海水环境中Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对张氏马尾藻幼孢子体的生物毒性研究

研究了含不同浓度汞离子(Hg~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))、铅离子(Pb~(2+))的自然海水对张氏马尾藻(Sargassum zhangii Tseng et Lu)幼孢子体的生物毒性。单因子实验结果表明,当海水中Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的浓度范围分别为0.04~1μmol·L-1、0.04~25μmol·L-1和0.04~25μmol·L-1时,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对幼孢子体的生物毒性均随离子浓度的升高而显著增强,且随胁迫时间延长而累积;3种重金属离子对幼孢子体的生物毒性大小顺序为Hg~(2+)Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)。正交实验结果表明,当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)分别以浓度0.08μmol·L-1、2.8μmol·L-1、3μmol·L-1共存时,对幼孢子体的毒性最强;当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)同时处于低浓度水平时,Pb~(2+)对幼孢子体的生长产生主导抑制效应,Cd~(2+)其次;相反,当各重金属离子同时处于高浓度水平时,Hg~(2+)对幼孢子体的生长产生主导抑制效应,Cd~(2+)其次;当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)联合作用时,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)呈现协同效应,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对Pb~(2+)产生拮抗效应。建议在张氏马尾藻育苗过程中将海水中的Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)浓度严格控制在0.04μmol·L-1以下,尤其要避免3种重金属离子的联合毒害。     

Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合呼吸作用和生化组成的影响

研究了不同浓度Fe~(3+)对鼠尾藻光合作用、呼吸作用和体内不同生化组成的影响。结果表明,不同的Fe~(3+)浓度对鼠尾藻真光合速率和呼吸速率均有显著的影响,在0.04 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的光合作用能力达到最强,而0.06 mg/L的Fe~(3+)浓度下鼠尾藻的呼吸作用达到最高;不同Fe~(3+)浓度下,鼠尾藻体内叶绿素a浓度和类胡萝卜素浓度变化显著,可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量变化不显著。     

铁离子对固定化和游离态硝化细菌活性的影响

采用聚乙二醇—海藻酸钠—氯化钙方法包埋淡水型和海水型硝化细菌,比较分析铁离子对固定化和游离态硝化细菌中氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性的影响。结果表明,Fe~(3+)对游离态硝化细菌的影响大于固定化硝化细菌,当Fe~(3+)浓度为1mg·L~(-1)时固定化淡水硝化细菌氨氧化活性最高,游离态淡水型氨氧化活性受Fe~(3+)影响较大,120h后明显降低,但对亚硝酸盐氧化活性影响均较小。在不同Fe~(3+)浓度条件下,固定化海水硝化细菌氨氧化活性和亚硝酸盐氧化活性与不加Fe~(3+)组基本相同,而游离态海水型氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化活性均随Fe~(3+)浓度增大而略有降低。     

紫色土吸附Cu2+、Zn2+对水体中土壤颗粒凝聚沉降的影响

研究中性紫色土表面吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)后对其在水体中凝聚沉降的影响,为重金属离子释放对三峡库区水-土界面生态系统造成的风险提供数据参考。2014年10月,采集西南大学桑园的中性紫色土表层土壤,以Cu-(NO_3)_2和Zn(NO_3)_2配制重金属离子,进行Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对中性紫色土凝聚沉降实验、测定中性紫色土颗粒吸附Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)后zeta电位值。研究结果表明:(1)中性紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)后水体中土壤颗粒含量随时间不断减小,并且呈先快速后缓慢减小的规律,在不同浓度条件下土壤颗粒含量变化规律表现差异较大,其临界浓度分别为0.3~0.5和0.5~0.7 mmol/L。(2)水体中中性紫色土颗粒平均沉降速率均随Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)浓度升高而增大,分别从1.01 cm/min增加到2.92和2.58 cm/min,表现为Cu~(2+)Zn~(2+);过程分为3个阶段:缓慢增加,快速增加和基本不变,平均沉降速率随浓度变化临界范围分别为0.3~0.5和0.5~0.7 mmol/L。(3)水体中中性紫色土颗粒zeta电位绝对值随Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)浓度升高而变小,同时表现为Ca~(2+)Zn~(2+)Cu~(2+),土壤颗粒吸附Ca~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)后zeta电位绝对值随浓度变化临界浓度范围分别为0.8、0.3~0.5和0.5~0.7 mmol/L。重金属离子吸附在中性紫色土表面减小zeta电位值和静电斥力,加速土壤颗粒凝聚沉降过程。     

重金属对罗氏沼虾血细胞活性和酯酶活力的影响

为探讨不同重金属对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)血细胞的细胞毒性,取罗氏沼虾血淋巴,离体状态下分别暴露于不同浓度(10~(-9)~10~(-3) mol/L)的Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)环境中6 h,设置不添加重金属的对照组,应用流式细胞术测定细胞活性和胞内非特异性酯酶活力。结果显示,10~(-9)~10~(-6) mol/L的Cd~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Cd~(2+)浓度达到10~(-5) mol/L时,酯酶活力受到了显著的抑制,Cd~(2+)浓度达到10~(-4)和10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-6) mol/L的Hg~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Hg~(2+)浓度为10~(-5)~10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-5) mol/L的Cu~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Cu~(2+)浓度为10~(-4)~10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-5) mol/L的Zn~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Zn~(2+)浓度为10~(-4) mol/L时,酯酶活力显著下降,Zn~(2+)浓度为10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降。Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对细胞活性的毒性临界浓度分别为10~(-4) mol/L、10~(-5) mol/L、10~(-4) mol/L和10~(-3) mol/L,毒性强度由高到低依次为Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)。Cd、Hg、Cu和Zn这4种重金属对罗氏沼虾血细胞活性和酯酶活力均具有明显的剂量效应;酯酶活力对重金属胁迫较细胞活性更为敏感,可作为虾类细胞毒理学研究的重要指标。     

海水中的常见元素对总氮测定的影响

选取海水中常见元素作为研究对象,考察它们对海水中总氮(TN)测定(紫外分光光度法)的影响情况。研究结果表明:1)所选取的常见元素中HCO_3~-、Br~-、Fe~(3+)、Cr~(6+)对测定有影响;2)ρHCO_3~-在0.142~1g/L范围内,HCO_3~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随HCO_3~-离子浓度的增加先减小后增大;3)ρBr~-在0.067 4~0.3g/L范围内,Br~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加而减小;4)ρFe~(3+)在0.512 5~2.05g/L范围内,Fe~(3+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加先增大后减小;5)ρCr~(6+)在0.52~2.08g/L范围内,Cr~(6+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随Cr~(6+)离子浓度的增加先减小后增大。实验结果为消除海水中总氮测定的干扰因素提供了参考。     

滇池主要入湖河流水化学特征及其环境意义

为了给滇池流域水污染治理及水环境修复提供理论依据,选取滇池4条主要入湖河流(盘龙江、宝象河、柴河、捞渔河)为研究对象,同时采集农田排污口5个、城市排污口5个、雨水3个共计13个水样,按照河流流经区的不同土地类型,共布设28个样点,对其水化学特征进行了系统调查,并结合流域土地利用类型,探讨了流域水化学特征对环境的指示意义。结果表明,滇池流域4条主要入湖河流的pH值为6.50～7.77,均值为7.03;电导率(EC)为6.3～85.0 mS/m,均值为33.0 mS/m;总溶解固体(TDS)为40～540 mg/L,均值为210 mg/L,空间上均表现出沿河流自上游向下游递增的趋势;4条主要入湖河水中阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,占主要阳离子的65%,阴离子则以HCO~-_3为主,占主要阴离子的84%,入湖河流的水化学类型为HCO~-_3-Ca~(2+)型;河道径流主要离子浓度均表现为自上游向下游增加的趋势。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HCO~-_3主要指示了研究区地质条件对水环境的作用,K~+、NO~-_3、SO■主要指示了农业活动对水环境的影响,Na~+、Cl~-主要指示城市生活污水排放对水环境的影响。     

铈对镉染毒泥鳅肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响

将泥鳅随机分为空白对照组;低(0.025 mg/L)、中(0.25 mg/L)、高(2.5 mg/L)剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组;低(0.025 mg/L)、中(0.25 mg/L)、高(2.5 mg/L)剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组;低(0.025 mg/L Cd~(2+)+0.025 Ce~(3+))、中(0.25 mg/L Cd~(2+)+0.25 mg/L Ce~(3+))、高(2.5 mg/L Cd~(2+)+2.5 mg/L Ce~(3+))剂量联合染毒组,每组60尾.分别于第1、2、3、5、7、10 d测定肝脏中SOD和POD的活性.结果表明:低剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),中剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD活性前3 d高于对照组,自5 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),高剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD活性前2 d显著高于对照组,从第3 d开始显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),中、高剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组POD活性前5 d高于对照组,从第7 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);低剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);中剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD活性前7 d高于对照组,第10 d开始低于对照组,中剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组POD活性始终高于对照组(P＜0.05);高剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD活性前2 d高于对照组,从第5 d开始低于对照组,高剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组POD活性前2 d高于对照组,从第3 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).低、中剂量联合染毒量组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组,高剂量联合染毒组SOD、POD活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.01). Ce~(3+)在低质量浓度下可以提高泥鳅体内SOD、POD活性,高质量浓度下则抑制SOD、POD活性.     

四种重金属暴露对青鳉呼吸行为的毒性效应

研究青鳉对不同重金属污染物的敏感性和响应阈值,为水体污染特别是重金属污染的早期预警监测提供定量基础。青鳉3月龄,体长(1.5±0.1) cm,体重(0.15±0.01) g;4种重金属为Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg。研究结果表明:青鳉对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的急性致死毒性大小为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Zn~(2+);Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率和呼吸强度先升高再降低(P0.01),呼吸参数与重金属浓度间呈现倒"U"型关系;Zn~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率、呼吸强度显著下降(P0.01);青鳉呼吸行为对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)4种重金属暴露的响应阈值和响应时间分别为0.15、0.95、0.15、0.045 mg/L和2 h 32 min、4 h 7.5 min、3 h 5.5 min、4 h 37 min,响应阈值与96 h LC_(50)的比值分别为0.43、0.19、0.33、0.77。青鳉对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)污染较为敏感,其呼吸参数可作为突发性水体重金属污染的生物监测指标。     

南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶的基础酶学性质研究及抑制剂的开发

本研究探讨了反应温度、pH、金属离子(Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+))对南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶活性的影响,研究了苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)、EDTA·2Na、碘乙酰胺(IAM)和甲苯磺酰–苯丙氨酸氯甲基酮(TPCK)对蛋白酶活性的抑制效果。结果显示,南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶的最适反应温度为40℃;最适反应pH值为8.0;当金属离子浓度为0.5 mmol/L时,Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)金属离子对蛋白酶酶活的抑制率分别为55.02%、55.02%、35.39%、20.67%和41.12%,而Ca~(2+)离子对蛋白酶活有明显的促进作用;PMSF和EDTA·2Na对蛋白酶酶活具有较为显著的抑制作用,PMSF的浓度为8.0 mmol/L时,抑制率为60%;EDTA·2Na浓度为0.6 mmol/L时,抑制率为86.67%;IAM在低浓度时有一定的抑制作用;TPCK低浓度时抑制效果不明显,浓度升高时有一定的抑制作用。在5~30℃的温度范围内,随着温度升高,EDTA·2Na对蛋白酶酶活的抑制效果逐渐增加。本研究阐明了影响南极磷虾粗酶液蛋白酶酶活的因素,开发了针对南极磷虾粗酶液中蛋白酶活性的抑制剂,为南极磷虾在食品领域的开发利用提供了基础理论数据。     

An explanation for the high resistance of incubating salmonid eggs to atmospheric gas supersaturation of water

Embryonic stages of development within the salmonid egg are more resistant to the effects of atmospheric gas supersaturation, compared with later stages following hatching. We show that the hydrostatic pressure maintained under the capsule (zona radiata) of the egg is sufficient to compensate for a substantial portion of the excess total gas pressure to which the egg may be exposed in supersaturated water. That is, total gas pressure thresholds for gas bubble trauma are raised above those applying to later developmental stages, following hatching, as a result of normal infracapsular pressure.     

罗曼蛋种鸡种蛋受精率孵化率和健雏率的相关性分析

通过对山东大蔡牧业集团有限公司种鸡场(2008年5月—2009年4月)孵化生产记录数据进行整理、归纳和汇总,对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率和健雏率3个指标进行相关统计分析,计算两两之间的相关系数,并建立回归方程。结果发现:种蛋受精率和受精蛋孵化率的相关系数r=0.9223(P<0.01);种蛋受精率和健雏率的相关系数r=0.4097(P<0.05);受精蛋孵化率和健雏率的相关系数为r=0.3980(P<0.05)。     

Influence of egg size on the growth,onset of feeding,point-of-no-return,and survival of unfed Oreochromis mossambicus fry

The variation in egg size within and between egg clutches of O. mossambicus, and the subsequent influence of mean egg size on growth, feeding incidence and survival of unfed fry were investigated.The individual egg sizes within 90% of the egg clutches examined were normally distributed and the coefficient of variation of egg size within clutches ranged from 7.4% to 15.4%. Fry emerging from the small, medium and large egg size groups reached their maximum length and weight at 9, 9 and 12 days after hatching, respectively. Maximum attainable fry length and weight were significantly correlated with egg size (r = 0.885 and 0.947, respectively, with P < 0.01).Egg size had little influence on the onset of feeding. Fry were capable of exogenous feeding within 6 to 7 days of hatching. Fry originating from small and medium egg size classes reached the point-of-no-return at 15–16 days after hatching compared to 21 days for fry from the large egg size class. The mean survival time (ST₅₀) of fry on their yolk reserves was significantly correlated (r = 0.923; P < 0.01) with their original mean egg weight and ranged from 9.5 days for fry hatching from 0.91-mg eggs to 21 days for fry from 1.93-mg eggs.     

Factors influencing the success of salmonid egg development in river substratum

Interstitial water conditions in the hyporheic zone of the stream bed are determinants of salmonid egg hatching success. We used standardised egg exposures to develop and validate discriminant analysis and generalised linear model models linking the hatching success of brown trout (Salmo trutta) with physicochemical factors of the interstitial zone (e.g., oxygen, specific conductance, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, pH and redox potential). Interstitial water quality was identified as a limiting factor for egg development (median of relative hatching rates = 0.23). Hatching success was unimodal in hatchery and field references incubated in free‐flowing water, but bimodal (very high or very low hatching success) in natural sediment exposures. The effects of physicochemical factors on the hatching success of Salmo trutta strongly depended on both the time and spatial scale analysed. The variables retained in the models differed between the macroscale (over all rivers), the river‐specific scale (within a river) and the microscale (at different sediment depths). Egg hatching success decreased with increased substratum depth (decrease of 26% in 150 mm compared with 50 mm). Increasingly more variable interstitial water conditions (e.g., oxygen) throughout the egg incubation period suggest progressive degradation rates in the stream substratum during the incubation period at the microscale level. Consequently, consideration of different spatial and temporal scales is necessary for the evaluation of habitat quality in salmonid conservation and catchment management plans.     

银白鱼人工繁殖受精卵附着介质筛选

为探索有利于银白鱼人工繁殖中的附着介质,提高孵化效率,选取4种受精卵附着介质(纱窗网、棕片、砾石、瓦片),开展了银白鱼人工繁殖试验,对不同产卵介质条件下银白鱼受精卵的孵化率、孵化时长进行了分析比较.结果表明,银白鱼人工繁殖受精率约为90％,采用4种介质的孵化率由高到低依次为:棕片(80％)、纱窗网(70％)、砾石(45...     

暗纹东方鲀卵子磷酸酶等生化指标分析与卵质评估

为了研究暗纹东方鲀卵子可发育能力与其生化指标的关系,用生化分析方法对暗纹东方鲀未受精卵子基本成分、磷酸酶活力、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活力、唾液酸(SA)、氨基酸含量进行分析,同时用GC-MS方法对脂肪酸组成及相对含量进行检测,并对各物质变化规律与其孵化率的相关性进行分析。结果显示,酸性磷酸酶活力(ACP)、SA含量与孵化率显著相关,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)与孵化率显著负相关;C14:0与孵化率显著相关,并呈现递减趋势;ARA、DHA与孵化率均显著相关,并呈现先递增后递减的变化趋势;n-3脂肪酸、DHA与EPA之比、EPA与ARA之比均与孵化率存在显著相关。结果表明,磷酸酶、SA、脂肪酸等物质变化规律与卵子孵化率存在相关性,且ACP活力值在68.045~141.038,AKP活力值在2.298~7.241,SA含量在9.081~19.973,C14:0含量在0.485~0.658,ARA含量在1.371~2.498,DHA含量在13.838~18.469时,均可作为卵子孵化率不低于50%的参考指标,据此可在一定程度上反映暗纹东方鲀苗种繁育生产中所用卵子的可孵化价值,亦可作为参考指标对其卵子质量进行初步的客观评价。     

曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的初步观察

将曼氏无针乌贼受精卵卵膜剥离,在显微镜或解剖镜下观察胚胎发育的全过程,结合室内人工育苗的孵化技术进行探讨。曼氏无针乌贼卵为粘性卵,呈黑色,类型属端黄卵,卵膜属三级卵膜,卵裂类型为不全卵裂,囊胚呈盘状,发生类型为直接发生型。在水温为23.8～26.2℃、盐度29.3时,最快14d孵出幼体,最慢23天孵出幼体,孵出幼体高峰期为18～21d,高峰期的孵出量占总孵出量的79.4%,孵化率为83.1%。胚胎发育速度与温度高低（20～30℃）成正比,盐度低于22对孵化率有严重影响。     

A technique for delaying embryogenesis of vendace (Coregonus albula L.) eggs in order to synchronize mass hatching with optimal conditions for lake stocking

To improve the efficiency of stocking lakes with vendace (Coregonus albula) larvae, a technique for delaying egg hatching was developed. This synchronizes mass hatching with the development of suitable thermal conditions and food availability in the lake.Water temperatures were measured in Polish hatcheries and a mathematical model of the dependence of C. albula embryogenesis on incubation temperature was utilized to predict the possibilities of delaying egg hatching. Vendace hatching can be delayed by cooling the circulation water (to 1 or 2°C) during March and April. At the beginning of May, when lake conditions are optimal for stocking, the incubation temperature should be raised (at a rate of 1.5°C h^?1) to that of the water supply. This ensures mass hatching of strong, normally developed larvae within 2–3 days. This technique facilitates both the delay of vendace hatching at minimal cost and the production of larvae on demand for lake stocking.     

The effect of temperature and duration of incubation on the hatching of diapause eggs of Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) (Copepoda, Calanoida)

Diapause eggs of Centropages hamatus were used to investigate the effect of temperature and duration of incubation on egg hatching. Eggs were incubated for 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 h at 15°C and 14L–10D. After incubation for the designated period, eggs were transferred to 25°C and monitored periodically to determine egg hatching. Control eggs were incubated solely at 15°C and monitored for egg hatching. The greatest daily hatching success of eggs occurred within 1 or 2 days after transfer from 15°C to 25°C, while the controls required 3–4 days. The cumulative hatching success of eggs was significantly lower than the control, with the exception of eggs held for at least 36 h at 15°C before transfer to 25°C. These results indicate that overall time to hatching of diapause eggs of C. hamatus can be reduced by transferring the eggs to a higher temperature, for example, 25°C, following a minimum period of time (36 h) at reduced temperature, for example, 15°C. Exposure to 15°C for only 10 h does not appear to be sufficient to result in any subsequent hatching at higher temperature.     

真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化试验

2005~2007年春、夏期间,在浙江南麂岛开展了真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化的试验研究。结果表明:亲蛸培育成活率为77.5%~95.5%,平均产卵率为68.0%~83.3%。不搭配雄体产卵率为65.0%,搭配一定比例的雄体后产卵率达92.5%,最高达100%。不同附卵器附卵效果以方形鲍鱼箱为最好,圆形鲍鱼皮桶次之,扇贝笼最差。在南麂海域暂养在网箱中的真蛸当水温上升到13.5℃以上时就开始有少量产卵,多数开始产卵在16.0℃左右,主要产卵期在4~6月。不同个体真蛸的产卵量变化很大,少者只有22 632粒,多者达170 684粒,平均102 665粒,平均每颗卵粒重量在1.670~2.207 mg之间,大小为长2.8~3.1 mm、宽0.915~0.950 mm。在水温13.5~28.0℃范围内,真蛸卵可以正常孵化,孵化率达60.0%~80.0%,超过28℃时孵化率明显下降。真蛸卵的孵化时间较长,至少需要20 d以上。孵化时间长短与水温关系密切,水温越高,孵化时间越短。孵化期间平均水温16.5℃,整个孵化时间长达47 d。当孵化期间平均水温为21.6℃时,从产卵到稚蛸出膜大致需要25 d左右。此外,还发现亲蛸护卵可以减少疾病,提高孵化率,本文也论述了有关其对疾病防治方面的探索。