正确处理保护野生动物与群众生产活动的矛盾

正确处理保护野生动物与群众生产活动的矛盾李玉铭（林业部保护司）近几年，随着野生动物保护的宣传教育和《野生动物保护法》的贯彻实施，群众的保护意识普遍有所提高，各地林业部门加强了对这项资源管理，制定了禁猎规定，一些地方野生动物资源状况有了很大的改善．但与...     

理性保护与科学利用动物资源——从SARS疫情谈动物保护

人类一方面要保护野生动物及其生存环境，另一方面，对野生动物相关产品的需求(如裘皮、肉类、滋补品等)却日益增加，同时，人类也不能为消费动物资源而牺牲自身的健康。缓解其中矛盾的唯一办法是开展合法健康的人工养殖，也就是理性保护与科学利用动物资源。     

野生动物保护与开发的关系研究

随着社会的不断发展进步,针对野生动物的保护工作愈加受到社会各界人士的关注。野生动物作为自然生态系统的有机组成部分,在实现社会经济可持续发展的过程中具有不可代替的重要位置。但是,在针对野生动物保护与开发利用之间是存在矛盾的,通过人工驯养繁殖等技术,不仅可以改善野生动物生存空间及环境,同时还能不断扩大野生动物规模,实现野生动物资源的合理可持续开发。本文就野生动物的保护与开发的关系进行分析阐述,望为相关工作人员提供借鉴经验。     

中国野生动物驯养与繁殖法律制度的缺陷与完善

野生动物驯养繁殖在世界野生动物资源保护中具有重要作用，有关野生动物驯养繁殖的法律制度也成为各国野生动物资源保护立法的主要内容。本文针对目前中国野生动物驯养繁殖的立法现状与存在问题，提出完善中国野生动物驯养繁殖的国内法对策，以推进中国野生动物资源保护立法的发展。     

传承精华 谱写新篇——《野生动物》杂志更名序

伴随着春天的脚步，《野生动物》杂志已经走进了第35个年头。今天，她以新的面孔呈现在广大读者面前——《野生动物学报》。 1978年2月，由原农林部林业局批准在东北林学院创办《野生动物保护与利用》杂志，创办人有董志勇、卿建华、肖前柱和我。1979年9月试刊，罗玉川部长亲自为杂志题写了刊名；1980年起在国内公开发行，季刊；1983年改为双月刊，并在国内外公开发行。同年，经原林业部及新闻出版部门批准，将《野生动物保护与利用》改名为《野生动物》，并将《野生动物》杂志定为我国野生动物保护管理方面唯一的国家级期刊。     

《野生动物保护法》缘何在这里苍白无力?

野生动物资源是宝贯的自然财富，对资源的利用与保护问题长期以来受到国家政府的高度重视；我国《野生动物保护法》自从1989年实施以来，至今已经有十多年的历史了。该法是我国野生动物保护事业走上法制化轨道的重要标志。十多年来，它在保护拯救珍贵濒危野生动物．合理利用野生动物资源，维护生态平衡方面发挥了重要作用．取得了显成就。     

外贸之窗

<正> 发展人工养狐业目前、国际上有些人兴起一股“反裘皮运动“,究其原因。主要是基于保护野生动物的情感.既要保护野生动物,又要穿着毛皮服装,解决这一矛盾的最好办法,就是大力发展毛皮动物养殖业.水貂     

对生灵的承诺──记中国工程院院士马建章教授

对生灵的承诺──记中国工程院院士马建章教授编者按：中国野生动物保护与利用的发展历史实际上是人与野生动物打交道的历史。在这个过程中，人是交道的主体。为了将野生动物保护事业中的名人（专家、教授、学者、工作人员）立体地展现在读者面前，系统介绍他们对野生动物...     

动物管理法规体系建设——评《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》

野生动物在保护过程当中面临的首要问题就是保护的原因,在某种程度上来说,保护野生动物就是保护人类,也可以说保护野生动物是由于动物自身利益,不同的回答代表了不同的看法。人类社会不仅仅是物质的,还充满了道德与制度规范,野生动物与人类共同构成了整个生存环境,有着重要的研究价值,保护野生动物就是保持生物多样性、保护自然。此次《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》的修订与更新主要包括三方面内容。     

北京建成中国最大的野生动物救护繁育中心

北京市野生动物救护繁育中心8日在顺义区落成并投入使用。这是迄今为止全国规模最大的野生动物救护繁育中心。这个新建成的中心位于北京市潮白河畔，占地总面积16公顷，建有野生动物医院381平方米、各类野生动物笼舍2000多平方米，具有野生动物救护、繁育、疫源疫病监测、科研教学、动物保护宣传教育和国内、国际交流与合作六大功能。这是国家林业局林业六大工程中“野生动物保护和自然保护区建设工程”的重点项目，     

Human–wildlife conflict and attitude of local people towards conservation of wildlife in Chebera Churchura National Park,Ethiopia

Human–wildlife conflict is a serious challenge undermining the integrity of protected areas in developing countries. Developing effective human–wildlife conflict mitigation strategies requires an understanding of the conflict patterns, species involved and attitudes of local people living along protected area boundaries. We hypothesised that (1) there was a high level of human–wildlife conflict and (2) the local people would have less favourable attitudes towards problematic wild animals. We assessed patterns of human–wildlife conflict and attitudes of local people along the boundary of Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia from 2012 to 2014. A total of 354 households were selected randomly for interview. A questionnaire survey, focus group discussions and direct field observations were carried out in the selected villages. The major types of human?wildlife conflict in the area include crop raiding, livestock predation, increased risk of livestock diseases and direct threats to human life. A majority of the respondents (68.1%) faced crop damage and domestic animal loss, 12.3% reported threat to humans and 0.3% reported that the wildlife might cause diseases. Close proximity of the villages to the park and seasons influenced livestock predation intensity with highest predation in the wet season (56.0%). To mitigate these problems, the local people utilised various traditional methods, including guarding. Most respondents had positive attitudes towards the conservation of wildlife. However, as the frequency of conflicts increased in the last five years, the attitudes of local people might change. Active measures are to be implemented to mitigate the problem and safeguard the future of the wildlife around the park. The park has enormous potential to benefit more local people by implementing a participatory management approach to conservation.     

New challenges facing traditional nature reserves: Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) conservation in China

Traditional conservation strategies can effectively preserve biodiversity within nature reserves, but may fail to mitigate the conflicts between rural development and wildlife conservation. This paper discusses the magnitude of the conflict and its development over time, focusing on elephant conservation and land resource management within and around nature reserves. We suggest that regulations alone can satisfy neither the demands to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services nor the demands to achieve human welfare. More innovative tools such as informed land‐use planning and integrated conservation development projects are called for to reduce the agricultural interface with elephant range, and therefore to alleviate the damage caused by the conflict.     

中国熊养殖及其资源保护

从1988年到现在,在野生动物及养熊场方面,已有1个法律、2个条例和至少5个以上的管理规章颁布实施,特别是1992年禁止对熊产品的进出口、1993年《猎枪和弹药工具的管理规定》以及《熊养殖管理技术暂行规定》的出台对养熊业和其资源保护产生了较大的影响;在法律法规执行方面、养熊场和野生动物及其产品贸易控制方面,政府管理部门采取了多项行动。从调查数据和野生动物肇事问题的增多方面可以看出黑熊野生种群数量在上升：通过关闭不符合国家相关规定如卫生条件、健康、技术和活动场所的养熊场等管理措施,使黑熊养殖场由原来的480家降到了现在的68家;活熊取胆技术也得到了较大改进,原来的导管式、铁背心引流技术已被现在的无管引流技术所取代,过去较小的笼养方式现在也得到了较大改善成为较大活动空间的养殖等。经过十多年的努力,熊养殖及其资源保护的进步趋势已经明显表现出来。尽管如此,野生黑熊在较多地区损害庄稼、伤人甚至导致人死亡的事件经常发生。政府管理部门面临着越来越多的动物肇事补偿问题,特别是,作为123种药品的生产原料并涉及到183家制药企业的熊胆粉供给问题。     

天然林保护与野生动物的相互关系之初步探讨

天然林资源有重要的生态效益,也是众多野生动物的生境。天然林保护与野生动物既相互促进又相互制约。不同的天然林保护方案对野生动物的影响不同,而野生动物对天然林保护有生态方面的作用和管理上的指导意义。天然林保护方案的制定要考虑野生动物的生境需求。     

Wildlife Conservation on the Rangelands of Eastern and Southern Africa: Past,Present, and Future

Our objective was to assess the status of the large native rangeland mammals in the eastern and southern African countries focusing on conservation strategies that will benefit the animals, their rangeland habitats, and the people who live in this region. Eastern and southern African rangelands are renowned for supporting a globally unique diversity and abundance of large mammals. This wildlife legacy is threatened by changing demographics, increased poaching, habitat fragmentation, and global warming, but there are reasons for optimism. After sharp declines from 1970 to 1990 across Africa, wildlife populations in some countries have subsequently increased due to incentives involving sport hunting and ecotourism. National parks and protected areas, which have been critically important in maintaining African wildlife populations, are being increased and better protected. Over the past 50 years, the number of parks has been doubled and the areas of several parks have been expanded. The major problem is that no more than 20% of the national parks and reserves set aside for wildlife are adequately protected from poaching. The southern African countries where wildlife has recently thrived have robust hunting and ecotourism programs, which economically benefit private landowners. Considerable research shows rural communities dependent on rangelands can be incentivized to participate in large mammal conservation programs if they can economically benefit from wildlife tourism, sport hunting, and the legal sale of animal by-products. Community-based wildlife conservation programs can be economically and ecologically effective in sustaining and enhancing African wildlife biodiversity, including rhinos, elephants, and lions. Low-input ranching wild ungulates for meat and hunting may be an economically viable alternative to traditional range livestock production systems in some areas. However, in many situations, common-use grazing of livestock and wildlife will give the most efficient use of rangeland forages and landscapes while diversifying income and lowering risk.     

全国野生动物保护科普的实践与建议

介绍近年中国野生动物保护协会采取多种形式在全国开展野生动物保护科普宣传教育,提高民众的科学素质和野生动物保护意识的实践,并提出今后全国野生动物保护应重点要围绕人与自然和谐,野生动物保护法律法规,社会热点问题以及建设社会主义新农村等方面开展科普教育的建议。     

Toward a model for local stakeholder participation in landscape-level wildlife conservation

The conservation community is increasingly taking a landscape-level approach to wildlife conservation. This approach faces obstacles, including how to ensure transboundary wildlife conservation goals that can be realized through local management actions, and how and when to engage local stakeholders in landscape conservation planning processes. Currently, local stakeholder participation is not institutionalized within these processes. This paper examines the potential role of local stakeholders in landscape conservation. In this paper, we present a preliminary model of cross-level coordination that could facilitate development and implementation of conservation across social–ecological landscapes, highlighting the possible contributions of local stakeholders. The feasibility of this model is contingent on addressing a range of challenges associated with local stakeholder participation in extra-local conservation decisions. Ultimately, we present suggestions for future research examining the potential for a locally inclusive, participatory approach to wildlife conservation across complex landscapes.     

Applying Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to Wildlife Management

Wildlife management increasingly incorporates public participation to be more inclusive and reduce tensions between management and the general public in the decision-making process. There is also a need, however, to include spatial data since most wildlife biological and biophysical data are stored spatially in geographic information systems (GIS). This article presents a method for integrating this information using public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS). We asked stakeholders to identify specific places on a map that they would like to see maintained for the conservation of particular threatened species. This information is useful for identifying public wildlife management preferences and for allowing comparisons between public and expert opinions. We found high levels of public accuracy in identifying suitable habitat for threatened species conservation. We also identified places of potential conflict due to incompatible stakeholder preferences, but found little conflict between public conservation and development preferences.     

从猎杀到保护:美国历史上的野生动物

征服自然的思想在美国一直占主流,自然资源的开发是美国繁荣的基础。野生动物的猎杀是美国历史中的重要一幕,并产生了深远的影响。19世纪末20世纪初出现的动物保护活动是对滥杀动物所造成的恶果的反省,此后,社会对野生动物的态度有所转变,但动物保护仍面临严峻挑战。本文介绍美国历史中野生动物被猎杀的过程,提出一些值得思考的问题,如美国野生动物保护的局限性、野生动物猎杀与工厂化动物饲养的关系,以及伦理学在动物保护中的重要性。