Regulation of lysine metabolism and endosperm protein synthesis by the opaque-5 and opaque-7 maize mutations

Two high lysine maize endosperm mutations, opaque-5 (o5) and opaque-7 (o7), were biochemically characterized for endosperm protein synthesis and lysine metabolism in immature seeds. Albumins, globulins, and glutelins, which have a high content of lysine, were shown to be increased in the mutants, whereas zeins, which contain trace concentrations of lysine, were reduced in relation to the wild-type lines B77xB79+ and B37+. These alterations in the storage protein fraction distribution possibly explain the increased concentration of lysine in the two mutants. Using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of mature grains, variable amounts of zein polypeptides were detected and considerable differences were noted between the four lines studied. The analysis of the enzymes involved in lysine metabolism indicated that both mutants have reduced lysine catabolism when compared to their respective wild types, thus allowing more lysine to be available for storage protein synthesis.     

提高玉米胚蛋白浸出率的工艺研究

研究了在稀碱条件下玉米胚蛋白的浸提工艺。通过中心组合设计及响应面分析(RSA),建立了预测蛋白质浸出率的数学模型,优化了蛋白质的浸提工艺。结果表明：在最佳浸提条件水料比11 mL/g、pH值8.7、温度46℃,浸提90 min,玉米胚蛋白浸出率可达58.46%。     

多菌种分步降解玉米秸秆生产蛋白饲料的工艺

研究了多菌种分步降解玉米秸秆产蛋白饲料的工艺条件,选用黄孢原毛平革菌固体发酵去除部分木质素,接入木霉菌进一步降解木质纤维素,加入酵母发酵产蛋白饲料。木霉菌最佳接种时间为第10 天,经12 d的共发酵,按秸秆与麸皮配比3.0∶1加入麸皮、酵母接种量8%、固液比1∶3.0、硫酸铵用量2.5%,继续共发酵72 h,粗蛋白质量分数可达25.3%。结果表明,多菌种分步降解产蛋白饲料工艺为玉米秸秆生物利用提供了一种新途径。     

喷射蒸煮技术在制备易消化玉米浓缩蛋白中的应用

为了提供一种具有良好消化性的玉米蛋白,该研究以玉米黄粉(corn gluten meal,CGM)为原料,利用亚临界脱脂及酶解超滤技术制备了一种蛋白纯度较高的玉米浓缩蛋白(corn protein concentrates,CPC),并重点考察了制备过程中喷射蒸煮对玉米浓缩蛋白功能性质及消化性的影响。研究结果表明,经喷射蒸煮处理后的玉米浓缩蛋白(jet cooking corn protein concentrates,JC-CPC),普通高温处理的玉米浓缩蛋白(heat treatment corn protein concentrates,HT-CPC)以及未经高温处理的玉米浓缩蛋白(CPC),三者在蛋白质质量分数及氨基酸组成上无明显差异(P0.05)。但JC-CPC的溶解性及功能性质(持水性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性)均显著高于CPC和HT-CPC(P0.05)。体外模拟消化试验结果表明,JC-CPC的水解度(24.02%±0.49%)明显高于CPC和HT-CPC(分别为9.23%±0.45%和14.52%±1.26%)(P0.05),其可溶性氮释放量(62.05%±0.75%)亦高于HT-CPC(40.25%±0.19%)、JC-CPC(21.02%±0.72%)(P0.05)。同时,JC-CPC消化产物的抗氧化试验结果表明,其消化产物具有较高的还原力及1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基的清除能力。因此,利用喷射蒸煮技术,结合亚临界及超滤除杂技术能够为食品工业提供一种具有良好消化性的玉米浓缩蛋白,有望为玉米黄粉的利用提供一条有效途径。     

4YQK-2型茎秆青贮打捆玉米收获机的设计

为提高玉米茎秆青贮作业效率、减少作业环节和人工消耗,在现有玉米收获和茎秆青贮机械化技术的基础上,对相应工作单元进行了改进设计和优化组合,开发了4YQK-2型茎秆青贮打捆玉米收获机。它主要由穗茎兼收割台、碎茎秆抛送器、打捆装置、喂料与送绳控制系统等组成,能够同时完成玉米果穗的收获,茎秆收集、切碎、输送、打捆等多项作业,实现了功能集成和运动相位的准确耦合。穗茎兼收割台采用纵向切刀,切碎并抛送茎秆,利用二级搅龙输运碎茎秆,结构简单;喂料与送绳控制系统采用机电一体化技术,可完成对打捆装置喂料与送绳过程的自动控制。试验表明：该收获机工作安全可靠,茎秆切碎、破节及打捆效果理想,能够满足玉米茎秆青贮工艺的要求。     

Influence of lactic acid on the solubilization of protein during corn steeping

The role of lactic acid (LA) in corn wet-mill steeping is not well understood. Because LA is known to improve wet-milling starch yields and steepwater contains a large amount of proteinaceous material, one of the effects of LA in steeping may be to help break down the endosperm protein matrix. Protein solubilization was studied for four different steeping solutions containing LA, sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), a combination of LA and SO(2), or no added chemicals at temperatures between 44 and 60 degrees C with steep times of up to 48 h. The accumulation of proteinaceous material in steepwater with time was sigmoidal regardless of the steeping chemicals or temperature. The initial slow rate of solubilization appeared to be due to incomplete kernel hydration. Significantly greater amounts of protein were released in the presence of LA than in its absence, with the greatest amounts found when steeping was performed with both LA and SO(2). The increase of proteinaceous material in steepwater containing LA was not due to low pH, because steeping solutions containing other organic and inorganic acids did not increase steepwater protein. The effect of LA concentration was also studied. In the absence of SO(2), higher concentrations of LA resulted in higher steepwater protein concentrations. The opposite trend was observed in the presence of SO(2). Similar steepwater protein concentrations were obtained with DL-lactic acid and L-lactic acid, indicating that the additional protein release was not sensitive to isomeric effects.     

玉米全生长期叶面积指数收获测量法的改进

农作物全生长期冠层表现不同的结构,常规的叶面积指数测量仪器不能适用于全生长期的叶面积指数测量,提出改进的收获测量法可进行玉米全生长期叶面积指数的测量,并且测量结果也具有可比性,该法在减少常规直接测量法工作量的同时也减少了对玉米的破坏。通过对比不同生长期单株样本叶面积计算的两种方法,得出二元二次回归法比常规的形状因子法计算精度高的结论。同时,分析不同生长期玉米秆所占总面积比例的规律,得出进行叶面积指数的准确测量,玉米秆的表面积必须进行准确考虑。该研究可为同类作物叶面积指数测量提供参考,可以有效推动叶面积指数的准确快速测量及遥感反演的验证工作。     

蛋白质合成抑制剂对萌发玉米超弱光子辐射的影响

为了揭示种子萌发过程中超弱光子辐射机理,分别采用蛋白质合成的转录抑制剂放线菌素D(actinomyin D,AMD)和翻译抑制剂环己亚胺酮(cycloheximide,CHM)处理萌发玉米种子,研究了玉米萌发过程中鲜质量的变化以及自发光子辐射和外界光诱导的延迟光子辐射的变化。结果表明,50μg/m L的AMD部分抑制了萌发玉米鲜质量的增长,100μg/m L的CHM完全抑制了萌发玉米鲜质量的增长,萌发玉米自发光子辐射强度的增长与种子鲜质量的增长呈现正相关(相关系数r分别为0.95492、0.93218和0.96235)。研究还发现,在玉米萌发过程中,AMD和CHM对延迟光子辐射的增长有不同的抑制作用,CHM部分抑制了延迟光子辐射的初始光子数、相干时间和积分强度的增大,AMD则使初始光子数、相干时间和积分强度不再增加。研究结果为揭示种子萌发过程中超弱光子辐射的机理及其技术开发提供参考。     

Isolation, purification, and identification of protein associated with corn fiber gum

Corn fiber gum (CFG), an alkaline hydrogen peroxide extract of the corn kernel milling byproduct "corn fiber", is a proteinaceous arabinoxylan with protein content ranging from ca. 2 to 9% by weight for CFG samples isolated from different corn milling fiber sources. Several studies have suggested that protein associated with CFG could be partly responsible for its excellent emulsifying properties in oil-in-water emulsion systems. Nevertheless, the composition and identity of the protein component has never been determined. In the present study, CFG was deglycosylated by treating with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and the resulting proteins were purified by passage through C18 solid phase extraction cartridges. The proteins were then separated and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein band from the gel was treated with a proteolytic enzyme, chymotrypsin, and the resulting peptides were cleaned using C18 Zip Tip pipet tips and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with automated tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The partial sequences derived from the mass spectrometry analyses of the resulting chymotryptic peptides were found to be similar to the 22-kDa alpha-zein Z1 (az22z1) protein (a major storage protein in corn endosperm) when queried against the primary sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. This is the first report that this hydrophobic protein is associated with CFG and may explain why CFG is an excellent emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsion systems.     

酥化早餐玉米片加工技术的研究

早餐对于人体健康十分重要,酥化早餐玉米片是一种营养丰富的早餐食品。通过对物料配比和加工工艺的研究,结果表明：加工酥化早餐玉米片的适宜原料配方为80%玉米面粉+20%马铃薯淀粉+其他辅料,或者是90%玉米面粉+10%马铃薯磷酸酯变性淀粉+其他辅料;产品熟化和酥化可以采用远红外烘烤或微波炉烘制,半成品含水量控制在12%为宜。远红外烘烤适宜的烘烤温度为280℃,烘烤时间为8 min;微波炉烘制适宜的微波强度为720 W,烤制时间为9 min,用微波炉烘制,产品质量更好。     

Lipid oxidation in corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by casein,whey protein isolate,and soy protein isolate

Proteins can be used to produce cationic oil-in-water emulsion droplets at pH 3.0 that have high oxidative stability. This research investigated differences in the physical properties and oxidative stability of corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by casein, whey protein isolate (WPI), or soy protein isolate (SPI) at pH 3.0. Emulsions were prepared with 5% corn oil and 0.2-1.5% protein. Physically stable, monomodal emulsions were prepared with 1.5% casein, 1.0 or 1.5% SPI, and > or =0.5% WPI. The oxidative stability of the different protein-stabilized emulsions was in the order of casein > WPI > SPI as determined by monitoring both lipid hydroperoxide and headspace hexanal formation. The degree of positive charge on the protein-stabilized emulsion droplets was not the only factor involved in the inhibition of lipid oxidation because the charge of the emulsion droplets (WPI > casein > or = SPI) did not parallel oxidative stability. Other potential reasons for differences in oxidative stability of the protein-stabilized emulsions include differences in interfacial film thickness, protein chelating properties, and differences in free radical scavenging amino acids. This research shows that differences can be seen in the oxidative stability of protein-stabilized emulsions; however, further research is needed to determine the mechanisms for these differences.     

NaOH和H2O2预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧消化的影响

为提高秸秆厌氧消化的产气量及产气效率,采用NaOH和H2O2对玉米秸秆进行预处理,考察了不同浓度组合预处理对秸秆成分、厌氧消化性能的影响.试验结果表明,2％NaOH+3％H2O2预处理的处理效果最佳,与未经预处理的效果相比,总产气量提高了9.89％,消化时间缩短了14d,TS和VS降解率分别提高15.23％和17.85％.NaOH和H2O2联合试剂对秸秆进行预处理可以有效提高厌氧消化效率.     

Mitigation options for N2O emission from a corn field in Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract

Field experiments were designed to quantify N₂O emissions from corn fields after the application of different types of nitrogen fertilizers. Plots were established in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, and given either urea (200 kg ha^?1), urea (170 kg ha^?1) + dicyandiamide ([DCD] 20 kg ha^?1) or controlled-release fertilizer LP-30 (214 kg ha^?1) prior to the plantation of corn seeds (variety BISI 2). Each fertilizer treatment was equivalent to 90 kg N ha^?1. Plots without chemical N fertilizer were also prepared as a control. The field was designed to have three replicates for each treatment with a randomized block design. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at 4, 8, 12, 21, 31, 41, 51, 72 and 92 days after fertilizer application (DAFA). Total N₂O emission was the highest from the urea plots, followed by the LP-30 plots. The emissions from the urea + DCD plots did not differ from those from the control plots. The N₂O emission from the urea + DCD plots was approximately one thirtieth of that from the urea treatment. However, fertilizer type had no effect on grain yield. Thus, the use of urea + DCD is considered to be the best mitigation option among the tested fertilizer applications for N₂O emission from corn fields in Kalimantan, Indonesia.     

A graphical method for dating chicks using bivariate body measurements

Jones et al. (2005, J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat., 10, 306–320) developed a bivariate, nonlinear, mixed, growth curve model in order to estimate the ages of tern chicks from paired measurements of wing length and body weight. They found that age estimates obtained from a pair of measurements were much more precise than using either one alone. We present a graphical method for obtaining approximate answers to the same problem, but invoking fewer modeling assumptions. We obtain fiducial limits for dates by assessing whether pairs of measurements fall within confidence ellipses in the predicted morphological spaces of chicks of given ages. However, our conclusions differ markedly from those obtained by Jones et al.: we found that the precision of date estimates obtained using wing lengths alone were similar to those using both body measures. Supplemental materials including R-code and full illustration of the graphical method are available online.