香蕉营养诊断的DRIS标准的初步研究

运用诊断与推荐综合系统(DRIS)标准建立的常规方法,通过比较香蕉低产组和高产组叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积,初步筛选出P/N、N.K、N.Ca、N/Mg、N/S、P.K、P/Ca、P/Mg、P.S、Ca/K、K/Mg、K.S、Ca/Mg、Ca/S和S/Mg作为DRIS参项,并初步提出香蕉DRIS诊断标准。     

渭北旱塬红富士苹果不同时期叶片营养诊断

为推动渭北旱塬苹果合理施肥,通过测定红富士苹果不同时期叶片养分含量,并运用Beaufils、Jones和Elwali&Gascho提出的3种DRIS指数计算法对红富士苹果营养状况进行诊断。结果表明,从6月到8月红富士苹果叶片各养分元素含量变化存在差异,高产果树(单株产量>25 kg)叶片N含量呈先降低后升高趋势,P含量逐渐降低;低产果树(单株产量≤25 kg)叶片N含量一直降低,P含量变化则与高产叶片N相同。其他元素在两种果树中的变化趋势一致,K和Zn含量降低,Ca和Mg含量升高,Cu、Fe和Mn呈先升高后降低趋势。不同时期根据DRIS标准程序确定的重要诊断参数不同;与Elwali&Gascho提出的DRIS诊断指数计算法相比,采用Beaufils和Jones的方法得出的各元素诊断指数不但与其含量相关性高,且需肥顺序差异不大,Beau-fils方法得出高产果树6月到8月最缺乏的元素为K、Fe、Ca+Mg,Jones方法为K、Ca、Ca+Mg,低产果树均为K、Fe、N。综上,本研究建议针对不同时期进行红富士苹果叶片营养状况评价。     

基于诊断施肥综合法的烟台红富士苹果叶片营养诊断研究

为解决烟台红富士苹果园施肥方法不合理造成果树营养不平衡及果实产量增长慢、品质不均一的问题,推进果园合理平衡施肥,对苹果叶片进行营养诊断。基于诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)分析叶片N、P、K三元素的含量,通过DRIS图解法和DRIS指数法得出各元素的需肥顺序和营养不平衡指数(NII)。结果表明,烟台红富士苹果高产园需肥顺序为N>K>P,NII平均值为21.93;低产园需肥顺序为K>P>N,NII平均值为57.28。低产园存在严重的叶片营养不平衡问题。DRIS临界含量分级标准显示,N、P、K三元素平衡范围分别是23.39～26.81、2.13～2.37、8.43～12.26 g·kg^-1。果园需肥顺序和DRIS临界含量分级标准可作为烟台红富士苹果平衡施肥的依据。     

“燕山早丰”板栗叶片DRIS营养诊断研究

通过对23个代表性栗园叶片矿质营养分析,采用诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）对迁西板栗 燕山早丰（Castanea mollissima cv. zaofeng）进行叶片营养诊断,旨在为迁西燕山早丰的营养诊断和平衡施肥提供参考。结果表明,1）迁西燕山早丰叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的适宜含量分别为 （1.9970.169）%、（0.1300.012）%、（0.5710.059）%、（1.2950.112）%、（0.6790.075）%、685.87576.159 mg/kg、593.780131.690 mg/kg、 12.7261.507 mg/kg、 43.4187.889 mg/kg。 2）初步制定了DRIS指数分级标准,提出了燕山早丰板栗园N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的DRIS指数适宜范围分别为: -2.267 ~1.894、-2.157~ 2.108、-2.080~ 2.450、-1.719~1.224、-3.960~2.962、-1.807 ~1.510、 -3.002~4.079、 -0.826~0.943、 -2.127~2.773。3）不同地区代表性栗园的养分需求顺序不同,养分不平衡指数（NII）与板栗园产量间呈极显著负相关关系（P0.01）,迁西县西北和西南地区的板栗园普遍存在Mn缺乏的问题。4）相关分析显示,7月中旬叶片矿质元素间的正相关和负相关关系均未达到显著水平（P0.05）,是夏季追肥的理想时期,可避免因元素间拮抗作用导致的肥效损失。     

豫西地区红富士苹果叶片营养诊断

通过22个有代表性果园苹果叶片矿质营养分析,采用诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）对豫西红富士苹果进行了叶片营养诊断。结果表明,豫西红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的适宜含量分别为:22.54±3.00 g/kg、2.42±0.28 g/kg、9.31±1.40 g/kg、104.47±15.03 mg/kg、33.89±5.77 mg/kg、3.38±0.39 mg/kg、29.71±4.91 mg/kg,N:P:K的适宜比例为1:0.08～0.14:0.31～0.55。DRIS诊断参数确定为N/P、K/N、K/P、Cu/N、P/Mn、Cu/P、P/Zn、K/Fe、K/Cu、Zn/N和K/Zn,这11种比例关系的变异程度均表现出低产园（变异系数范围为20.44％～40.82％）明显高于高产园（变异系数范围为8.69％～23.95％）;高产园和低产园的营养不平衡指数（NII）分别为39和88。对Fe、Mn和Zn元素需求强度较大的果园分别占供试果园的86％、82％和50％。相对于高产园,低产园元素间关系较不平衡;总体而言,豫西红富士苹果园需求强度较大的元素是Fe、Mn或Zn,其次是N或P。     

咖啡-荔枝混农林系统中小粒咖啡营养诊断及平衡施肥效应研究

定位试验研究咖啡-荔枝混农林系统中N、P、K不同用量及配比咖啡营养状况结果表明,缺N对小粒咖啡产量影响最大,其次为K,而P的影响较小;喷施微量元素B、Zn可明显增加咖啡产量。N、P、K肥配比为1∶0.5∶1,咖啡产量随N、P、K用量的增加而提高,鲜果产量为15~30t/hm2。建议思茅地区小粒咖啡营养诊断指标为N25~30g/kg,P1.0~1.5g/kg,K15~25g/kg,Ca10~12g/kg,Mg2.5~5.0g/kg,Zn10~15mg/kg和B40~50mg/kg;N、P2O5和K2O平衡施肥年最佳用量为N50~100g/株、P2O525~50g/株和K2O50~100g/株。     

基于二次通用旋转设计的杉木苗期施肥营养诊断研究

林木苗期营养诊断和施肥研究是制定合理施肥方案的前提,能为提高苗木质量和造林成活率提供重要的科学依据。以福建漳平五一国有林场多年筛选的速生型杉木为试验材料,通过开展室内模拟不同的土壤养分条件,采用二次通用旋转设计的施肥方法,根据杉木生物量划分高、低产组,利用DRIS营养诊断的图解法和指数法,计算杉木适宜的施肥范围及需肥顺序。结合图解法和指数法两种分析方法得出:杉木植株中氮、磷、钾养分的适宜比值范围为P/N=0.137±0.03,N/K=1.102±0.113,K/P=6.881±1.203;处理7(施氮量为0.511 g/盆,施磷量为0.270 g/盆,施钾量为1.339 g/盆)的平衡状态最佳。总体而言,速生型杉木对钾肥的需求量相对较大,对磷肥的需求量次之,对氮肥的需求相对较弱。     

漳州低产香蕉园养分状况与平衡施肥研究

51个低产香蕉园土样测试结果表明,漳州低产香蕉园土壤酸性较强,有机质、全N、碱解N、缓效K、速效K含量偏低,有效P、Zn、S含量较丰富,有效Ca、Mg、B含量较缺。51个叶片样品养分含量N、P、K元素平均值大部分都在适宜范围,Zn含量丰富,Ca、Mg、S、B含量多属低量水平。2年田间定位试验表明,N、K效应差异显著,提高N、K施用量对低产香蕉园香蕉产量影响明显,调节土壤酸度,补充Ca、Mg营养也是重要的增产措施。     

施肥对切花玫瑰生长及养分吸收特性的影响

为了给切花玫瑰栽培提供科学的施肥依据,采用田间试验研究了云南玫瑰主要种植及热销品种"黑魔术"在营养生长期和切花期对营养元素N、P、K的养分吸收特点。研究结果表明,切花玫瑰株高的影响因子的主次顺序为钾>钙>磷>氮,施肥以N1P2K2Ca2时收率最大;切花玫瑰冠宽的影响因子的主次顺序为钙>钾>磷>氮,施肥以N2P3K2Ca3时收率最大;在苗期玫瑰施肥的最佳配比为N2P1K2Ca2[氮肥(尿素)450 kg/hm2,磷肥(普钙)131.4 kg/hm2,钾肥(硫酸钾)400.05 kg/hm2,钙肥(石灰粉)1 300.5 kg/hm2],在之后的整个切花延续期以N2P1K3Ca2(氮肥450 kg/hm2,磷肥131.4 kg/hm2,钾肥600 kg/hm2,钙肥1 300.5 kg/hm2)为最佳施肥配比。     

配方施肥对设施‘87-1’葡萄植株矿质元素含量及果实品质的影响

为制定基于品质指数的最佳理论施肥方案及营养诊断标准,研究了不同施肥配比和植株矿质元素变化动态与品质形成的关系。以设施‘87-1’葡萄为试材,连续多年进行5416配方施肥试验,测定植株矿质元素含量及果实品质,并对其进行Topsis综合评价,计算品质指数。研究矿质元素含量与品质指数的相关性,确定营养诊断因子。应用非完全正交方差分析法和组分营养诊断法分别制定最佳综合品质的施肥方案及营养诊断标准。研究结果表明,单粒重在各处理条件下的分布范围是4.3～5.0 g。T10处理的可溶性固形物含量最高,为18.5%。T3处理的果实硬度最高,为471.9 g。T3处理的品质指数最高,为0.6071;除T6、T8、T14、T16处理外,其他处理品质指数均高于T1处理,增幅为1.8%～33.4%。成熟期果实N、成熟期叶柄P、成熟期叶柄K、成熟期叶片Ca、转色期叶柄Mg被选作为营养诊断因子。高优园矿质元素含量适宜范围为N 1.0～2.4 mg/g、P 1.0～3.0 mg/g、K 4.0～10.4 mg/g、Ca 2.9~9.6 mg/g、Mg 0.6～9.7 mg/g,低优园的需肥顺序为K>Ca>N>Mg>P,其中K和Ca元素含量表现偏低,其他元素含量充足。当单粒重、可溶性固形物、硬度和品质指数达到最佳时,每公顷的建议施肥总量分别为736.5、1332.0、788.3和1430.3 kg。在本试验条件下,品质指数达到最佳时的元素N∶P∶K∶Ca∶Mg理论配比为3∶3∶4∶3∶2,其N、P2O5、K2O、CaO、MgO施肥量分别为375.0、141.0、506.3、337.5、70.5 kg/hm²。     

DRIS在关中地区冬小麦施肥中的应用研究

1993～1995年在关中地区的兴平、杨凌、扶风等地,采用大田调查、田间试验(其中包括长期定位试验)与室内化学分析相结合的方法,按照营养诊断与推荐施肥综合法即DRIS,对其低、高产群体小麦叶片氮、磷、钾养分分析数据进行不同表示式计算,选出小麦叶片养分含量比值作为诊断参数。结果表明,DRIS适合关中中西部冬小麦氮、磷、钾营养诊断;DRIS诊断能指明冬小麦植株对氮、磷、钾各营养元素的需要次序和程度;DRIS诊断结果不受冬小麦植龄、叶位的限制。     

Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg^?1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg^?1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg^?1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg^?1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg^?1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg^?1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.     

Calcium nutrition affects cold hardiness,yield, and fruit disorders of apple and pear trees 1

Foliar sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and to a lesser extent, soil applications of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] fertilizer, increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves and fruit of apple, (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. For most years, CaCl₂ sprays or Ca(NO₃)₂ fertilizer increased cold hardiness of ‘Anjou’ pear trees, and reduced the incidence of fruit disorders (alfalfa greening and cork spot of pears and bitter pit of ‘Delicious’ apples). Yield of ‘Anjou’ pears was usually increased with the higher rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizers [ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), Ca(NO₃)₂, or urea]. Calcium chloride sprays increased yield of ‘Anjou’ pears if it was applied over many years.     

Spatial Variability Studies in Banana for Identification of Nutrient Imbalance Using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System

Spatial variability of soil properties and accompanying variability in plant nutrient concentrations in a banana growing enterprise were mapped using Geographic Information Service (GIS) technique to test the diagnostic sensitivity of Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) system. Variogram models of soil properties indicated that most of the properties exhibited definable spatial structures. The pH, available nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) showed strong spatial dependence, whereas available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) showed moderate dependence. Most of the plant nutrients exhibited higher nugget/sill ratio indicating often mismatch between soil available nutrient and plant nutrient concentrations. DRIS indices showed high diagnostic sensitivity for N, P, K, Ca, and Fe. Application of GIS for nutrient mapping along with DRIS was found useful for identification of yield limiting nutrients in soil and plant for developing nutrient management strategies.     

DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM: A TOOL FOR DETECTING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN YAM

The objective of the study carried out in the Upper Oueme Catchment in Benin (West Africa) was to assess the nutrient status in yam (Dioscorea rotundata) through the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), to compare yield, foliar nutrient concentrations and the variance of nutrients of low-and high-yielding groups. Field experiments were carried out in 2001 and 2002 using a randomized complete block design with four treatments, 2001: n = 80, 2002: n = 109) at three sites: Beterou, Dogue, and Wewe. Nitrogen (N), followed by potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) were identified as the most limiting nutrients in 2001 whereas sulfur (S) followed by N was identified as most limiting ones in 2002. Imbalanced nutrition was observed in both the years but was higher in 2001 compared in 2002. They may be utilized as a basis for calibrating the fertilization program of yam.     

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system approach for major and micronutrient diagnostic norms for apple (Malus Domestica Borkh) under varying ages and management practices of apple orchards

Various approaches for the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) indices were employed like Beaufil's ER, Elwali and Gascho and Jones. As per the Beaufil's approach of DRIS indices, the nutrient requirements in the initial stage of the apple tree were magnesium > nitrogen > sulfur > phosphorus > copper > zinc > iron > manganese > boron > calcium > potassium (Mg > N > S > P > Cu > Zn > Fe > Mn > B > Ca > K) and in the later stage at 40–50 years, the nutrient requirements were S > Cu > Mg > Fe > P > N > Ca > Mn > K > Zn > B, thus demanding a foliar application of magnesium salt and urea which are required in high amounts in the initial stage; however in the later stage, the yield depression was not attributed to the nutrient deficiency but rather trees' genetic make-up which destabilizes the higher yield in the period of 50 years. Nutrient sufficiency ranges for apple derived from DRIS norms were 1.91–2.24, 0.18–0.26, 1.11–1.61, 1.74–1.88, 0.30–0.33 and 0.28–0.30% for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), respectively.     

Diagnosis of Nutrient Imbalance in Thompson Seedless Grape Grafted on Dog Ridge Rootstock by DRIS

Abstract

A nutrient concentration vs. yield data bank was established for vines grafted on Dog Ridge (Vitis champini) rootstock for developing DRIS ratio norms during bud differentiation stage (BDS) and flowering stages (FS). The data were further subdivided into medium‐ and low‐yielding population based on yield performance. DRIS ratio norms were developed for medium‐yielding population, while diagnoses of nutrient imbalances were made in the low-yielding population. Sixty‐six nutrient expressions were chosen as diagnostic norms. Among the nutrient ratios selected to form diagnostic parameters phosphorus/nitrogen (P/N) (0.260), potassium/nitrogen (K/N) (1.761), phosphorus/zinc (P/Zn) (0.0056) had greater physiological rationale during flowering stage. The ratios of N with P (N/P 3.42) and K (N/K 0.68) were found to be more critical during BDS. Group differences between low‐ and medium‐yielding population were determined using discriminant analysis. The nutrient concentration during FS in medium‐ and low‐yielding populations differed significantly, and magnesium (Mg) accounted for nearly 60.97% of the variation. The difference in mean nutrient concentration during BDS and FS was mainly due to Mg followed in importance by sodium (Na). During BDS Na, followed by Mg and calcium (Ca) were the most common yield‐limiting nutrient, while there was an accompanying excessive accumulation of K, manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). During FS, Fe, copper (Cu), and K were the most common yield‐limiting nutrients whereas Ca, N, and Mg were on the excessive range.     

DRIS NUTRIENT NORMS FOR PINEAPPLE ON ALFISOLS OF INDIA

Sub-optimum production in pineapple fields in India is a common feature in Alfisols. The diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints assume a greater significance in maximizing production sustainability. DRIS norms were computed from the data bank of 324 sub-plots on leaf mineral composition, soil available nutrients, and corresponding mean yield representing three diverse pineapple belts for 3 seasons during 2002 –04. DRIS norms derived primarily from basal portion of ‘D'leaves sampled at 4th to 5th month suggested optimum leaf nutrient concentration viz. 1.21–1.85% nitrogen (N), 0.13–0.18% phosphorus (P), 1.19–1.62% potassium (K), 0.27–0.35% calcium (Ca), 0.43–0.56% magnesium (Mg), and 78.4–102.5 iron (Fe), 41.5–58.3 manganese (Mn), 7.4–10.2 copper (Cu), and 12.2–15.8 zinc (Zn) (ppm) in relation to fruit yield of 55–72 tons ha^?1. Likewise, DRIS norms for soil fertility corresponding to similar level of fruit yield were determined. The norms were further observed validating the leaf/soil test values obtained from productive plots, suggesting the DRIS as a dynamic interpretation tool for diagnosis of nutrient constraints using both, leaf as well as soil analysis.