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1.
Daniel Moreno-Fernández Fernando Montes Mariola Sánchez-González Francisco J. Gordo Isabel Cañellas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(1):17-27
The dynamics of mixed stands are more complex and less studied than those of monospecific stands. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables involved in seedling occurrence and seedling survival in mixed stands of Pinus pinaster and P. pinea in Mediterranean areas. From 2011 to 2016, regeneration of both species was monitored at two sites located in Central Spain. We installed 72 regeneration plots where seedling dynamics were monitored. All the trees in the study areas were measured and mapped. Additionally, we took hemispherical photographs in each regeneration plot. The average density of P. pinea seedlings over the study period was almost 20 times larger than that of P. pinaster. Our results indicate that the seedlings of both species grow under moderate light conditions. In addition, we found that the occurrence of seedlings of both species was related to the structure of the stand. P. pinea seedlings grew where the density and size of P. pinaster trees were low and where P. pinea trees provided moderately sheltered conditions, whereas the number of P. pinaster seedlings was related to under intermediate densities of P. pinaster trees. Furthermore, seedling survival was positively associated with age of the seedlings and negatively with the August average maximum temperature. The temporal continuity of mixed stands of P. pinea and P. pinaster in the study area is compromised by the observed lack of regeneration of P. pinaster. 相似文献
2.
Maria João Gaspar José Luís Louzada Alexandre Aguiar Maria Helena Almeida 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(7):703-703
- ? It is essential to understand how characteristics are related to each other in breeding programmes to select wood properties, in order to avoid that, in selecting for one trait, we are negatively affecting another. Moreover, measuring wood properties is time consuming and expensive.
- ? This study assesses genetic and phenotypic correlations between wood density components and spiral grain of 46 half-sib families of Pinus pinaster in seventeen-year-old trees.
- ? Results showed that genetic correlations for all wood density components were higher than corresponding phenotypic correlations. Furthermore, all wood density components were highly genetically correlated with ring density, and also closely associated among themselves. Results showed a higher genetic correlation of ring density with earlywood density (r g = 0.96) than with latewood density r g = 0.79). A moderate to high positive genetic correlation was found between spiral grain and wood density characteristics (0.29–0.61).
- ? We conclude that ring density (overall wood density) can be improved by increasing either earlywood density, latewood percent, or both of these traits, and spiral grain can be modify in future plantations.
3.
We investigated the effect of vermicompost on the germination and early development of six different progenies of the maritime
pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). We compared the effects of incorporating solid vermicompost into the potting media to those of vermicompost water
extract. The incorporation of vermicompost in the growing media of maritime pine increased germination by 16%, and particularly,
addition of vermicompost water extract produced the best results. Plants germinated with vermicompost showed higher N content
as compared to control plants, and this could have determined the faster maturation of the treated seedlings. Since the best
effects on pine germination were observed after application of vermicompost water extract, other mechanisms, rather than the
physical amelioration of the substrate, such as the presence of water soluble nutrients and organic compounds (i.e. humic
acids and plant growth regulating substances) in the vermicompost, might be involved in the promotion of germination. We also
report variation in the response of the different pine progenies to vermicompost application thereby confirming the necessity
of taking into account genetic variability in order to study the potential of vermicompost and other biologically-active organic
materials as a potting amendments. 相似文献
4.
A total of 31 taper functions from 3 different groups of models (single, segmented and variable-form taper functions) were
fitted to diameter-height data from 203 Pinus pinaster trees sampled across even-aged stands in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Most of the taper functions analyzed showed problems
of multicollinearity as indicated by the condition number. A second-order autoregressive CAR(2) error process was incorporated
into the models to minimize the effect of autocorrelation inherent in the longitudinal data used, and to provide valid tests
of significance for model parameter estimates. In general, variable-form taper functions provided the most accurate predictions.
The flexibility and predictive performance of the variable-form model developed by Kozak (For Chron 80(4):507–515, 2004) indicated
its usefulness for estimating diameter at a specific height, merchantable volume, and total volume of Maritime pine in the
study area. 相似文献
5.
Serena Santolamazza-Carbone Montserrat Pestaña José Antonio Vega 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(3):343-353
The spectrum and dynamics of xylophagous insects infesting Pinus pinaster after a fire event were studied from November 2007 to December 2008 at Sierra de Outes (Galicia, NW Spain). Insects were
collected within and outside the fire area. Relationships among species status, species abundance, tree parameters and tree
injury were assessed. Mortality of injured trees was also recorded. Insect colonization built up consistently during the first
year after the fire, although the pests did not colonize unburned trees in nearby areas. Thirteen insect species from six
xylophagous families were collected. Tomicus spp., Buprestis novenmaculata, Anobium punctatum and Pissodes castaneus were the first species detected. Tomicus spp. (29%) and Ips sexdentatus (23%) were the dominant taxa. Bole char height and soil burn severity were positively correlated with insect presence. Trees
with short stem diameter and thinner bark were also preferred. B. novenmaculata presence was positively correlated with crown scorch. Loss of cambium hydration was negatively related to the occurrence
of pests, likely because sapwood desiccation and loss of nutrient impede brood development. About 33.3% of the fire-scorched
pines died. The results recommend the removal of injured and dying pines after fire, to avoid the rise of pest population
threatening recovering trees in the burned areas. 相似文献
6.
Juan Majada Celia Martínez-Alonso Isabel Feito Angelo Kidelman Ismael Aranda Ricardo Alía 《New Forests》2011,41(3):399-412
Pinus pinaster Ait. is one of the main forest tree species planted in Spain, Portugal and France. Due to its high economic relevance, there
is considerable interest in developing techniques for vegetative breeding aimed at mass propagation. In this study we present
a mini-propagation protocol in order to define an efficient method to propagate families or clones of P. pinaster. We carried out three experiments using mini-cuttings of 3–5 cm in length with the aim of evaluating the effects of temperature
(4°C vs. 25°C), plant growth regulator (IBA) and shoot age on rooting ability. Percentage of rooted cuttings and morphological
root variables were recorded. The percentage of rooted cuttings per treatment ranged from 68 to 97%. Treatment with IBA significantly
influenced the rooting process at 25°C but not at 4°C. The number of apexes, length, area and volume of roots were all positively
affected by temperature treatment. Shoot age also had a positive effect on rooting capacity of cuttings, with the cuttings
from the youngest shoots (70 days after pruning) having higher rooting percentages, ranging from 84.7 to 98.3%. The use of
juvenile material, good environmental conditions and IBA all benefited the rooting of clonal material, resulting in high rooting
capacity. This study presents an innovative propagation protocol for P. pinaster that can be used as a tool in breeding programs. 相似文献
7.
• Introduction
Laricio pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arn. ssp. laricio (Poiret) Maire var Corsicana Hyl.) is a form of black pine endemic to Corsica, that may now be under threat due to current fire regimes and competition with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). 相似文献8.
Background
How environmental factors affect forest regeneration is relevant for systems that depend partially or fully on natural regeneration. 相似文献9.
Encarna Rodríguez-García Libertad Juez Felipe Bravo 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1119-1128
Research on natural regeneration is crucial for the development of sustainable forestry practices, in light of the global
climate changes taking place. In this study, 151 plots were sampled in six Pinus pinaster stands that were naturally regenerated by the seed-tree method in Mediterranean forests in central Spain. The objectives
of the survey were to study the suitability of different forest stands designated for natural regeneration as well as to analyse
seedling establishment and the relationship between regeneration and different site factors. Analysis of variance and multivariate
analysis with canonical ordination techniques were employed. Full and partial redundancy analyses on a correlation matrix
were used to carry out a direct gradient analysis of regeneration density as a function of site factors. Nearly all stands
presented seedling densities over 2,000 seedlings ha−1 and were thus found to be suitable for natural regeneration of Pinus pinaster by the seed-tree selection method. Significant variables that best explained total seedling and viable seedling density were
spring and autumn precipitation of the year prior to establishment, spring and summer precipitation of the year of establishment
and percentage cover of litter. There were no signs of competition between shrubs and seedlings, but a negative significant
correlation with grass cover was observed. Pinus pinaster natural regeneration was successful with the seed-tree method, although it appeared to be highly dependent on climate and
stand conditions. 相似文献
10.
Guillermo Riesco Muñoz Marcos Barrio Anta 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1037-1045
Forty young trees from a stand of maritime pine in the southern mountains of Galicia, Spain (42°21′N: 8°01′W) were felled
to obtain the material required for studying density and shrinkage in clear and small wood specimens. The wood ranged from
light to moderately heavy, and the dimensions remained reasonably stable with varying moisture content. The results were consistent
with those obtained in previous studies of adult trees, except for axial shrinkage, which was very high and variable in this
study. The between-tree variation in wood properties was high considering that the sampled trees came from the same stand.
However, the relationships between density and height in the stem were similar in all trees. A general model for the prediction
of volumetric shrinkage was developed, with oven-dry density and ring width as predictor variables. The model is feasible
for estimation of wood quality in living trees. It is applicable to tree selection for thinning and for genetic improvement
of stock. 相似文献
11.
Retranslocation, resorption and relocation of nutrients are important adaptive mechanisms developed by plants to acquire the amount of the nutrients required for growth. They are usual mechanisms in deciduous and conifer trees that occur in Mediterranean regions where drought periods are usual. Soil factors, environmental characteristics and species factors are key drivers of nutrient retranslocation in conifers but is not well understood how soil fertility or intraspecific competition influences the process. We studied retranslocation in Pinus halepensis Mill. stands showing different site quality (differences in climate and intraspecific competition) occurring in Southeast Spain. We monitored reforested mature Aleppo pine forests in stands with differences in site quality, climate and intraspecific competition. Stands were characterised, the content of nutrients of soil and green samples (twigs and pine needles) were recorded, and seasonal nutrient retranslocation was obtained. Site characteristics were related to growth rate and nutrient content of foliage and soil. We evaluated whether the retranslocation of nutrients from older to younger foliage was related to the current-year growth rate and to the nutritional status of the plant as influenced by intraspecific competition. Foliar macronutrient concentrations and the amount of retranslocated macronutrients were seasonal, with differences related to site quality and tree density. As a general trend, nutrient concentrations increased after drought (autumn) and decreased during the growth period (spring). However, some micronutrients (mainly Na and Fe) decreased during both periods. The retranslocation pattern in Aleppo pine reinforced the hypothesis that pine adaptations to drought- and fire-prone habitats are linked to the resilience of these forest types. We developed scientific knowledge to assist decision making in adaptive forest management; e.g. fertilizer recommendations or reforestation programmes. 相似文献
12.
María Menéndez-Gutiérrez Margarita Alonso Gabriel Toval Raquel Díaz 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(4):76
Key message
Pinus pinaster Ait. susceptibility to pinewood nematode significantly differed among provenances, and the two Atlantic provenances of the Iberian Peninsula being the most affected. However, significant provenance × environment interaction was found. Provenance susceptibility was related to basal diameter, number of branches and oleoresin flow, and some climatic parameters.Context
The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to North America, is an important pest affecting pine forests throughout Eurasia. In Europe, it has been detected in Portugal and Spain and is primarily associated with Pinus pinaster, an important Mediterranean tree species.Aims
We have investigated the differences in susceptibility among several P. pinaster provenances in the Iberian Peninsula and France, as well as their relationship to certain growth traits and physiological parameters.Methods
Three independent inoculation tests were performed on 3 to 4-year-old trees, followed by assessment of growth traits and physiological variables, along with time course destructive sampling for nematode quantification.Results
The results showed significant differences among provenances for almost all growth traits, wilting, and mortality, though a significant provenance × environment interaction was also detected. Two Atlantic provenances, Noroeste-Litoral and Leiria, displayed the largest susceptibility to pinewood nematode. Changes in susceptibility to B. xylophilus between experiments were influenced by temperature and seasonality. Autumn precipitation and mean maximum temperature during summer at the original provenance sites could be related to provenance susceptibility.Conclusion
Noroeste-Litoral and Leiria were the most disease-affected provenances. This study emphasizes the need for further research on how tree growth stage influences susceptibility and on the possibility of cross-breeding among provenances.13.
The use of peat as a growing media in forestry nurseries is decreasing due to high costs and environmental considerations.
Furthermore, diverse waste products are being used as organic amendments in certain soils before afforestation. In this study,
combinations of both of these resources are considered and seven different materials were used to make mixtures of growing
media used for maritime pine tree production in a forestry nursery. Pine bark, Sphagnum peat and paper mill sludge were mixed with sewage sludge, sewage activated sludge, municipal solid waste with activated composted
sludge and inorganic fertilizer to fill containers where pine seeds were sown. Germination was monitored 30–50 days after
sowing. Needle samples from each treatment were taken and physical parameters (height, stem diameter, aerial dry weight, main
root dry weight, total dry weight) were measured along with several morphological attributes. Foliar nutrient content was
also determined (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). The highest values for germination percentage were obtained for 75%
pine bark + fertilizer and for sewage sludge treatments. Seedlings grown in paper mill sludge + activated sewage sludge + peat
and in paper mill sludge + activated sewage sludge + pine bark mixtures presented the best physical parameter values. Municipal
solid waste and composted sludge were the most useful amendments for morphological attributes. After linking morphological
indexes and foliar nutrient content, the best Dickson Quality Index values correspond with higher values of N, Ca, Mg, Cu
and Zn and lower values of P, K, Fe and Mn.
Resumen El uso de turba en viveros forestales como sustrato de cultivo está decreciendo debido a su elevado coste y consideraciones medioambientales. Por otro lado, distintos residuos están siendo utilizados como enmiendas orgánicas sobre ciertos suelos previa reforestación. En este estudio, se considera una combinación de ambos factores y siete diferentes materiales fueron usados para hacer mezclas de sustrato de cultivo para la producción de pino marítimo en un vivero forestal. Corteza de pino, turba de esfagno y residuo de pasta de papel fueron mezclados con lodo de depuradora, lodo activado, residuos sólidos urbanos + lodo compostado y fertilizante inorgánico y utilizados para rellenar bandejas donde fue realizada la siembra. La germinación fue monitorizada 30–50 días después de la siembra. Se tomaron muestras de acículas de cada tratamiento y se analizaron parámetros físicos (altura, diámetro del tallo, peso seco parte aérea, peso seco de la raíz principal, peso seco total) además de distintos atributos morfológicos. El contenido foliar en nutrientes también se determinó (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). Los valores más elevados del porcentaje de germinación se obtuvieron para las mezclas: 75% corteza de pino + fertilizante y las enmiendas con lodo. El crecimiento de las plántulas presentó los mejores valores de los parámetro físicos para: residuo de pasta de papel + lodo activado + turba y para residuo pasta de papel + lodo activado + corteza de pino. La mezcla de residuos sólidos urbanos + lodo compostado proporcionó los mejores valores en relación a los atributos morfológicos. Relacionando los índices morfológicos con el contenido foliar en nutrientes se vió que los mejores valores para el Indice de Calidad de Dickson correspondieron con los valores más altos de N, Ca, Mg, Cu y Zn y los más bajos de P, K, Fe and Mn en el tejido foliar.相似文献
14.
José Ramón González-Olabarria Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo Blas Mola-Yudego Timo Pukkala 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(3):52
Key message
We generate flexible management rules for black pine stands, adaptable to alternative stand management situations and entailing thinnings, final-felling, and salvage cuts, based on the results on 270 stand level optimizations.Context
Forest management instructions often rely on the anticipated prediction of the stand development, which poses a challenge on variable economic and environmental conditions. Instead, an alternative approach to better adapt forest management decisions to changing conditions is defining flexible rules based on thresholds that trigger management operations.Aims
This article develops rules for the adaptive management of P. nigra stands in Catalonia (Spain) addressing the risk of fire and post-fire forest management.Methods
The stochastic version of the simulation-optimization system RODAL was used to optimize the management of forest stands in three sites under different fire probability levels. A total of 270 optimizations were done varying site fertility, fire probability, and economic factors. The results of the optimizations were used as the basis of flexible forest management rules for adaptive stand management.Results
The developed management rules defined the basal area limit for thinning, the thinning intensity, the mean tree diameter at which regeneration cuttings should start, and the basal area below which a salvage cutting should be done. Fire risk was not a significant predictor of the models for thinning and final cutting rules.Conclusion
The presented rules provide a flexible tool for forest management during the stand development and under changing conditions when the management objective is to maximize economic profitability of timber production.15.
Encarna Rodríguez-García Cristóbal Ordóñez Felipe Bravo 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(2):337-346
• Introduction
Shrubs are recognized as important tree regeneration niches. In this study, we experimentally analysed the effects of shrub presence, canopy cover (closed cover and open cover-gaps), and seedling size on Pinus pinaster growth. 相似文献16.
Encarna Rodríguez-García Libertad Juez Felipe Bravo 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1129-1129
17.
The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase (SPDS) genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu'med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. 相似文献
18.
Camille Lepoittevin Jean-Pierre Rousseau Audrey Guillemin Christophe Gauvrit François Besson François Hubert Denilson da Silva Perez Luc Harvengt Christophe Plomion 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(4):873-884
Introduction
Tree breeding is giving an increasing attention to wood properties in order to better fit the requirements of the saw, board, pulp and paper industries. In particular, it has been reported that lignin and cellulose content display moderate to high heritabilities making them prime candidates for genetic improvement of wood chemistry. Moreover, these traits have been shown to be negatively correlated at both phenotypic and genetic levels. However, they have generally been evaluated against a narrow genetic background, and little is known about their correlations with mandatory selection criteria such as growth and straightness. 相似文献19.
20.
Rafael Alonso Ponce Sonia Roig Alfredo Bravo Miren del Río Gregorio Montero Marta Pardos 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(5-6):983-996
Timber and biodiversity are considered two antagonistic ecosystem services (ES), largely influenced by silviculture and site ecological conditions. In order to address the trade-offs between these two ES over time, we performed a retrospective study at compartment level in the Pinus sylvestris forests of the Spanish Central Mountain System. Archival data from Management Plans for eight forests with contrasting silvicultural systems (uniform shelterwood system, group shelterwood system, irregular shelterwood system,) and three different site quality classes were analysed. Timber production was assessed through stand volume, harvested timber volume and a stand volume index. Biodiversity was examined through structural diversity (Gini index, Shannon tree size diversity index, Simpson’s reciprocal index and evenness index, all applied to diameter classes) and the abundance of large living trees. For all silvicultural systems investigated, stand volume and harvested timber volume have grown since the beginning of the management plans (beginning of the twentieth century in some forests). The largest yields of timber corresponded to the best quality sites with more intensive silvicultural treatments (uniform and group shelterwood systems). The uniform shelterwood system showed lower figures for structural diversity, though not always significant. The best site qualities maintained notable structural diversity values, even under the most intensive management system. The application of the different management systems over decades has revealed a synergy between timber production and structural diversity, particularly in those systems maintaining more than one age class, although results are conditioned by forest harvesting history. The interaction between historical silvicultural treatment and site quality has been identified as an important source of information to understand forest dynamics and functioning of ES provision. 相似文献