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Susanne Schraml William Arthur Barrios Santos Christoph Mülling Claus Bässler Jenny Hagen 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(3):625-636
This study presents a comparative morphological and morphometrical examination of the interosseous muscle (IOM), digital flexor tendons and associated structures of all four species of South American Camelids (SACs): Lama (Lama glama), alpaca (Vicugna pacos), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna). Our findings show that the lamoid interosseous muscle and digital flexor tendons are very similar between species and differences, which have been reported previously, are possibly due to diverging examiner interpretation. Lumbricalis muscles were mostly found as single muscles in this study. The definition of the terminal and dorsal branches of the interosseous muscle is critically revised. The analysis of morphometric data indicates that the size of the individual has a substantial influence on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the examined structures. Metacarpal/metatarsal bone width is a main predictor of CSA, while the factor species only shows significance in specific sample points. For lama and alpaca, no differences in CSA in relation to species as factor were found. The IOM shows the largest CSAs of the three examined structures in all species, which implies an important load-bearing function. Considerable individual variation remains unexplained by the mentioned factors. This lowers the prospect of CSA reaching diagnostic importance in SAC fetlock pathology. 相似文献
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I. Nocera M. Sgorbini L. A. Gracia-Calvo M. Cacini V. Vitale S. Citi 《Equine Veterinary Education》2021,33(9):484-488
Variability in the technique employed for flexion tests may produce different responses and veterinary assessments. We propose a novel custom-designed dynamometer and compare the results with the literature. Ten horses were enrolled in the present study, with a total of 20 forelimbs. The horses were found to be healthy based on orthopaedic and radiographic examination of the distal forelimb region, performed on both limbs. Lower forelimb flexion tests were performed by applying three different forces (75, 100 and 120 N), measured with a dynamometer, for one minute, with a time interval of 48 h between each test. Each horse was trotted before and after the flexion test. The experiment was videotaped, and the responses were assessed randomly and blindly by three experienced equine veterinarians. None of the horses responded with a lameness grade exceeding 1/5 on a numerical 6-point scale. Two out of three veterinarians detected a increased degree of lameness between the minimum and the maximum force applied, while one veterinarian showed no change in the interpretation of the flexion test for all three applied forces. A mild agreement was detected between veterinarian A and B, applying a force of 100 N, and between A and C, with 120 N; a moderate agreement was found between veterinarian A and B, with 120 N. The chi-square test showed that the results observed were only like the expected ones for 100 N. With a force of 100 N, there is no relationship between intensity and the evaluation of lameness; consequently, 100 N could be used to achieve a real standardisation of the lameness score. The use of the dynamometer was found to be easy and practical. It also enabled the applied force and the manipulation technique to be objectified. 相似文献
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对北极狐骨骼系统进行解训观察,同时与革食动物马、牛及杂食动物猪的骨骼作形态学上的比较。由于生活习性所致,北极狐骨骼形态结构具有如下特征:北极狐的骨骼由头骨、躯干骨和四肢骨组成。头骨的主要特征是:枕骨的颈交不发达,眶上突不与颧弓相连,无眶上孔;颞骨岩部形成半球形鼓泡,鼻骨与颌前骨的鼻突之间不形成鼻颌切迹;泪骨几乎无颜面部;颌前骨的鼻突发达;上颌骨外面无面嵴;腭骨发达;犁骨腹缘后部不与鼻腔底壁接触;下颌骨支下缘无血管切迹、垂直部后下方有一角突。四肢骨的主要特征是:肩胛岗下端形成肩峰;臂骨未见三角肌结节和圆肌结节;尺骨比桡骨细长;腕骨7块;掌骨5块;指骨5指;左右髋骨几乎平行排列,坐骨弓宽平,荐结节高出荐骨;股骨有发达的大转子和较发达的小转子,缺第三转子;腓骨与胫骨等长;跗骨7块;躯干骨由7个颈椎、13个胸椎、7个腰椎、3个荐椎、15—17个尾椎组成;肋骨13对;胸骨由8个长柱状的胸骨节片和剑状软骨构成。 相似文献
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The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates off very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.Abbreviations LCR left ramus circumflexus - RCR right circumflexus ramus - RIS ramus interventricularis subsinosus - RIVP ramus interventricularis paraconalis 相似文献
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Tomokazu Kawashima Richard W. Thorington Jr Paula W. Bohaska Fumi Sato 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(1):38-50
Cheek pouches have evolved from the oral cavity in rodents and act as temporary food storage repositories. There are two types of opening, internal and external. Details about the complex cutaneous muscles controlling the pouches have still not been fully elucidated. To understand the shared and derived traits of the muscles surrounding the cheek pouch and their innervation, we carried out an evolutionary morphological study using two desert kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti) and three plains pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) from each of the two families equipped with external cheek pouches, and four Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with internal cheek pouches. The most conspicuous derived trait of the muscles between the external and internal cheek pouches, the sphincter sacculi, surrounds almost all of the edge of the outer entrance of the pouch. It is present in both species with external pouches, but not in hamsters, which have internal pouches. Our neurological findings demonstrate that most pouch muscles are innervated by both the facial and the cervical nerves, regardless of the pouch type. In these dually innervated muscles, the ventromedial part of the muscles tends to be innervated dominantly or uniquely by the cervical nerves, which usually enter from the superficial or lateral aspect. As a trait shared with the cervical nerves innervating the propatagial muscles in aerodynamic mammals such as bats and flying squirrels, and panniculus carnosus in most mammals, our neurological evidence suggests that the cervical nerve has the potential to innervate derived cutaneous muscles in the cervicofacial region. 相似文献
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Ayano SATO Toshihide KATO Motoshi TAJIMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(6):940
Flexural and hyperextension deformities are congenital problems in calves. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the distal limb conformation in 1 day- and 28-day-old female Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves (n=21), male Japanese Black (JB) calves (n=15), and female JB calves (n=15). The claw angle of the forelimb dorsal claw wall in a standing position and recorded other parameters, including body weight, withers height, circumference of forelimbs, and flexor tendon thickness in the forelimbs, were measured and compared these between the three groups. At 1 day old, the mean claw angles were 51.1° in female HF calves, 47.0° in male JB calves, and 41.8° in female JB calves; the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the claw angles showed large distributions in all three groups. One female HF and one male JB calves showed mild flexural deformity, whereas four JB calves showed hyperextension deformity. At 28 days old, the mean claw angles were 51.7° in female HF calves, 51.2° in male JB calves, and 48.4° in female JB calves; the 95% CIs of the claw angles showed smaller distributions than those at 1 day old in all groups. For all groups, the limb deformities had improved without treatment at 28 days old. As a feature of the breed, female JB calves were apt to show hyperextended deformities inversely proportional to the body weight. These limb deformities healed spontaneously and were thought to be physiological. 相似文献
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近几十年来人们对动物的性别控制进行了大量的研究,其中X精子和Y精子的分离技术被广泛应用于哺乳动物性别的控制。论述了哺乳动物X精子和Y精子分离的方法,并简述了X精子和Y精子分离技术存在的问题及其发展前景。 相似文献
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防御素是广泛分布于动植物界的一类富含半胱氨酸的内源性阳离子抗菌肽,它在先天性免疫系统宿主防御机制中起着重要的作用。笔者从哺乳动物β-防御素的组成分布入手,对β-防御素的分子结构与染色体定位、基因表达调控、生物学作用及应用前景等最新研究作一全面综述。 相似文献
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Hemoplasmas were detected in two apparently healthy captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua) from southern Brazil during an investigation for vector-borne pathogens. Blood was subjected to packed cell volume (PCV) determination, a commercial real-time PCR panel for the detection of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Hepatozoon spp., Leishmania spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’, Neorickettsia risticii, Rickettsia rickettsii and Leptospira spp., and a pan-hemoplasma conventional PCR assay. PCV was normal, but both coatis tested positive for hemoplasmas and negative for all the remaining pathogens tested. Using different techniques for microscopy (light, confocal or SEM), structures compatible with hemoplasmas were identified. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified an organism resembling Mycoplasma haemofelis and another hemotropic Mycoplasma sp., with a sequence identity of 96.8% to a Mycoplasma sp. previously detected in capybaras. 相似文献
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Truman P. Young Lauren M. Porensky Corinna Riginos Kari E. Veblen Wilfred O. Odadi Duncan M. Kimuyu Grace K. Charles Hillary S. Young 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(3):281-291
On rangelands worldwide, cattle interact with many forms of biodiversity, most obviously with vegetation and other large herbivores. Since 1995, we have been manipulating the presence of cattle, mesoherbivores, and megaherbivores (elephants and giraffes) in a series of eighteen 4-ha (10-acre) plots at the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment. We recently (2013) crossed these treatments with small-scale controlled burns. These replicated experimental treatments simulate different land management practices. We seek to disentangle the complex relationships between livestock and biodiversity in a biome where worldwide, uneasy coexistence is the norm. Here, we synthesize more than 20 yr of data to address three central questions about the potentially unique role of cattle in savanna ecology: 1) To what extent do cattle and wild herbivores compete with or facilitate each other? 2) Are the effects of cattle on vegetation similar to those of wildlife, or do cattle have unique effects? 3) What effects do cattle and commercial cattle management have on other savanna organisms? We found that 1) Cattle compete at least as strongly with browsers as grazers, and wildlife compete with cattle, although these negative effects are mitigated by cryptic herbivores (rodents), rainfall, fire, and elephants. 2) Cattle effects on herbaceous vegetation (composition, productivity) are similar to those of the rich mixture of ungulates they replace, differing mainly due to the greater densities of cattle. In contrast, cattle, wild mesoherbivores, and megaherbivores have strongly guild-specific effects on woody vegetation. 3) Both cattle and wild ungulates regulate cascades to other consumers, notably termites, rodents, and disease vectors (ticks and fleas) and pathogens. Overall, cattle management, at moderate stocking densities, can be compatible with the maintenance of considerable native biodiversity, although reducing livestock to these densities in African rangelands is a major challenge. 相似文献
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哺乳动物的极体 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
长久以来 ,人们都认为极体在正常情况下不参与动物的胚胎发育而退化 ,是无功能的小细胞。但实验证明极体含有的染色体与留在卵母细胞中的染色体具有同等的遗传潜力。在小鼠上 ,人们将其极体与去核卵母细胞或者去核合子融合 ,构成的重构卵母细胞受精后和重构胚都能发育 ,移植后均产生正常生殖力的后代。研究还发现极体的形成与细胞骨架密切相关 ,而其退化则可能是一个凋亡过程。极体作为雌性染色体的来源 ,可以用于建立种子库 ,并能从一个卵母细胞得到四个基因型相同的后代 ,在人类临床上极体可用作孕前遗传疾病的检查材料 ,减少了操作对胚胎的损伤。对极体还需要做进一步的研究。 相似文献
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