亏缺灌溉对基质栽培番茄产量和品质的影响

为研究不同灌溉量对基质栽培番茄产量和品质的影响,在番茄植株第3穗果坐住后,采用不同灌溉量(正常灌溉量的60%、80%及正常灌溉量)进行处理。结果表明:亏缺灌溉对番茄植株营养生长有抑制作用,可导致株高降低、茎粗变细和叶片变小,产量降低;适度亏缺灌溉(正常灌溉量的80%)管理可以提高番茄果实VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比,过度的亏缺灌溉(正常灌溉量的60%)会降低糖酸比等风味品质。综上,高品质番茄栽培适宜的灌溉处理是80%亏缺灌溉。     

亏缺灌溉对番茄果实品质和产量的影响

通过控制每次灌水量的方法,将土壤的水分控制在不同的水平上,研究了亏缺灌溉对番茄产量形成和果实品质的影响。随着土壤水分的降低,单果质量和产量逐步减少,但结果数变化不大;亏缺灌溉提高了果实可溶性固形物、有机酸、VC含量,但糖酸比变化不大;生产中可根据需要确定兼顾产量与品质的水分管理的平衡点, 亏缺灌溉提高了果实干物质含量,水分利用率显著提高。     

长期昼间亚高温对日光温室番茄光合作用及光合产物分配的影响

研究了30℃和35℃昼间亚高温条件下,番茄植株光合产物生产及各器官干物质积累与分配的变化情况。结果表明: 30℃和35℃昼间亚高温可促使番茄叶绿素含量减少,光合作用下降,植株干物质总量降低,植株生长发育受到影响;同时光合产物向植株根系和叶片分配减少,而向果实分配增加,果实发育提早,生育期缩短。     

不同补光光质对日光温室草莓生长结果的影响

以‘红颜’草莓为试材,以LED白光为对照,研究了不同补光光质对草莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、植株干物质积累量、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:以红、蓝混合光为4∶1处理的草莓植株干物质积累量及果实产量均显著高于其他4个处理,其叶片纵横径、叶片叶绿素含量、平均单果重、果实可溶性固形物含量及维生素C含量较高,与对照差异显著。综合分析认为,日光温室草莓以红光∶蓝光为4∶1进行补光,最有利于提高果实产量,增加草莓植株生物量的积累,促进部分生长指标和果实品质的改善,补光效果最好。     

不同茬口日光温室番茄干物质生产与分配

 以番茄的果穗和果穗下的三片叶及其相应的茎作为一个源库生长单位，对不同茬口日光温室番茄的干物质生产与分配规律进行了研究。结果表明：植株在前7穗果同时存在的情况下，从下到上不同源库生长单位内果实所分配到的干物质比例在42.6%～98.6%之间，即随着果穗数从下而上的不断增加，每产生一穗果实，各源库生长单位果实的干物质分配率下降约6%。不同茬口日光温室番茄受外界环境影响显著，干物质生产表现出明显的季节性差异，果实干物质分配率在越冬茬、早春茬和春夏茬分别为72%、62%和59%，春夏茬果实干物质分配率最低，这与其生长后期遭遇高温，坐果率降低有关；越冬茬生长前期100 d的干物质积累量只有后100 d的1/3，与其生长期内低温弱光有关。     

日光温室番茄生长规律及干物质分配研究

以番茄品种"金果1号"为试验材料,研究了番茄植株在日光温室内生长发育、干物质生产等规律。结果表明:日光温室番茄株高、叶数、叶面积以及干物质生长量均与定植后的生长天数呈明显线性关系,随着生长天数的增加,其相应生长规律分别为2.77cm/d,0.3片/d,78.8cm2/d,9.12g·m-2·d-1。试验还表明番茄植株的干重需达到42g以上才开始坐果,并且果实干重与植株总干重之间呈线性关系,坐果后,植株总干重每增加1g,果实干重约增加0.7g。干物质在根、茎、叶中的分配比例从开花前到坐果后呈明显下降趋势,果实干重在植株总干重中所占比例显著增加,达到60%以上。番茄干物质生产量与温室有效积温(10℃的温度总和)有很强的线性关系,每个有效积温单位(℃·d)干物质的生产量约为0.67g/m2;植株干物质生产与太阳辐射量之间也有较强的线性关系。     

计算机技术在保护地番茄生产中的应用

保护地番茄在施一定底肥的基础上进行养分平衡调节施肥,可促进植株均衡生长,干物质积累,提高抗病能力,一般可增增１３．８￣１８．０％,产投比达在施一定底肥的同时可改善果实的品质,含糖量平均中１．５％。     

地膜覆盖番茄产量形成生理研究

地膜覆盖栽培番茄全生育期的干物质积累与养分吸收呈S形曲线变化,可分为始、盛、末期三个阶段。始期和末期阶段,干物质积累与养分吸收速度较慢,盛期呈直线增加趋势。覆膜条件下干物质迅速积累与养分旺盛吸收的区间大于未覆膜处理。定植初期干物质向根、茎、叶的分配和生育中后期向果实的分配均以覆膜处理为大。地膜覆盖栽培使番茄生育前期营养器官生长加快,这就为生育中后期营养物质向果实的分配奠定了基础。     

不同灌溉策略对樱桃番茄生长和 果实性状的影响

摘要：为了研究不同灌溉策略在樱桃番茄上的应用效果，以樱桃番茄“凤珠”为供试材料，设置多量 少次灌溉策略和少量多次灌溉策略试验处理，比较分析不同处理樱桃番茄的植株生长、品质以及产量指 标。结果表明：与多量少次灌溉相比较，少量多次灌溉能促进植株生长，茎粗、叶宽、叶片叶绿素相对 含量、平均单果质量分别增加16.4%、13.1%、8.4%、13.3%，果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、番茄红素含 量分别增加6.4%、7.0%、20.6%，667 m2 产量和收入分别增加14.08%和2 486.4元；少量多次灌溉不仅能促 进植株生长，提高果实口感、营养品质和产量，而且能降低肥料淋溶风险，有助于科学指导樱桃番茄种 植。     

日光温室越冬长茬番茄植株养分累积与分配特征

以日光温室越冬长茬番茄为试材,采用定点监测田间试验的方法,研究了番茄生育期干物质、养分吸收累积规律、单个果穗与干物质增量的关系和阶段养分吸收量及比例,以期为越冬长茬番茄合理施肥提供参考。结果表明:越冬长茬番茄养分吸收累积呈逐渐累积态势,整个生育期养分吸收量(N-P-K-Ca-Mg)为35、12、62、33、18g·株~-1,番茄坐果后植株地上部干物质以平均52%的比例分配到果实中;关键养分需肥期维持在定植后90~270d内;在第4、5穗果、第5、6穗果间,果实的干物质增量出现最低峰值,分别为2.8、0.8g·株~-1,此阶段的低温影响了番茄的生长。     

Water deficit and polyethylene glycol 6000 affects morphological and biochemical characters of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.)

The effects of water deficit and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on the growth and content of essential oil, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proline, macroelements (N–P–K) and microelements (Mg–Zn–Fe–Mn) of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) plants were investigated. Water deficits of 80% and 40% of field water capacity decreased certain growth characters (total leaf area, leaf number, and total fresh and dry mass). The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, total carotenoids) and mineral content (N–P–K–Mg–Zn–Fe–Mn) also decreased as water deficit level increased. Water deficit promoted the accumulation of essential oil content and its main components (methyl eugenol, isomenthone and limonene) as well as total soluble sugars and proline contents. The water deficit × PEG 6000 interaction was greater than water deficit treatments alone on all plant growth characters assessed.     

日光温室不同矮蔓型西葫芦的干物质生产与分配研究

对4个不同矮蔓型西葫芦品种的干物质生产与分配进行研究,结果表明,半矮蔓与矮蔓西葫芦品种各器官干物质含量没有显著差异,根、茎、叶、果干物质含量分别为:9%、6%、12%、5%;全生育期群体生长率(cropgrowth rate,CGR)半矮蔓品种平均为17.2g/(m2·d),而矮蔓品种为12.5g/(m2·d),半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.38倍;苗期、结果初期、结果中期、结果后期的当前干物质生产量半矮蔓品种分别是矮蔓品种的1.07、1.28、1.26、1.91倍,后期干物质生产衰减与矮蔓品种的早衰存在着相互依存关系;当前干物质的分配率营养器官与生殖器官的比半矮蔓品种为2.7∶1,矮蔓品种为2.1∶1;干物质累积值半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.4倍,果实干质量累积值半矮蔓品种是矮蔓品种的1.27倍,半矮蔓品种干物质向果实的分配率约为30.8%,矮蔓品种约为34.7%,单位面积干物质生产量的提高是半矮蔓品种果实干质量高于矮蔓品种的主要原因。     

Blossom-end rot is associated with impairment of sugar metabolism and growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits

Summary

Blossom-end rot (BER) in pepper fruits is known as a “physiological” disease which is evoked by climatic and osmotic stresses (e.g., high temperatures and salinity) and by deficit irrigation management. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stimulation of BER are still a matter of dispute. It has been proposed that BER occurs under cultivation conditions that accelerate fruit growth beyond calcium supply to the growing tissue. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis by recording fruit growth and sugar metabolism under normal and BER-inducing conditions.The results showed that pepper fruits grown in a ventilated-cooled greenhouse, which ameliorated BER, had a higher initial growth rate than those grown in a non-cooled greenhouse, but had lower calcium concentrations in the fruit pericarp. Fruits that grew without ventilation-cooling had higher concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic sucrose and reducing sugars, and higher levels of symplastic starch than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Concomitantly, fruits that developed in a non-cooled greenhouse had lower acid invertase, sucrose synthase and fructokinase activities than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Accordingly, the non-necrotic part of BER-affected fruits had higher concentrations of symplastic starch, reducing sugars and sucrose than healthy fruits. These findings indicate that the occurrence of BER in pepper fruits was associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in fruit tissues, which led to reductions in growth rate and final size. Thus, the present findings negate the notion that BER occurs when fruit growth rate is stimulated, and favour the idea that direct impairment of fruit sugar metabolism and of normal fruit growth are involved.     

A comparison of the combined effect of water stress and crop load on fruit growth during different phenological stages in young peach trees.

Summary

The combined effect of fruit load and water stress on fruit water content and dry-matter accumulation was analysed for three phenological stages of fruit growth. Irrigation treatments were no irrigation during Stage I (NI-SI), Stage II (NI-SII), or Stage III (NI-SIII) compared with a fully irrigated control. Three thinning treatments were imposed within each irrigation treatment resulting in fruit loads ranging from low to high. Fruit harvests at the end of Stage I, II and III were used to determine total tree fruit fresh and dry matter after each stage of fruit development. Fruit water accumulation was highly sensitive to the effect of water stress at high fruit loads in all fruit developmental phases, but reductions in fruit water content were more apparent during Stages II and III than during Stage I. On the other hand, fruit dry-matter accumulation was relatively insensitive to water stress at any fruit load level and developmental stage. However, reductions in dry-matter accumulation were obtained during Stage III from those trees that were not irrigated during Stage I (NISI). Since these reductions occurred only for mid-to-high fruit load conditions, the decreases in fruit growth during Stage III appeared to be related to a carbon source limitation. The possible reasons for this source limitation are discussed.     

Salinity effects on strawberry plants grown in rockwool. II. Fruit quality

Fruit development and quality in strawberry cv. Rapella were influenced by salinity (+NaCl) treatments applied to the roots of plants growing in rockwool under heated glasshouse conditions. As salinity increased from 2.5 to 8.5 mS cm-1, fruit yield decreased. Analysis of the fruit showed that the reduction in yield was due to reduced water content, reflected by increasing dry matter percentage (8.32% at 2.5 to 9.78% at 8.5 mS cm-1). The concentration of reducing sugars and acids remained the same on a dry-weight basis after salinity treatment but, on a fresh weight basis, the decreasing water content increased their relative concentrations. Salinity levels had no significant effect on instrumental texture and colour measurements. Sensory evaluation of the colour, texture and flavour of strawberries showed significant differences in colour and flavour but no difference in texture.     

Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress

The effects of root colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith on growth, flower and fruit production, and fruit quality were studied in field-grown tomato plants exposed to varying intensities of drought stress. Inoculated (M+) and non-inoculated (M−) tomato seedlings were exposed to varying intensities of drought stress by adjusting irrigation intervals. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher uptake of N and P in both roots and shoots regardless of intensities of drought stress. AM inoculation also significantly increased shoot dry matter and the number of flowers and fruits. The fruit yields of M+ plants under severe, moderate, mild drought-stressed conditions were higher than M− plants by 24.7%, 23.1%, 16.2% and 12.3%, respectively. Furthermore, M+ plants produced tomato fruits that contain significantly higher quantities of ascorbic acid and total soluble solids (TSS) than M− plants. Mycorrhizal effects increased with increasing intensity of drought. The overall results suggest that mycorrhizal colonization affects host plant nutritional status, water stratus and growth under field conditions and thereby alters reproductive behaviour, fruit production and quality of fruits under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions.     

Water deficit effects on Salvia officinalis fatty acids and essential oils composition

The effects of water deficit on vegetative growth, fatty acids and essential oil yield and composition of Salvia officinalis aerial parts were investigated. Plants were treated with different levels of water deficit (C, MWD and SWD). Results showed important reductions of the different growth parameters. Drought decreased significantly the foliar fatty acid content and the double bond index (DBI) degree. This later was provoked mainly by a strong reduction of linolenic acid proportion and the disappearance of palmitoleic acid. Besides, moderate deficit increased the essential oil yield (expressed as g/100 g on the basis of dry weight) and the main essential oil constituents were camphor, α-thujone and 1.8-cineole which showed an increasing under moderate water deficit.     

栽培槽大小对日光温室架式栽培番茄生长发育、水肥利用和产量品质的影响

利用封闭式循环供液高架栽培系统,研究了栽培槽大小(横切面宽度×深度:20cm×10cm,20cm×15cm,20cm×20cm)和钵栽(直径12cm×高10cm,基质容积1L)对架式栽培番茄(3穗果摘心)生长发育、水肥利用及产量品质的影响。结果表明:与钵栽相比,槽栽促进番茄植株生长,增加产量,但开花和采收时间延迟,果实品质下降,水肥利用效率降低;随着栽培槽体积的增大,植株生长旺盛,干物质积累量增加,但水肥利用效率降低,果实品质下降,不同大小栽培槽处理间水分利用效率和单株产量差异不显著。综合产量、品质及水肥利用效率等指标,番茄架式栽培槽大小以20cm×10cm为宜。     

氨基酸液肥对红酥脆梨影响的试验研究

以红酥脆梨为试材,研究喷施氨基酸液肥对果实水分、干物质、可溶性固形物、总酸含量和平均单果重以及产量的影响。试验结果表明,喷施氨基酸液肥后,果实可溶性固形物含量极显著提高,平均单果重和果实干物质含量有所增加,水分和总酸含量有所下降,增产效果明显。     

核桃果实发育初期的水分状况

对在不同土壤水分条件下核桃枝条、叶片和果实水分含量动态与生长发育关系的研究结果表明,土壤供水不足时,树体水分亏缺,影响枝条生长和果实发育,降低坐果率.对有关水分生理指标测试表明,不同品种核桃叶水势(φW)日变化虽有差别,但相似,呈双峰型,叶φw愈低,晚上回升愈缓慢.叶φw日变化还受枝条上着生果实的影响,未着生果实枝条叶φw高于有果枝的.叶φw降低抑制光合产物的形成和累积.核桃蒸腾作用的日变化也呈双峰曲线,并与环境因子有密切关系.叶组织水分亏缺时,抗脱水能力强,具有一定的抗旱性能,晚熟品种优于早熟品种.