Effects of different sources of dietary non-starch polysaccharides on the growth performance,development of digestive tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes in goslings

1.?The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on growth performance, development of gastrointestinal tract, and activities of pancreatic enzymes in goslings from 0 to 21 d of age.

2.?A total of 100 one-day-old White Roman female goslings were selected and randomly divided into 5 dietary treatment groups. Each group had 4 replicate cages (100 × 60 × 58 cm) of 5 goslings. Goslings in each group were given one of 5 isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi-purified diets. Experimental diets were designed to contain 90 g/kg of different sources of dietary NSP from maize (control), barley hull, rice bran, wheat bran, or pectin, respectively, and 97·4 g/kg NSP were supplied by soybean meal.

3.?The goslings receiving the pectin diet had significantly higher viscosity in intestinal digesta than the other treatment diets. However, the daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of goslings in the pectin group were significantly lower than those given the other diets.

4.?The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver and pancreas, as well as the relative weights and lengths of various intestinal segments in the goslings that received the pectin diet, were significantly higher than those receiving the other diets. The specific activities (SA) of amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreatic tissue of goslings in the pectin group were significantly lower than those in the other groups.

5.?Goslings given a soluble NSP source (pectin) diet tended to exhibit inhibited growth and decreased activity of pancreatic enzymes. However, compared with maize, the inclusion of insoluble NSP sources from barley hull, rice bran, and wheat bran did not negatively affect growth and also were not significantly different among the treatment diets.     

GPV感染雏鹅的保护酶活性与同工酶变异性研究

酶是催化代谢途径的高效活性基因产物,应激环境和遗传基础的不同导致同工酶结构或活性差异,使不同组织和发育阶段的酶种类和活性表现特异性变化。采用生化分析实验技术和PAGE分析GPV感染雏鹅保护酶(POD、ES、SOD)的活性及同工酶特征变异,结果表明,GPV感染雏鹅的脑、心、脾组织新出现1条POD同工酶带,肺组织消减1条同工酶带;GPV感染雏鹅的肝、肺、心组织SOD同工酶谱带新增加2条,脑、脾组织新增加1条,脑、心、脾分别缺少慢区、中区、快区酶带;GPV感染雏鹅的心、脾组织ES同工酶分别出现2、3条新酶带,脑、肝、肺组织新出现1条酶带;POD、SOD、ES活性不同程度分别增强1.2~6倍、1~1.7倍、1~2倍,肝中最显著(6,1.7,2倍)。提示GPV感染应激与寄主保护酶基因表达的互作作用,引起酶的谱型、活性等生化特征变异,直接或间接调控代谢途径与病理生化性能,因此,保护酶是GPV感染应激的敏感酶,可作为GPV与宿主易感性互作致病机制研究的有效标记。     

鹅艾美球虫对雏鹅的致病性及病理学研究

用纯种鹅艾美球虫孢子化卵囊分别人工感染9日龄和18日龄雏鹅,进行致病性与病理学研究.以0.01×104个/只、0.1×104个/只、1.0 × 104个/只剂量感染9日龄雏鹅,死亡率分别为0、10%和60%;以0.5×104个/只、3.0×104个/只剂量感染18日龄雏鹅,死亡率分别为20%和75%.雏鹅发病的临床症状和死亡鹅的病理变化基本一致,潜伏期5 d～5.5 d,病程3.5 d～4 d.病变主要在小肠下段,尤其是空肠后段与回肠前段最严重,呈急性出血-坏死性或出血-卡他性肠炎.大量配子体或卵囊寄生在肠绒毛基部尤其是肠腺上皮细胞中,引起肠黏膜上皮坏死、脱落以及肠壁水肿、出血和炎性细胞浸润等.结果表明:鹅艾美球虫对雏鹅有很强的致病性;致病性主要发生在配子生殖阶段,是由大量的配子体或卵囊在肠腺上皮细胞内发育破坏了肠道黏膜组织结构与功能所致.     

苜蓿花期三种杀菌剂对意大利蜜蜂保护酶和解毒酶的影响

为探究苜蓿生产过程中使用的杀菌剂对其传粉昆虫意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)的安全性,利用田间推荐使用浓度的菌核净、咪鲜胺和异菌脲处理意大利蜜蜂,分别测定蜜蜂体内3种保护酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和3种解毒酶:羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和细胞色素P450(P450)的活性。结果表明,不同浓度的3种杀菌剂均可诱导意蜂SOD和POD活性,其中咪鲜胺1500倍液(0.17 mg·L^-1)处理的蜜蜂体内SOD和POD活性最高,分别为对照的1.82和5.40倍。3种杀菌剂对CAT、CarE和GSTs活性表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制,对P450活性表现为抑制作用(咪鲜胺)或者诱导作用(菌核净和异菌脲)。随着处理时间的延长,3种杀菌剂1000倍液(0.40、0.25和0.50 mg·L^-1)对意蜂体内3种保护酶的活性总体表现为诱导作用;而对3种解毒酶的影响各异,菌核净对3种解毒酶活性均为先激活后抑制;异菌脲对CarE和GSTs活性表现为先抑制后激活,对P450为诱导作用;咪鲜胺对CarE和GSTs表现为先激活后抑制,对P450表现为随时间逐渐降低的抑制作用。该结果表明意蜂可以通过调节体内保护酶和解毒酶活性,降低杀菌剂的负面影响,但对蜜蜂正常生理和代谢产生了影响。因此在生产中应当谨慎施用杀菌剂,保护蜜蜂安全授粉。     

一起雏鹅小鹅瘟的诊断与治疗

小鹅瘟是雏鹅的一种急性或亚急性败血症,依感染时的年龄,可分为最急性、急性和亚急性。15日龄以内的锥鹅发病常为急性,无明显前驱症状,一经发现即极度衰弱,倒地乱划,抽搐死亡,死亡率高达60％以上。2008年6月9日,灵武市东塔镇某鹅场6日龄雏鹅出现大批死亡,发病率52％,死亡率100％。采用特异性治疗、补液治疗等措施后,病情得到基本控制。现将情况报告如下。     

皖西白鹅与罗曼鹅屠宰性能及肉品质分析

研究旨在通过比较我国地方品种皖西白鹅与国外引进品种罗曼鹅屠宰性能和肉品质的差异,为不同鹅种的保护利用提供参考资料。试验选取同批饲养的70日龄皖西白鹅和罗曼鹅,分别测定屠宰性能并分析肌肉品质。结果显示:①70日龄罗曼鹅体重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重等均高于皖西白鹅(P>0.05),腿肌重、腹脂重、肠脂重均显著高于皖西白鹅(P<0.05);②罗曼鹅翅重、心重和肌胃重均显著高于皖西白鹅(P<0.05),但肝重显著低于皖西白鹅(P<0.05),脚掌重低于皖西白鹅(P>0.05);③罗曼鹅胸肌亮度显著高于皖西白鹅(P<0.05),肉色鲜艳,红度显著低于皖西白鹅(P<0.05),黄度值、pH值和滴水损失率均与皖西白鹅差异不明显。研究结果表明:皖西白鹅在腿肌、腹脂和肠脂,以及翅膀、心和肌胃发育方面,与罗曼鹅存在显著差异,胸肌肉色红度更高。     

NSP酶制剂对生长鹅小肠食糜黏度及盲肠微生物数量的影响

选择300只29日龄生长鹅进行28 d的饲养试验,研究在高纤维基础日粮中分别添加0.2%和0.4%的NSP酶制剂对生长鹩小肠食糜黏度及盲肠微生物数量的影响.对小肠食糜黏度的研究结果显示:0.2%与0.4%的NSP酶制剂对十二指肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为9.43%和10.69%(P<0.05),对空肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为10.74%和12.81%(P<0.05),对回肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为14.11%和15.03%(P<0.05).对盲肠微生物数量的研究结果显示:0.2%与0.4%的NSP酶制剂对盲肠大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌均无显著影响(P>0.05).     

鹅源沙门菌分离鉴定及系统进化分析

从发病死亡雏鹅尸体所采集的病料中分离获得3株细菌,并进行了培养特性、形态特征、生化特性、药物敏感性、致病性等表观性状的研究,以及对其系统发育进行分析。16S rRNA基因测序表明,菌株RCg-1,菌株RCg-3与肠炎沙门菌同源性最高,达到99.2%-99.4%;3株分离菌2.5×107CFU能够导致试验组雏鹅和小鼠100%死亡。3株分离菌对头孢噻吩、头孢曲松、先锋霉素ⅴ、恩诺沙星最敏感,对乙酰螺旋霉素、青霉素耐药。     

Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

OBJECTIVE: To determine serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). ANIMALS: 74 healthy dogs and 25 dogs with EPI. PROCEDURES: A diagnosis of EPI was made on the basis of clinical signs, low serum trypsin like immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration, and response to treatment with enzyme replacement. Median values for fasting serum lipase activity and serum PLI concentrations were compared between the 2 groups with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Median fasting serum lipase activity was not significantly different between dogs with EPI (366.0 U/L) and healthy dogs (294.5 U/L), and only 1 dog with EPI had a serum lipase activity less than the lower limit of the reference range. Median serum PLI concentration was significantly lower in dogs with EPI (0.1 microg/L) than in healthy dogs (16.3 microg/L). All dogs with EPI had serum PLI concentrations less than the lower limit of the reference range. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum lipase activity is not limited to the exocrine pancreas in origin, whereas serum PLI is derived only from the exocrine pancreas. Unlike in serum TLI concentrations, there was a small degree of overlap in serum PLI concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with EPI. Serum TLI concentration remains the test of choice for diagnosis of EPI.     

四季鹅胃肠道发育及消化酶活力的年龄性变化

四季鹅于放牧及补喂稻谷条件下,从1日至10周龄,每隔两周宰杀10～12只。胃肠道发育及消化酶活力的年龄性变化表明,鹅的消化器官比其它器官率先发育,但2周龄后,消化道占体重比率逐步下降。鹅的肌胃及其食糜重量占胃肠道比例自始至终最大;2周龄时肌胃食糜出现砂砾,9周龄即占肌胃食糜的60％左右。盲肠发育较迟,2周龄时出现微生物消化,食糜已有较高总脱氢酶活力(1395u/100g),挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量达5.63mM/100g,随年龄增长,由乙酸型发酵向丙酸型发酵转变。但盲肠食糜量较少,对整个消化过程似无重要意义。1 日龄胰腺已有相当高蛋白酶(1141u/g)和淀粉酶活力(1111.39u/g),后者随年龄增长呈直线增高。     

Assays and activities of glycosidic enzymes in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes

Methods are described for the quantitative measurement of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase and beta-glucuronidase in peripheral blood leukocytes of the bovine. Enzyme kinetics and stability were determined. Activities of the glycosidases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear leukocytes were determined using the optimized assays. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes had greater activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase, and similar levels of beta-glucuronidase, when compared to mononuclear leukocytes.     

盐度对刺参消化酶活力的影响

本文应用酶学分析方法研究了盐度对刺参消化道内各种消化酶活力的影响.蛋白酶活力测定采用福林一酚法,脂肪酶活力测定采用水解法,淀粉酶活力和纤维素酶活力测定采用水杨酸显色法.试验结果表明,除脂肪酶外,盐度对消化道内消化酶活力具有显著影响(P＜0.05).淀粉酶和蛋白酶在盐度30时活力最大,而纤维素酶在盐度26时活力最大.     

不同饲料对鱼类消化酶活性的影响

不同饲料对鱼类消化酶的活性有重要影响,主要包括饲料种类及成分,饲料中不同蛋白质源,饲料不同蛋白质水平,饲料添加剂和饲料加工过程的影响,本文将从上述几个方面进行概述。     

实验性天府肉鹅锌中毒症的病理学观察

1日龄天府肉鹅健雏200只,随机分为4组,分别喂以:(1)基础日粮(Zn 100mg/kg日粮,对照组)、(2)基础日粮 Zn 900mg/kg、(3)基础日粮 Zn 1400mg/kg、(4)基础日粮 Zn 1900mg/kg,试验期7周,进行系统的病理学观察.中毒组雏鹅出现生长迟缓、拉稀、跛行等临床症状.组织学观察,肝细胞颗粒变性,骨骼肌及肌胃平滑肌变性坏死,胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死.血液病理学变化,主要是血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降,骨/肝碱性磷酸酶比值升高,谷丙转氨酶、肌酸激酶及淀粉酶活性程度不同地升高,血清胰岛素含量升高,仅基础日粮 Zn 1900mg/kg组49日龄降低.结果表明,高锌对鹅可产生明显的毒害作用.     

不同品种猪早期消化酶活性差异的研究

<正>不同品种的猪具有不同的种质特性,目前国内外对各猪种消化酶活性的研究主要集中在断奶阶段,并且由于日粮、饲养管理、取样方法、酶活分析方法以及酶活性表达方式的不同,所得数据的可比性有限。不同品种猪的消化酶活性是否存在差异,有待于进一步研究。本试验对长白猪、大白×太湖二元杂交猪(简称大太二杂猪)和太湖猪从初生到90日龄阶段消化酶的发育规律进行研究,揭示了各猪种消化酶活性存在的差异。