿阔叶林土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均较高柳杉林分土壤蔗糖酶活性较高而针叶林则表现出土壤蛋白酶活性最高杉木林则表现出土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性较低土壤酶活性具有明显的垂直分层分布,土层越深,土壤酶活性越低同时该地区土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质指标相关性较高,尤其是pH值和有机质含量与土壤酶活性关系最为密切。     

不同林龄杉木林地土壤特性分析

测定了1年、10年、18年、32年的杉木林地土壤微生物数量、化学性质、酶活性。结果表明:随着杉木林龄的增长,土壤pH降低,有机质含量增加,土壤中细菌、真菌、氨化细菌、微生物总量呈现"低-高-低"的趋势,放线菌数量变化未表现出明显趋势;水解氮、有效磷、有效钾从幼龄林到中龄林含量有所增加,中龄林以后降低,到成熟林时达到最低;蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性从幼龄林到中龄林逐渐增强,而在中龄林之后开始下降。随着土层深度的增加,土壤中各种微生物数量、土壤pH、有机质含量、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及各种酶的活性均有所降低且趋势较明显。     

土壤磁效应的研究

A study on the effect of applied magnetic field was performed with six types of soils collected from northeastern China.Magnetic field was found to cause changes of soil physico-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities.An appropriate applied magnetic field could cut down soil zeta-potential,soil specific surface,soil water potential and soil swelling capacity;raise the charge density on soil colloids and the activities of invertase,hydrogen peroxidase and amylase in the soils;enhance soil aggregation and improve soil structural status and soil water-releasing capability.     

南方红壤严重侵蚀地不同恢复年限马尾松人工林生态系统碳储量特征

[目的]研究南方红壤侵蚀地不同恢复年限植被生态系统碳库储量,为该地区马尾松人工林制定合理的森林经营方式提供理论支持。[方法]以福建省长汀县河田镇裸地、不同恢复年限(10,20,30a生)马尾松人工林和天然次生林为研究对象,测定不同恢复阶段林地植被和土壤碳库储量。[结果]马尾松人工林植被恢复能够显著提高植被和土壤碳库储量。10a,20a,30a生马尾松人工林与裸地相比生态系统碳库储量分别增加2.80,3.54,8.56倍,但依然低于天然次生林;马尾松人工林植被恢复能够显著提高表层(0—10cm)土壤碳库储量,而对深层土壤碳库储量影响不显著;不同恢复阶段植被和土壤碳库增加速率不同,呈现非线性增加。[结论]南方红壤严重侵蚀地植被恢复能够增加生态系统碳库储量,但该地区土壤碳库的恢复是长期的缓慢过程。今后应加强南方红壤地区森林植被的保护,避免植被过度干扰和破坏而引起严重土壤侵蚀。     

Response of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity to Soil Fertilization in an Eroded Farmland of Chinese Mollisols

The aims of this study were to examine interrelationships between microbial biomass and enzyme activities of soil quality and to determine their suitability for differentiating areas. The study included five simulated erosion soil depths (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm), which had received contrasting fertilizer treatments over a 5-year period in an eroded black soil of northeastern China. Our results indicated that soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities declined as the erosion depth increased. On the five erosion depths, soil microbial carbon, phosphatase, and invertase variation ranged as follows: 35.4–53.3, 39.8–45.2, and 55.9–67.1%, respectively. In the fertilizer + manure treatment, soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of fertilizer treatment in all five different erosion depths. Overall, this study may be considered as the foundation for soil quality evaluation and fertility restoration in northeastern China and similar regions.     

毛乌素沙地飞播造林植被恢复过程土壤酶活性的变化

以内蒙古自治区毛乌素沙地飞播造林地为对象,研究了不同植被恢复年限样地土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:经过17 a的植被恢复,土壤表层（0—10 cm）脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶显著增加,土壤过氧化氢酶活性在植被恢复初期上升趋势明显;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性与土壤养分之间有一定的正相关性,而这种相关性在土壤表层（0—10 cm）中要强于中下层（10—40 cm）;土壤表层（0—10 cm）土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶三种水解酶之间呈极显著相关（p < 0.01）。表明毛乌素沙地飞播造林植被恢复过程中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性的增强和土壤养分的改善相互促进,土壤酶活性能在一定程度上能反映沙地植被恢复过程中土壤肥力水平,沙地表层土壤中氮素的转化、多糖的转化和有机磷的转化之间关系密切并且相互影响。     

中国四川盆地地区侵蚀斜坡土壤酶活性研究

Determining how soil erosion affects enzyme activity may enhance our understanding of soil degradation on eroded agricultural landscapes. This study assessed the changes in enzyme activity with slope position and erosion type by selecting water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes and performing analyses using the ¹³⁷Cs technique. The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that soil loss occurred in the upper section of the two eroded slope types, while soil accumulation occurred in the lower section. The invertase activity increased downslope and exhibited a pattern similar to the ¹³⁷Cs data. The spatial patterns of urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. On both the eroded slope types, the invertase activity and soil organic carbon content were correlated, but no correlation was observed between the alkaline phosphatase activity and total phosphorus content. Nevertheless, the urease activity was correlated with the total nitrogen content only on the water erosion-dominated slopes. The enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratios indicated high activities of invertase and urease but low activity of phosphatase on the water erosion-dominated slopes compared with the tillage erosion-dominated slopes. Both the invertase activity and the invertase activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio varied with the slope position. Changes in the urease activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio were significantly affected by the erosion type. These suggested that the dynamics of the invertase activity were linked to soil redistribution on the two eroded slope types, whereas the dynamics of the urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were associated with soil redistribution only on the water or tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. The erosion type had an obvious effect on the activities of invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase. Soil redistribution might influence the involvement of urease in the N cycle and alkaline phosphatase in the P cycle. Thus, enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass ratios may be used to better evaluate microbiological activity in eroded soils.     

黄河三角洲不同退化程度人工刺槐林土壤酶活性、养分和微生物相关性研究

由人为及自然多种因素的影响造成很多地区人工林地出现衰退现象。本研究选择黄河三角洲不同退化程度的刺槐人工林,对林地土壤酶、养分和微生物及其相关性进行了研究,探讨人工刺槐林退化的原因。结果表明:随着人工刺槐林退化程度加重,土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性下降;过氧化氢酶活性则先上升,重度退化林地下降。脲酶与多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著相关,过氧化物酶与多酚氧化酶活性显著相关,其他酶之间相关性不显著。土壤养分与土壤酶的变化趋势基本一致,随着林分退化程度加重,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈下降趋势;土壤pH、含盐量随着林分退化程度加重与土壤深度增加而上升,与土壤酶活性的变化趋势相反。土壤酶特别是脲酶活性与土壤养分显著正相关性,与土壤pH和含盐量呈显著负相关。不同退化程度的人工刺槐林地土壤细菌数量最多;真菌和放线菌与细菌变化趋势各不相同,随着退化程度的增加,细菌平均数量表现为未退化>轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化,真菌数量为轻度退化>未退化>中度退化>重度退化,放线菌数量为中度退化>轻度退化>未退化>重度退化。脲酶与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著相关,细菌与除过氧化氢酶外的土壤酶活性显著相关,其他酶活性与各类微生物数量相关性不显著。     

Soil biochemical and microbial indices in wet tropical forests: Effects of deforestation and cultivation

Little information is available about the long‐term effects of deforestation and cultivation on biochemical and microbial properties in wet tropical forest soils. In this study, we evaluated the general and specific biochemical properties of soils under evergreen, semi‐evergreen, and moist deciduous forests and adjacent plantations of coconut, arecanut, and rubber, established by clear felling portions of these forests. We also examined the effects of change in land use on microbial indices and their interrelationships in soils. Significant differences between the sites occurred for the biochemical properties reflecting soil microbial activity. Microbial biomass C, biomass N, soil respiration, N mineralization capacity, ergosterol, levels of adenylates (ATP, AMP, ADP), and activities of dehydrogenase and catalase were, in general, significantly higher under the forests than under the plantations. Likewise, the activities of various hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, casein‐protease, BAA‐protease, β‐glucosidase, CM‐cellulase, invertase, urease, and arylsulfatase were significantly higher in the forest soils which suggested that deforestation and cultivation markedly reduced microbial activity, enzyme synthesis and accumulation due to decreased C turnover and nutrient availability. While the ratios of microbial biomass C : N and microbial biomass C : organic C did not vary significantly between the sites, the ratios of ergosterol : biomass C and ATP : biomass C, qCO2 and AEC (Adenylate Energy Charge) levels were significantly higher in the forest sites indicating high energy requirements of soil microbes at these sites.     

庐山不同林分类型土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶的相关性

土壤活性有机碳直接参与土壤生物化学转化过程,影响土壤酶活性,对土壤养分有效化作用明显。以庐山3种不同林分类型下土壤为研究对象,通过对不同林分下土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶活性状况进行相关分析。结果表明:（1）3种林分类型下WSOC和DOC平均含量排序均为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林,而ROC由大到小依次为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;针阔混交林下MBC平均含量较高,针叶林下MBC平均含量较低。（2）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶活性排序为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的大小顺序为针叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 阔叶林;针阔混交林下脲酶活性最低,阔叶林最高;针阔混交林下多酚氧化酶活性最高,阔叶林最低;过氧化氢酶活性高低序列为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林。（3）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶等水解酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分的相关性较好,多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶等氧化酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分之间没有表现出明显的相关性。     

宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性特征研究

试验研究不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性特征结果表明,天然草地表层土壤酶活性较高,灌木林地和人工草地次之,果园和农地较低;20~40cm土层果园和农地土壤酶活性稍高;天然草地和灌木林地对土壤酶活性改良效果显著,而果园和农地则较差;土壤蔗糖酶活性在剖面上变化明显,脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化趋势大多一致,过氧化氢酶活性在不同土地利用类型和剖面层次上均无明显差异。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性互呈极显著正相关,且均与速效氮及有机质呈极显著正相关。土壤酶活性可作为较理想的土壤肥力指标。     

Soil characteristics in teak plantations and natural forests in Ashanti Region,Ghana

Abstract

The goal of this study to was compare soils of natural forests converted to teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) plantations (21.3±5.1 years) in the Offinso and Juaso Forest Districts in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Sites selected for this study were in the moist semi‐deciduous forest zone and had nearly identical physiographic characteristics. In each of three natural forest stands and three teak plantations, 16 soil pits were examined and soil samples from the 0–20 (major rooting zone) and 20–40 cm depths were analyzed for selected chemical and physical properties. In the 0–20 cm depths bulk density significantly increased (1.17 to 1.30 g cm^‐3), but soil organic matter (OM) content (13 to 11%), total nitrogen (0.3 to 0.2 %), available phosphorus (4.2 to 1.2 mg kg^‐1), and exchangeable potassium (0.4 to 0.3 cmol(+)kg^‐1), calcium (17.0 to 12.4 cmol(+)kg^‐1), and magnesium (3.8 to 3.2 cmol(+)kg^‐1) significantly decreased in soils where natural forests were replaced with teak plantations. Similar results also were found for the 20–40 cm soil depths. The higher nutrient contents in soils under the natural forest may have been due to more litter contributions from understorey vegetation observed there. In the teak plantations nutrient leaching losses may have accelerated due to increased mineralization and the inability of teak to use the increase in available nutrient.     

Bacterial and enchytraeid abundance accelerate soil carbon turnover along a lowland vegetation gradient in interior Alaska

Boreal wetlands are characterized by a mosaic of plant communities, including forests, shrublands, grasslands, and fens, which are structured largely by changes in topography and water table position. The soil associated with these plant communities contain quantitatively and qualitatively different forms of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient availability that drive changes in biogeochemical cycling rates. Therefore different boreal plant communities likely contain different soil biotic communities which in turn affect rates of organic matter decomposition. We examined relationships between plant communities, microbial communities, enchytraeids, and soil C turnover in near-surface soils along a shallow topographic soil moisture and vegetation gradient in interior Alaska. We tested the hypothesis that as soil moisture increases along the gradient, surface soils would become increasingly dominated by bacteria and mesofauna and have more rapid rates of C turnover. We utilized bomb radiocarbon techniques to infer rates of C turnover and the ¹³C isotopic composition of SOM and respired CO₂ to infer the degree of soil humification. Soil phenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities were generally higher in the rich fen compared with the forest and bog birch sites. Results indicated greater C fluxes and more rapid C turnover in the surface soils of the fen sites compared to the wetland forest and shrub sites. Quantitative PCR analyses of soil bacteria and archaea, combined with enchytraeid counts, indicated that surface soils from the lowland fen ecosystems had higher abundances of these microbial and mesofaunal groups. Fungal abundance was highly variable and not significantly different among sites. Microbial data was utilized in a food web model that confirmed that rapidly cycling systems are dominated by bacterial activity and enchytraeid grazing. However, our results also suggest that oxidative enzymes play an important role in the C mineralization process in saturated systems, which has been often ignored.     

亚热带不同林龄次生林与杉木林土壤氮淋溶损失特征

为分析不同林龄亚热带常绿阔叶次生林和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)种植对土壤氮淋溶的影响,采用土柱微宇宙原位培养,分别比较9年生和45年生次生林(以米槠Castanopsis carlesii为建群种)之间、米槠和杉木人工林(均为9年生)之间的土壤总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮浓度及通量。结果表明：(1)4种类型森林土壤总氮和硝态氮浓度均表现为45年生次生林>9年生次生林>杉木人工林>米槠人工林;铵态氮浓度则为45年生次生林>杉木人工林>9年生次生林>米槠人工林。(2)4种类型森林土壤总氮和硝态氮的淋溶通量在整个试验期表现为9年生次生林>45年生次生林>杉木人工林>米槠人工林;5—8月4种类型森林土壤氨态氮淋溶通量差异较大,但大体上表现为杉木人工林>45年生次生林>9年生次生林>米槠人工林。(3)9年生和45年生次生林、米槠人工林、杉木人工林土壤总氮年淋溶量分别为14.24,13.27,7.26,10.97 [g/(m²·a)],硝态氮年淋溶量分别为10.88,9.97,5.35...     

严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复土壤养分的制约性因子

[目的]揭示马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林地植被恢复的土壤养分制约性因子,为严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法]通过在福建省长汀县河田镇花岗岩风化红壤区,植被恢复差异较大的4种马尾松样地的0—5,5—20,20—40cm的土壤养分试验分析。[结果](1)恢复较差的马尾松林地的有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾含量均较低,土壤保肥能力差,养分易随土壤侵蚀而流失。(2)所有样地的有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷,速效钾含量变化规律基本上为:恢复较差恢复中等恢复较好恢复好。(3)有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷,速效钾极显著正相关(p0.01),且在第1主成分上的载荷分别为0.921,0.931,0.974,0.906,0.874。(4)4种恢复样地土壤表层全钾差异不显著,其他层土壤规律不明显,植被恢复好的样地的pH值最小,但是马尾松林下植被生长良好。[结论]有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾植是马尾松林地植被恢复主要制约因子,全钾、pH值不是马尾松林地植被恢复制约性因子。