多目标土地利用总体规划方法研究

土地资源是人类赖以生存的基础，是最基本的生产资料，其可持续利用是实现社会可持续发展的基础。为了促进土地资源可持续利用，提出多目标土地利用总体规划，并对其实现方法进行研究。多目标土地利用总体规划的方法由以下框架构成：土地资源数据库建立，土地多宜性评价，土地利用方式多目标优化，土地利用系统生态设计和土地利用布局。并以徐水县为例，用多目标线性规划模型优化用地结构，提出了三个规划方案，通过分析和比较，最终选择方案2为满意和推荐方案，并用生态学原理和土地多宜性评价结果对方案2所确定的土地利用方式进行整体空间布局，最终完成徐水县土地利用总体规划。     

耦合MOP与FLUS模型的杭州市土地利用格局优化及权衡分析

调整优化城市土地利用结构与布局,实现社会经济发展和生态保护的协同优化是城市土地利用规划管理和决策的关键。该研究使用多目标规划(multiple objective planning,MOP)模型和未来土地利用模拟(future land use simulation model,FLUS)模型相结合的方法,运用权衡分析制定多目标权衡下的土地利用优化配置情景方案,以期为杭州市土地利用优化配置规划和管理提供科学参考。结果表明:1)通过耦合MOP模型和FLUS模型,从土地利用生态-经济转化效率视角可以有效实现土地利用结构和布局的优化配置情景模拟。2)通过比较单位经济效益的减少比例可产生的生态效益增加比例,确定土地利用经济与生态效益权重比例为4:6的发展情景是权衡土地利用社会、经济和生态效益下的杭州市土地利用结构最优方案。3)最优土地利用结构方案的建设用地扩张规模介于经济发展优化和生态保护优先情景方案间,耕地规模较其他情景方案减少幅度放缓,在空间上减少对生态用地的侵占,土地利用景观格局破碎度和复杂性降低。该研究的方法和结果可为区域土地利用规划决策和可持续发展提供理论与应用参考。     

区域土地利用结构的碳效应评估及低碳优化

区域土地利用是引起碳排放的重要因素,土地利用结构优化能在一定程度改变土地利用的碳源/汇格局,并引导区域经济社会的低碳发展。基于线性规划方法,该文建立了区域土地利用碳效应综合评估及优化调控的方法,并以南京市为例,提出了3种土地利用低碳优化方案,并对其碳减排潜力进行了对比分析及蒙特卡洛模拟,最后提出了低碳土地利用优化的政策建议。结果发现,2020年南京市土地利用总体规划方案使区域的总碳蓄积量有所提升,但预期碳排放远远大于碳蓄积的增加值,同时也将会导致生态系统碳汇能力的降低;在3种优化方案中,基于碳排放最小化的土地利用结构优化方案比2020年规划方案的碳排放减少了73.75万 t,碳减排潜力为8.50%,表明该方案起到了较好的预期减排效果;因此,该文建议将基于碳排放最小化的土地利用结构优化方案作为南京市未来土地结构调整和产业规划的参考,该方案不仅有助于实现碳减排的目标,而且对于控制建设用地的过快增长、增加生产性土地面积、引导农地整理和居民点用地整理等土地利用规划和开发活动都具有重要的现实意义。     

土地资源配置的可拓目标规划模型及其应用初探

从不同角度生成各种决策方案,可为土地资源优化配置提供充分的信息和备选方案,也是实现土地资源优化配置的基础,但目前对如何生成决策方案这一问题却研究得较少。该文通过可拓工程与目标规划模型相结合,建立了从不同角度生成各种方案的可拓目标规划模型方法,并以山西省隰县试区为例,探讨了可拓目标规划模型的应用及其方案生成的方法。结果表明：土地资源配置的可拓目标规划模型及其规划方案生成的方法,可通过变换规划目标、约束条件、决策变量等途径来实现,该方法是从不同角度生成各种土地资源配置方案的较好方法。     

基于低碳经济导向的土地利用结构优化研究——以福建省福州市为例

[目的]研究基于低碳经济导向的福州市土地利用结构优化方案,为相关部门进行土地利用规划及其调整提供参考。[方法]采用灰色多目标线性规划法,建立目标函数,获得土地利用结构优化方案。[结果]通过与土地规划方案对比发现,中碳排放型的的优化方案最佳。在该方案下,预计到2020年福州市土地碳排放量达1.30×107 t,土地经济效益为7 701.24亿元,土地生态效益为785.33亿元。[结论]低碳经济导向的土地利用结构优化方案有利于该区域经济效益的发挥和生态环境的改善,实现碳减排目标。     

理想点法在土地利用规划方案评价中的应用

采用理想点法构造评价函数,求解评价函数的最优解作为规划方案的最优解,并以山西省土地利用规划方案评价为实例进行分析,探索土地利用规划方案评价的新方法。结果表明：理想点法能反映出规划方案间的细微差别,可对规划方案的优劣做出正确有效的评价,且评价结果可靠。该方法是土地利用规划方案评价的较好方法之一。     

微机系统在黄土高原小流域治理规划中的应用

在彩红外航片解译和补充调查土地利用现状及地块特性因子基础上,利用微机建立小流域土地资源数据库,进行土地资源的统计、检索和评价,并按线性规划的方法进行多方案、多目标的土地利用结构优化计算,采用CAD技术绘制规划图,使小流域综合治理规划工作系列化、程序化,从而提高了规划工作自动化程度、规划质量和速度,为小流域水土保持综合治理规划提供了一套科学、快速的方法。     

多级参数平衡法在土地利用规划中的应用

多级参数平衡法,是应用生态学与经济学的理论观点和系统思想方法,以生态、经济和社会三者效益的统一为目标,在规划范围内充分调查研究,收集资料,进行土地利用现状分析与土地资源评价。之后,按农业土地利用系统内部的结构与机能,把土地利用规划中的各种参数归纳成6级,依次逐级求算,多次平衡调整,并用线性规划技术优化求解。最后进行规划方案的综合评价,选择最佳的土地利用方案,提交实施。在实施过程中接受反馈信息,不断修正,最终实现目标。     

干旱区县域土地利用规划环境影响的生态安全评价——以张掖市甘州区为例

以干旱内陆河流域典型区域甘肃省张掖市甘州区为研究对象,通过构建土地利用规划环境影响评价的生态安全综合指数及其评价方法,并基于GIS对研究区进行了土地利用规划前后的环境影响评价。结果表明,土地利用规划方案实施后,研究区内没有生态极不安全区分布;甘州区平均生态安全指数为2.453,处于生态较安全等级;评价结果能反映土地利用规划方案环境影响的空间特征,便于识别空间差异和主导生态环境问题,说明构建的生态安全综合指数与评价方法是可行的。     

土地利用总体规划指标时空分配

土地利用总体规划的一个重要任务是定量、定时、定位地落实各种用地指标。为了合理确定土地利用规划总体目标以及阶段性目标,规划者不仅需要了解不同的社会经济发展方案对土地利用的不同需求及其时间变化特点,还需要了解其空间特征,以便定位地落实规划指标,实现土地利用优化配置。但已有研究中对土地利用规划指标时空分配的研究还较少,影响规划的编制和科学管理。该文以济南市长清区为研究对象,在借助系统动力学模型进行规划数量指标定量时间分配的基础上,利用GIS和CLUE-S模型,选择多个主控参数和影响因子进行试验研究,并定位地进行了多个方案的模拟,实现了规划指标分配时间模型和空间模型的融合并取得成功,提高了土地利用情景分析的可靠性,可为理解土地利用系统的复杂性和动态性提供帮助,并对土地利用总体规划编制辅助决策具有支撑作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.