生物饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪生长和消化的影响

选用120头15kg左右健康、公母各半的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组三个重复,每重复10头.其中第1组饲喂基础日粮,第2组基础日粮中添加0.2%的益生素,第3组基础日粮中添加0.2%复合酶制剂,第4组添加0.2%的益生素+酶制剂.结果表明添加益生素组、添加酶制剂组和益生素+酶制剂组与基础日粮组相比,日增重分别提高1.85%、3.00%和8.99%;料重比分别降低2.98%、3.83%和4.68%;腹泻率分别下降20.38%、8.81%和30.04%.粗蛋白质表观消化率分别提高5.01%、1.92%和2.90%;粗纤维消化率分别提高了27.88%、18.80%和1.96%.说明生物饲料添加剂可有效提高仔猪生产性能和饲料营养成分利用率,是一种较为安全、高效的饲料添加剂.     

中草药与益生素对断奶仔猪生长和免疫作用的影响

试验选取54头25日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,按性别、窝别和体重随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。各组基础日粮一致。对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验1组在基础日粮中添加0.05%中草药添加剂;试验2组在基础日粮中添加0.05%中草药与益生素混合添加剂。试验结果表明:试验2组效果最好,较对照组日增重提高了21.7%(P<0.05),饲料转化率提高了16.4%,腹泻率降低了69.2%;试验猪的血清球蛋白比对照组显著提高,尤其是免疫球蛋白IgA比对照组提高100%(P<0.01),证明了中草药与益生素饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪的免疫作用;两个试验组经济效益较高。     

复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、微生物数量及营养物质表观消化率的影响北大核心

试验研究不同剂量的复合益生菌对“杜×长×大”三元断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、肠道微生物数量及营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重约7.0 kg的21日龄断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。试验断奶仔猪分别饲喂含有0(对照组)、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%复合益生菌的基础日粮。试验期4周。结果显示,与对照组相比,0.2%、0.4%复合益生菌可有效提高断奶仔猪末重(P<0.05),降低料重比(P<0.05);添加复合益生菌可极显著降低仔猪的腹泻率(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,添加0.2%、0.4%、0.8%复合益生菌可显著提高断奶仔猪空肠中乳酸菌数量和盲肠中乳酸菌数量(P<0.05),添加复合益生菌可显著降低空肠和盲肠中大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,添加复合益生菌可显著提高断奶仔猪对日粮中总能、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪的表观消化率(P<0.05),添加0.4%复合益生菌可显著提高断奶仔猪的粗纤维消化率(P<0.05)。研究表明,日粮中添加复合益生菌可有效提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,增加有益菌数量,降低有害菌数量,提高仔猪对饲料养分的消化率,且复合益生菌的最适添加剂量为0.4%。     

日粮添加植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长和消化的研究

选用体质量约15kg、健康且公母各半的72头杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每重复6头猪.其中,对照组饲喂基础日粮,1组在基础日粮中添加0.025%的植酸酶,2组在基础日粮中添加0.05%的植酸酶,3组在基础日粮中添加0.075%的植酸酶.结果表明:按0.025%、0.05%和0.075%植酸酶添加量添加的日粮与基础日粮组相比.日增质量分别提高1.11%(P<0.05)、3.7%(P<0.05)和6-48%(P<0.05);料重比分别降低3-35%(P>0.1315)、4.6%(P<0.05)和5.44%(P>0.1315);磷表观消化率分别提高12.5%(P<0.05)、17.5%(P<0.05)和20%(P<0.05).试验结果表明:饲料中添加植酸酶可有效提高仔猪的生产性能和饲料的营养成分利用率,尤其是磷的表观消化率得到显著提高,同时可降低粪中钙和磷的排放.植酸酶是一种安全、高效和环保的饲料添加剂.     

发酵北苍术对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为研究日粮中添加发酵北苍术饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,本试验将80头28日龄断奶仔猪分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。将发酵北苍术作为添加剂分别以0.1%、0.2%、0.3%3个不同浓度添加于基础日粮中,并以添加0.2%未发酵北苍术组及基础日粮组作对照,试验期28 d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,日粮中添加发酵北苍术能提高断奶仔猪日采食量(ADFI)和日增重(ADG),降低料重比(F/G)和腹泻率。(2)与未发酵北苍术相比,发酵北苍术能更好地提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。(3)仔猪日粮中发酵北苍术的最佳添加量为0.2%。     

复方中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及免疫指标的影响

试验旨在探讨复方中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及免疫指标的影响.选取96头28日龄、体重相近、健康的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪.试验1组(对照组)饲喂基础日粮,试验2组、3组、4组分别在基础日粮中添加0.2、0.4、0.6 g/kg复方中草药添加剂.预...     

酶制剂在高非淀粉多糖饲粮中对仔猪生长的效应

试验选取体重(15.30±1.54)kg的健康杜长大三元杂种仔猪120头,按体重相近的原则随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头猪.对照组饲喂高非淀粉多糖基础饲粮,试验1组在基础饲粮中加0.1%酶制剂1,试验2组在基础饲粮中加0.005%酶制剂2,试验3组在基础饲粮中加0.018%酶制剂3,试验4组在基础饲粮中加0.025%酶制剂4,试验期26 d.结果表明,与对照组比较,饲粮中添加酶制剂提高了仔猪日增重,其中试验2、3和4组日增重显著提高(P＜0.05);试验组日采食量显著提高,试验1、2、3、4组日采食量分别提高20.00%(P＜0.05)、16.50%(P＜0.05)、15.31%(P＜0.05)和30.36%(P＜0.05);酶制剂有降低料重比的趋势,其中添加酶制剂2组料重比显著降低.结论:在高非淀粉多糖饲粮中添加酶制剂能显著提高仔猪的采食量、日增重和饲料转化效率.     

复合益生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和血液生化相关指标的影响

选择75头体况良好、体重相近的21日龄杜长大仔猪,并按随机原则分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头,基础日粮为玉米、豆粕型,A组为对照组,B组在基础日粮中加抗生素和0.05%复合益生素,C组在基础日粮中加0.025%复合益生素,D组在基础日粮中加0.05%复合益生素,E组加抗生素(抗生素采用0.01%硫酸粘杆菌素和0.04%杆菌肽锌联合用药)。试验期为30d。结果表明,①复合益生素能显著提高断奶仔猪的生产性能,降低腹泻率,提高日粮消化率,提高断奶仔猪的免疫力,D组比A组平均日增重提高18.6%,腹泻率下降66.3%(P<0.05),D组粗蛋白消化率比A组提高13.15%(P<0.05)。复合益生素与抗生素单用或联用均能提高仔猪血清抗体水平,其中0.05%复合益生素添加量效果较理想。复合益生素与抗生素联用时,没有表现出明显的加性效应。②复合益生素可代替抗生素在断奶仔猪饲料中使用。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道健康的影响

试验旨在研究葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道健康方面的影响,讨论其可能的作用机理。试验选用160头10 kg断奶仔猪,根据体重随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ共4个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复8头猪。试验Ⅰ组不添加GOD,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加100 mg/kg金霉素;Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别给予0.1%、0.2%的GOD。结果显示,与对照相比,日粮中添加0.2%的GOD日增重显著提高(P<0.05);饲料转化效率趋于提高(0.05相似文献   

中药复方饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

将90头25日龄断奶三元杂交仔猪随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,两个试验组分别添加0.1%和0.2%中药复方饲料添加剂,进行了28d的饲养试验。结果表明:与对照组相比,在基础日粮中适量添加中药复方有提高日增重和日采食量的趋势,并且添加了0.2%中药复方组的腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein