Flagellar adenosine triphosphatase from sea urchin sperm: properties and relation to motility

Adenosine triphosphatase activated by divalent cations is apparently a component of the motile apparatus in flagella of Arbacia sperm, as judged by the activity of this enzyme in intact flagella, glycerol-extracted flagella, and soluble extracts prepared from flagella. However, the variation in the physical properties and in the amount of enzyme obtained after a variety of treatments suggests that additional components are involved in the motile mechanism. These features distinguish the soluble flagellar enzyme from adenosine triphosphatases of other motile cells.     

The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.     

细菌鞭毛系统的研究进展

鞭毛是许多细菌用于推动自身运动的细胞器。运动能够帮助细菌趋向有利环境或躲避有害环境。鞭毛还在细菌底物吸附、生物膜形成和病原侵染过程中起着很重要的作用。因此,鞭毛对细菌的生存和与其他细菌的竞争至关重要。鞭毛的表达需要超过40个基因的参与,其合成和工作是一个非常耗能的过程,所以其基因的表达和组装是受到严格调控的。对鞭毛系统的研究有助于更深入地了解基因的表达调控机理,认识微生物对环境的适应性和应用仿生学制造机械马达等。该研究将重点关注于鞭毛系统的表达调控。     

应用电镜负染色技术检测嗜水气单胞菌

[目的]为鱼类疾病的诊断提供依据。[方法]从患病或濒死鲤鱼中分离培养优势菌株,制成病原菌悬浮液。应用负染悬滴法,负染漂浮法负染色技术检测鲤鱼嗜水气单胞菌,根据细菌的形态特征及鞭毛形状数量等指标判断菌体。[结果]2种负染色技术制备的嗜水气单胞菌样品在透射电子显微镜下视野清晰、分布均匀,无杂质和聚集现象。鲤鱼嗜水气单胞菌呈杆形,稍弯曲,两端钝圆,菌体一侧有极生单长鞭毛,呈管型,具运动力,与菌毛明显不同。电镜下菌体形态假象呈球样结构。[结论]采用电镜负染色技术检测鲤鱼嗜水气单胞菌可达到满意的效果。     

甘蔗体内具有固氮酶活性细菌的分离、鉴定及其相关特性研究

甘蔗生物固氮及其应用研究对于甘蔗生产中节约氮肥成本、减少环境污染具有非常重要的意义。利用无氮JNFb培养基,从两个甘蔗材料中分离到2个具有较高固氮能力的菌株,分别将它们命名为B5和CP74-2005,16S rRNA序列分析鉴定B5为假单胞菌科假单胞菌属,CP74-2005为肠杆菌科克雷伯氏菌属肺炎克雷伯氏菌种;形态学及生理生化指标测定结果与《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》第八版描述的一致。B5菌株为好氧细菌,极生鞭毛;CP74-2005菌株为厌氧或兼性好氧,周身鞭毛。两个菌株都具有较强的耐盐性,能够在较高的盐浓度、糖浓度、温度和pH值范围内正常生长。     

Direct measurements of sliding between outer doublet microtubules in swimming sperm flagella

The relative motion of 40-nanometer gold beads bound to the exposed outer doublet microtubules of demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella has been observed and photographed during adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-reactivated swimming. This direct demonstration and measure of sliding displacements between outer doublet microtubules in actively bending flagella verifies the original sliding microtubule model for ciliary bending that was established by electron microscopy of fixed cilia and provides a new, functional measure for the diameter of the flagellar axoneme of 132 +/- 8 nanometers.     

Cilia-like beating of active microtubule bundles

The mechanism that drives the regular beating of individual cilia and flagella, as well as dense ciliary fields, remains unclear. We describe a minimal model system, composed of microtubules and molecular motors, which self-assemble into active bundles exhibiting beating patterns reminiscent of those found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. These observations suggest that hundreds of molecular motors, acting within an elastic microtubule bundle, spontaneously synchronize their activity to generate large-scale oscillations. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that densely packed, actively bending bundles spontaneously synchronize their beating patterns to produce collective behavior similar to metachronal waves observed in ciliary fields. The simple in vitro system described here could provide insights into beating of isolated eukaryotic cilia and flagella, as well as their synchronization in dense ciliary fields.     

微小泰泽球虫小配子发育的超微结构

采用纯种微小泰泽球虫卵囊,人工感染四日龄雏鹅,定时剖杀,取小肠组织进行超薄切片,在透射电镜下,观察微小泰泽球虫小配子体与小配子的超微结构和发育过程。小配子体由第二代裂殖子发育而来。当小配子体完成最后一次核分裂后,其核中染色质呈斑块状,核内无核仁。随后,细胞核移向小配子体边缘,并拉长成二部分,电子致密部分将发育成小配子的核,电子密度浅的另一部分则留在残体中。每个细胞核上方有一对中心粒,中心粒将进一步发育成为小配子两根鞭毛的基粒,鞭毛由此产生。成熟的小配子拥有两根鞭毛和一个体部,体部有一个长形的细胞核,核的前面嵌有一线粒体。     

Tubular packing of spheres in biological fine structure

The symmetrical arrangements of monomers into such cylindrical structures as microfilaments of actin, flagella of bacteria, microtubules of many organisms, and the protein coats of viruses can be specified by citing the index numbers of two or three sets of contact parastichies, or helical ranks of monomers, as has been done in classical studies of phyllotaxis. This specification has the form k(m, n) or k(m, n, m+n), where m, n, and (m+n) are parastichy numbers specifying screw displacements, and k is the jugacy, or frequency of rotational symmetry. For simple structures, k = 1. This notation has the advantage of terseness and of indicating the basic isometries of these helically symmetrical structures. Theoretical models of the packing of spheres whose centers lie on the surface of a cylinder have been investigated geometrically. Their symmetry properties are discussed. Parameters of these models, such as the angular divergence, alpha, the longitudinal displacement between successive spheres, h, the radius of the cylinder, and the angles of inclination of the parastichies, have been computed for representative patterns. The ultrastructural symmetry of several biological structures of this sort has been inferred by comparison with these models. Actin, for example, has the symmetry (1, 2), Salmonella flagella, 2(2, 3, 5), the tobacco mosaic virus, (1, 16, 17) and the microtubules of many higher organisms, (6, 7, 13).     

Kinetosomes in insect epidermal cells and their orientation with respect to cell symmetry and intercellular patterning

Paired flagellar basal bodies or kitnetosomles are described for tarsal, pulvillar, wing, proboscis, ptilinum, and tracheal epithelial cells in the fly Sarcophaga bullata. Evidence suggests that in every diploid epidermal cell their orientation is specific with respect to (i) cell symmetry and cuticular patterning, and (ii) intercellular positioninig and polarity. Microtrichia may be homologous with the flagella of other organisms.     

枣食芽象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对枣食芽象甲(Scythropus yasumatsui Kono et Morimoto)(鞘翅目:象甲科)雌、雄成虫触角的感器进行观察,比较它们的形态及分布。结果表明,枣食芽象甲雌、雄成虫触角均呈膝焰状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节(含7个鞭亚节)构成,共有7类8种感器,分别为鳞形感器、2种端指形感器、毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器和芽孢形感器。其中,端指形感器和毛形感器数量较多。各种感器的数量分布以鞭节上最多,柄节次之,梗节最少;触角感器类型及其分布在雌、雄成虫间差异不大,仅雄虫触角平均长度较雌虫长。     

斯氏艾美耳球虫小配子的发育及其超微结构

结合光镜和电镜、切片和涂片技术，对斯氏艾美耳球虫(Eimeria stiedai)小配子发育期的超微结构进行了研究。小配子发育分2个阶段——生长与核分裂阶段及小配子的形成与分化阶段。早期小配子体单核，核仁小；随着核的分裂变为双核、四核和多核小配子体，后者因核极多，浅层分叶形成小配子体胚以利于核周边排列。各小配子体胚周边的核与嵌于核前方的线粒体向前突出并生长，最后分化形成小配子落入带虫空泡。成熟的小配子有2根鞭毛、1个大线粒体和1个强嗜锇性核、被单层膜。结果表明斯氏艾美耳球虫小配子发育遵循艾美耳属球虫小配子发育的一般规律。     

内蒙古部分地区肉仔鸡致病性大肠杆菌私生物学特性的研究

从内蒙古四个盟市分离到10种优势血清型的肉仔鸡致病性E.codi，对其进行生物学特性研究表明：电镜观察均具有菌毛，形成不完全一致；有的还可见到有鞭毛生长。均无溶血性，对1％、3％、5％鸡红细胞悬液均可产生明显的凝集作用（＋＋＋－＋＋＋＋），加入甘露醇后，E.coliO1、O35、O54、O55、O103、O68表现为“＋”凝集作用，而O5、O20、O78则表现为抑制作用。所有血清型盐凝集阳性（SAT^ ），并且都能摄入刚果红染料。     

Gastrovascular system of small hydromedusae: mechanisms of circulation

Small medusae possess a circulatory system of narrow tubes subdivided into several compartments by functional "sphincters." Flow is activated by gastrodermal flagella twice as long as the diameter of the tubes. The flow may be reversed in any part of the system through pressure waves generated by muscular action of the gastric pouches. The combination of flagellar and muscular action provides an adjustable, low-pressure circulation.     

新疆加工番茄细菌性斑点病病原鉴定

2004~2005年从北疆加工番茄主要种植区采集细菌性病害的病样,从其病叶、病秆和病果上分离纯化得到了15个细菌菌株,经致病性测定,所有供试菌株的发病症状均与自然发病症状相一致,并从接种发病株上又分离到此菌;选取代表性菌株pst8和pst12进行培养性状、菌体形态、鞭毛的着生部位和数量以及生理生化反应的观察,鉴定为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(pseudomonas syringaepv.tomato)。     

迟钝爱德华菌鞭毛基因克隆表达及其免疫学活性分析

从鳗源迟钝爱德华菌Edwardsiella tarda菌株ETY的基因组克隆到其鞭毛基因(flagella gene,ETF)。该基因开放阅读框为1 257bp,编码419个氨基酸,推导的蛋白分子量为43.951kD。ELISA和Western-blotting试验证实表达的蛋白与迟钝爱德华菌菌株ETY表达的鞭毛蛋白具有相同的抗原性和免疫原性。免疫攻毒保护试验证明:经表达产物(ETF-rxA融合蛋白)与ISA佐剂结合免疫的日本鳗鲡对爱德华菌ETY的免疫保护率可达到100%。本试验首次成功实现了ETF基因的高效表达,并初步证实了迟钝爱德华菌鞭毛可诱导产生免疫保护,为进一步研制合适的高效的迟钝爱德华菌鞭毛亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。     

三七根腐病复合侵染中病原细菌的研究

 报道三七根腐病复合侵染中病原细菌的研究结果。病菌从根部侵入,引起根腐,叶片褪绿变黄或青枯,病菌随病残体、土壤和种苗传播。病菌在金氏B培养基上菌落圆形,灰白色,略凸起,边缘整齐,半透明,湿润光滑,不产生荧光色素,菌体杆状,直或稍弯,革兰氏染色阴性,具1～6根极生鞭毛。积聚β羟基丁酸盐颗粒,氧化酶、精氨酸双水解酶呈阳性,烟草过敏反应,马铃薯软腐阴性,人工接种发病症状与田间症状相似,发病率达90%以上。经鉴定,该菌为假单孢杆菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病拮抗内生细菌的分离和筛选

从葫芦科作物及空心菜的叶片、茎及花上共分离到95个菌株,采用抑菌圈法共筛选到对西瓜细菌性果斑病病原菌具有不同程度拮抗作用的菌株46株,占分离菌株总数的48.4%;从拮抗菌株中筛选出5株对西瓜细菌性果斑病菌具有较好拮抗效果的菌株,其对西瓜细菌性果斑病的防治效果为68.75%-93.24%.内生性测定结果表明这5株菌株均能在西瓜体内定殖,5株菌株经过革兰氏染色、鞭毛染色、芽孢染色和一些生理生化测定,初步被确定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.).     

功夫菊酯降解菌GF-3的筛选鉴定及其降解特性研究

菊酯类农药广泛用于农业害虫的防治,但对生态环境与食品的污染也是十分严重的,微生物降解菊酯类农药是消除其污染的主要途径.从农药厂废水排放口附近的活性污泥中分离到一株能利用功夫菊酯为惟一碳源生长的细菌.命名为GF-3.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将该菌株鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).采用室内培养与液相色谱测定方法,研究了GF-3对功夫菊酯的降解特性.结果表明,GF-3能有效地降解浓度为50～600 mg·L-1的功夫菊酯,在24 h内对100 mg·L-1.功夫菊酯的降解率达到98.4%.降解功夫菊酯的适宜温度为30℃左右,适宜pH为7～10.酶的定域试验表明,降解功夫菊酯的酶属于胞外酶.GF-3除了降解功夫菊酯外,还能降解甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯等.GF-3中有2个质粒,但质粒消除试验表明降解功夫菊酯的基因不在质粒上,而是在其染色体DNA上.     

Mitotic apparatus: the selective extraction of protein with mild acid

The treatment of isolated mitotic apparatus with mild (pH 3) hydrochloric acid results in the extraction of less than 10 percent of its protein, accompanied by the selective morphological disappearance of the microtubules. The same extraction can be shown to dissolve outer doublet microtubules from sperm flagella. A protein with points of similarity to the flagellar microtubule protein is the major component of the extract from mitotic apparatus.