应用巢式POR方法检测牛支原体肺炎

根据Genbank发表的牛支原体全基因序列,设计2对特异性引物,建立了诊断牛支原体肺炎的巢式PCR方法,第一轮引物P1、P2扩增片段长度为1912bp,第二轮引物P3、P4扩增片段长度为422bp：该方法特异性试验未扩增出丝状支原体丝状亚种小克隆和无乳支原体特异性条带;敏感性试验证明扩增DNA最低含量达到10—7Hg／mL,是单一PCR的10^3倍;用该方法对阳性病料进行检测,均扩增出特异性片段。该体系的成功构建,可以为牛支原体肺炎的活体检测,和流行病学调查提供技术支持。     

应用巢式PCR方法检测牛支原体肺炎

根据Genbank发表的牛支原体全基因序列,设计2对特异性引物,建立了诊断牛支原体肺炎的巢式PCR方法,第一轮引物P1、P2扩增片段长度为1912bp,第二轮引物P3、P4扩增片段长度为422bp:该方法特异性试验未扩增出丝状支原体丝状亚种小克隆和无乳支原体特异性条带;敏感性试验证明扩增DNA最低含量达到10-7μg/mL,是单一PCR的103倍;用该方法对阳性病料进行检测,均扩增出特异性片段。该体系的成功构建,可以为牛支原体肺炎的活体检测,和流行病学调查提供技术支持。     

绵羊肺炎支原体、丝状支原体山羊亚种和精氨酸支原体多重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank登陆的绵羊肺炎支原体(MO)、丝状支原体山羊亚种(MmC)和精氨酸支原体(M.arg)的相关基因序列,分别设计了扩增MO hsp70基因、MmC hsp70基因和M.arg ADI基因片段的特异性引物,通过对反应条件和反应体系的优化,建立了MO、MmC和M.arg的多重PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果显示:该方法能同时扩增出MO 703bp、MmC 385bp和M.arg223bp的特异性目的片段,而对其他病原的DNA扩增为阴性。敏感性试验结果显示:该方法对这3种支原体的最低核酸检出量均为10pg。55份临床样品检测结果表明:三重PCR检测结果与分离培养诊断方法一致,均能检测出样品中的病原菌。本试验建立的多重PCR方法能为MO、MmC和M.arg的感染提供正确快速诊断方法。     

牛支原体双重PCR检测方法的建立

为鉴别牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)与丝状支原体丝状亚种SC(M.mycoides subsp.mycoides SC),本实验通过优化M.bovis特异性引物pMB81-1/pMB81-2s和MmmSC特异性引物SC1/SC2的退火温度,建立了鉴别M.bovis和MmmSC的双重PCR检测方法。该方法能够分别由M.bovis和MmmSC扩增得到528bp和270bp片段。敏感性试验结果显示该方法检测M.bovis和MmmSC培养物的最低浓度分别为106cfu/mL和105cfu/mL。特异性试验结果显示,该方法对无乳支原体代表株PG2、丝状支原体丝状亚种LC型代表株Y-goat、山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种Mccp、绵羊支原体Y-98、猪鼻支原体BST-7、巴氏杆菌以及结核分枝杆菌扩增结果均为阴性。应用该方法对临床病料的检测结果与培养鉴定结果的符合率为100%,表明该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可以应用于临床检测。     

丝状支原体丝状亚种SC生物型PCR检测方法的建议

建立了一个可以识别丝状支原体丝状亚种SC生物型（MmmSC)的PCR方法。根据丝状支原体丝状亚种SC生物型（MmmSC)相关核苷酸序列，设计合成了MC1、MC2和SC1、SC2两对引物。MC1、MC2是一对簇特异性引物，用于鉴别丝状支原体族6个成员，对MmmSC、MmmLC扩增出与预期结果相符的462bp片段；而SC1、SC2是针对MnnSC的一对特异性引物，只能对MmmSC扩增出277bp的片段，经过VspI、Bsp143I和Dral三种限制性内切酶鉴定与预期结果相符，而不能扩增出MmmLC型Y－goat代表株，说明具有非常好的特异性。对MmmSC进行的敏感性试验显示SC1、SC2引物能够检测到100个CFU，具有非常高的敏感性。     

抗丝状支原体丝状亚种单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

旨在制备抗丝状支原体丝状亚种(Mmm)的特异性单克隆抗体(MAb),为牛传染性胸膜肺炎(CBPP)病原诊断的免疫学方法提供特异性抗体。本研究利用生物信息学技术分析了Mmm国内分离株Ben-1不同传代株的全基因组序列,选取M0071蛋白作为研究对象。将原核表达的可溶性重组蛋白M0071(rM0071)作为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过有限稀释法和间接ELISA方法筛选得到能稳定分泌抗rM0071蛋白的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。进一步制备单抗腹水并纯化,利用Western blot方法对该单抗进行特异性鉴定,同时测定其抗体效价和抗体亚类。随后利用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)评价该单抗对细胞感染Mmm的检测能力。结果表明成功获得1株单克隆细胞株3C4A1,将其分泌抗体命名为MAb 3C4A1。特异性结果表明,MAb 3C4A1能与Mmm的分离株和标准株发生特异性反应,而不与山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种、丝状支原体山羊亚种、牛鼻支原体、无乳支原体、牛支原体、leachii支原体和牛A型巴氏杆菌等发生反应。抗体亚类鉴定MAb 3C4A1属于IgG1亚类、轻链为κ链。经间接ELISA测定其抗体效价为1∶256 000。IFA试验结果表明,MAb 3C4A1仅与感染EBL细胞的Mmm发生绿色荧光反应,而与牛鼻支原体、无乳支原体、牛支原体感染的细胞不发生荧光反应,特异性良好。本研究制备的MAb 3C4A1具有良好的特异性和免疫反应性,可作为CBPP病原免疫学诊断的工具,为进一步研制CBPP病原鉴别诊断试剂盒提供了基础材料。     

广西山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原的二重PCR快速诊断方法的建立

根据绵羊肺炎支原体标准株Y98和丝状支原体山羊亚种标准株PG3的16S rRNA两端的保守区序列设计了2对引物,建立了广西山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原的二重PCR快速检测方法.试验结果显示,所建立的二重PCR能特异地扩增绵羊肺炎支原体和丝状支原体山羊亚种的基因片段,其敏感性可达lPg,,用建立的二重PCR检测了20份临床病例肺组织,检出率为70%(14/20),其中6份扩增出丝状支原体山羊亚种的基因片段,10份扩增出绵羊肺炎支原体的基因片段,有2份同时扩增出两种支原体的基因片段.培养法检出率为40%(8/20),而这8份病料均为PCR阳性.     

应用双重PCR方法检测羊支原体肺炎病原

通过对丝状支原体山羊亚种(M.mycoides subsp.capri,Mmc)特异性引物MmcF/MmcR和绵羊肺炎支原体(M.ovipneumontiae,Mo)特异性引物LmF/LmR退火温度、引物浓度比例等条件的选择,建立了一个可以同时检测Mmc和Mo的双重PCR方法。该方法可同时扩增出Mmc 195 bp和Mo 361 bp目的片段,但对其他病原菌不能扩增出任何条带,具有良好的特异性。敏感性试验表明,该方法能够分别检测出0.1ng的Mmc DNA和0.01 ng的Mo DNA,或同时检测出1ng Mmc和1ng Mo混合的DNA。用该双重PCR方法可对实验室保存的4株绵羊肺炎支原体和2株丝状支原体山羊亚种进行准确鉴定,并可从临床病料中检测出相应支原体,表明建立的双重PCR方法可用于Mmc和Mo的快速鉴定、实验室诊断和病原学调查。     

丝状支原体簇及绵羊肺炎支原体双重PCR方法的建立及应用

为了快速检测和鉴别丝状支原体和绵羊肺炎支原体,试验采用2对检测丝状支原体和绵羊肺炎支原体的特异性引物,成功建立了一种能同时检测丝状支原体和绵羊肺炎支原体的双重PCR方法.结果表明:该方法特异性强、敏感性高,对临床病料的检测效果好.     

应用多重套式PCR检测鸡毒支原体和鸡滑液囊支原体

根据已发表的鸡毒和鸡滑液支原体血凝素基因序列pMGA和vlhA各设计两对引物,建立鉴别诊断两种支原体的多重套式PCR方法,对其进行温度条件、Ⅱ步模板浓度优化及特异性、敏感性实验。该方法在两步PCR后能特异性地扩增出MG(408 bp)和MS(688 bp)两个目的片段。应用于临床样品检测,与支原体分离、SPA检测比较结果PCR灵敏度高于病原分离。     

Assessment of PCR for routine identification of species of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in ruminants

DNA amplification techniques offer considerable promise for the identification of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster members. They avoid antigenic cross-reactivity and variability that hamper serological methods. Many sets of primers, specific of these different members and of Mycoplasma putrefaciens, have been proposed. To assess the reliability of some of these PCR tests in routine laboratory diagnostic use, 230 field strains supposed to belong to this group were simultaneously identified by PCR and an antigenic method. The results were well correlated to antigenic identification for M. putrefaciens, but PCR failed to identify respectively 74% and 52% of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony type and M. capricolum subsp. capricolum strains. Any identification of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony type must be confirmed by two different tests. Difficulties in defining the M. species bovine serogroup 7 were also encountered with both the PCR and immunological methods. The occurrence of putative variable antigen(s) on the mycoplasma surface may explain part of the identification difficulties encountered with the immunological methods.     

Development of real-time diagnostic assays specific for Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides Small Colony

Rapid and specific detection of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (M. mycoides SC) is important for the effective control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Although the United States has been free of this disease for over 100 years, it is necessary to develop modern diagnostic assays that are sensitive and specific for biological agents that would affect the US agricultural industry following accidental or intentional introduction into the US agricultural population. With this aim in mind, we have identified M. mycoides SC-specific genetic loci and developed TaqMan-based PCR assays for the detection of M. mycoides SC. The TaqMan assay allows for real-time detection of specific, amplified PCR products using portable equipment, enabling testing to be performed in the field. These assays are specific for M. mycoides SC, failing to amplify DNA from other organisms belonging to the M. mycoides cluster or two phylogenetically unrelated bovine mycoplasma species. Standard curves were drawn based on the linear relationships measured between the threshold fluorescence (C(T)) values and a measured quantity of genomic DNA. M. mycoides SC was successfully detected in bronchoalveolar lavage samples obtained from experimentally infected cattle. These TaqMan-based real-time PCR assays will allow for the rapid and specific detection of M. mycoides SC.     

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC can be grouped into a single subspecies

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC can be combined into one taxon on the basis of several contributions on both DNA sequence and protein analyses reported in the literature. Moreover, for the differentiation and identification of mycoplasmas of the "mycoides cluster", we investigated the rpoB gene, encoding the beta-subunit of the RNA polymerase. A segment of 527 bp of the rpoB gene was amplified from 31 strains of ruminant mycoplasmas by PCR. The nucleotide sequences were determined and aligned, and accurate genetic relationships were calculated. Cluster analysis of rpoB DNA allowed species differentiation within the "mycoides cluster" and confirmed that M. mycoides subsp. capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC cannot be distinguished from each other. "Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri" is proposed as a common name for both subspecies.     

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC identification by PCR in sperm of seminal vesiculitis-affected bulls.

In this study, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis for the detection and identification of Mycoplasma, we investigated mycoplasmas contaminating the semen of yearling bulls affected by seminal vesiculitis. The bulls presented neither subclinical nor clinical contagious bovine pleuropneumonia signs and the complement fixation test for specific antibodies was negative. Furthermore, we have investigated mycoplasmas isolated from semen of healthy breeding bulls of several breeds and origins, which routinely underwent breeding soundness examinations and presented no clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis. We were able to demonstrate mycoplasma infection in all tested samples by i) growth on mycoplasma-specific media and ii) a PCR-based method using a mycoplasma-specific MGSO/GPO1 primer set to amplify the 16S fragment rDNA. In addition, the identification of Mycoplasma species was made by PCR using the MSC1/MSC2 primer set that specifically amplifies M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC or the MM450/MM451 primer set followed by AsnI digestion analysis in order to identify M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC. The data presented herein clearly show that M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC infection was associated with seminal vesiculitis while M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC was only found in bull semen from healthy control animals. Our findings confirm that the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC is shed in the sperm making the ejaculate a valuable biological sample for the isolation of these bacteria from serologically negative animals. Although the pathogenic role of M. bovigenitalium in bull seminal vesiculitis has been established, our clinical findings, semen characteristics, microbiological and bacterial genomic analysis strongly suggest that M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC may contribute to induce vesicular adenitis in the bull.     

丝状支原体山羊亚种最佳培养基的筛选

在不同条件下对丝状支原体山羊亚种进行培养,通过PPLO精氨酸培养基、牛心汤培养基、MEM-KM2培养基以及不同种类动物血清和同一动物不同浓度血清,从生长滴度、生长速度、培养基来源、造价各个方面的比较试验,结果显示,加100 mL/L马血清的MEM-KM2培养基更适合于丝状支原体山羊亚种的培养,它的生长滴度可达109,所需时间只为5 d,并且配置方便,价格合理。这一结果为丝状支原体山羊亚种抗原的大批量生产奠定了良好的基础。     

Mycoplasmas isolated from the respiratory tract of cattle and goats in Tanzania

A microbiological study of the mycoplasma flora in the respiratory tracts of cattle and goats in selected regions of Tanzania is described. In the examination of cattle, mycoplasmas were isolated from 60 (17.8%) of the 338 examined lung samples, 8 (47.1%) of the 17 lymph nodes, 4 (13.3%) of the 30 pleural fluid samples and 4 (3.9%) of the 103 nasal swabs examined. All the isolates were identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type except for one isolate from pleural fluid which was identified as Mycoplasma arginini. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type was isolated from samples originating from Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Morogoro and Shinyanga regions where outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia had been reported. In the examination of goats, mycoplasmas were isolated from 54 (34.0%) of the 159 examined lung samples, 41 (18.1%) of the 226 nasal swabs and 4 (40.0%) of the 10 pleural fluid samples. The species demonstrated were Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and M. Capricolum subsp. arginini. The isolation of M. capripneumoniae in the Coast and Morogoro regions confirmed the presence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the regions.     

丝状支原体丝状亚种SC型脂蛋白Q的N末端定点突变及表达载体的构建

根据已发表的丝状支原体丝状亚种SC型（MmmSC）LppQ基因序列设计引物，从MmmSC HVRIx株中扩增出了LppQN末端基因，并将其分别克隆到pUC18和pUC19上，利用一步重叠延伸PCR突变方法将其66位的TGA突变为TGG，经克隆与序列测定证实突变成功后，将已突变的LppQN末端基因插入原核表达载体pET32a的多克隆位点，成功地构建了LppQN末端基因原核表达载体pET32a-LppQ，为其下一步体外表达奠定了基础。     

Antigenic and genetic characterisation of lipoprotein lppC from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC

Lipoprotein lppC, an immunodominant antigen, and its corresponding gene lppC were characterised in Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (SC) type, the etiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). The lppC gene was found in the type strain of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC and in field strains isolated in Europe, Africa, and Australia, as well as in vaccine strains. Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of at least four copies of lppC in the genome of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, of which only one seems to be functional. Genes homologous to lppC have also been detected in closely related mycoplasmas such as M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony (LC) type and in M. sp. bovine group 7. lppC is encoded as a precursor with a consensus sequence for a prokaryotic signal peptidase II. The amino acid sequence of lppC and its precursor showed similarity to both LppB (at the N-terminal domain) and LppQ (at the C-terminal domain), two lipoproteins described previously in M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. The N-terminal domain of the mature lppC seems to be surface exposed. The C-terminal domain presented an integral membrane structure made up of five repeated units, rich in hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids, which may have pore forming potential in the mycoplasmal membrane. A recombinant peptide representing the N-terminal half of lppC was obtained following cloning in vector pETHIS-1 and expression in Escherichia coli hosts. The recombinant protein was used on immunoblots for serological analysis of sera from cattle that were naturally or experimentally infected with M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC.     

Use of an ELISA for differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae and M mycoides subspecies mycoides (LC) in naturally infected goat herds.

Contagious agalactia is an ovine and caprine mycoplasmosis which manifests as mastitis, arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis. Mycoplasma agalactiae is recognised as a causal agent but M mycoides subspecies mycoides (LC), and M capricolum may also be responsible for this syndrome in goats. The clinical signs are not pathognomonic; diagnostic procedures are based on isolation of the organism from diseased animals or by detection of seroconversion. An ELISA specific for M agalactiae and M m mycoides (LC) is described. The specificity of the antigens was demonstrated by immunoblotting and by ELISA using monospecific hyperimmune rabbit sera. A correlation of ELISA activity with other serological tests and isolation of mycoplasmas was carried out in two goat herds under field conditions. Results indicate the ability to detect subclinical mycoplasma infection and individual carrier goats on the basis of ELISA, a finding which will assist control procedures.