民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带不同发育阶段白刺灌丛沙堆点格局特征

【目的】研究不同发育阶段白刺灌丛沙堆植被特征、沙堆形态特征及沙堆空间点格局分布,分析发育过程中白刺灌丛沙堆随尺度增加的空间点格局分布特征和变化规律,以期阐明各发育阶段不同级别白刺灌丛沙堆的空间关联性,揭示白刺灌丛发育过程中的种群形成特征及其生态格局维持机制。【方法】基于野外调查观测,在民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带选择4个不同发育阶段(雏形阶段、发育阶段、稳定阶段和活化阶段)的白刺灌丛沙堆典型样地,根据空间二维坐标,采用数量统计方法,按照沙堆体积大小将灌丛沙堆分为1级小沙堆、2级中沙堆和3级大沙堆3个等级,利用单变量O-ring函数对灌丛沙堆进行空间格局分析,并用双变量O-ring函数进行不同尺度各级沙堆关联性分析。【结果】随沙堆发育过程的进行,白刺灌丛的整体生长状况由好显著变差,植被覆盖度先增后减(雏形阶段最低为51.4%,逐渐升高到稳定阶段最高68.8%,活化阶段降低为60%),而植被枯枝率基本呈增加状态(由雏形阶段的15%增加到活化阶段的27%);各级沙堆在不同尺度中表现出不同的分布格局:雏形阶段,白刺灌丛沙堆在0～5 m的尺度上趋于均匀分布,在5～25 m尺度上为随机分布,而在25的尺度上趋于聚集分布;发育阶段,白刺灌丛在0～5 m的尺度上倾向于均匀分布,在5～30 m尺度上为随机分布;稳定阶段与活化阶段,各级白刺灌丛在小尺度上(5 m)都表现出均匀分布的倾向,但在5 m尺度上为随机分布。各发育阶段大小级别不同的白刺灌丛沙堆随尺度变化表现出不同的关联特性,除发育阶段小沙堆间(1、2级)无关联外,其他阶段小沙堆间(1级和2级)主要表现为随空间尺度增加正关联性逐渐增强,2级和3级沙堆在10 m尺度上表现为负关联,而在10 m的尺度上表现为负向联系加强或无关联。【结论】各发育阶段不同级别白刺灌丛沙堆所占比重不同但均未表现出明显的聚集现象,随沙堆发育过程的逐渐推进,大沙堆趋于随机分布;各级沙堆之间的关联性在小尺度上表现出小沙堆间的正关联性逐渐增强,而在中大尺度上中大沙堆表现出负关联加强或无关联,表明白刺灌丛沙堆植物群落组成和沙堆结构随发育过程的进行越来越不稳定。     

格局分析的最新方法——点格局分析

空间格局在种群生态研究中占据着重要地位,成为植物种群生态研究的热点之一。种群的空间格局反映了种群在生物群落或生态系统中所处的地位和作用,反映不同种群问相互关系的发生与发展,研究生物种群的空间分布,是深入了解生态系统的基础。鉴于格局分析的重要作用,本文对点格局分析和其他格局分析方法进行了比较,指出了点格局分析方法在格局分析中的重要地位,并对点格局分析的研究趋势进行阐述。     

干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺沙堆表层沉积物影响的研究

为了探究不同干扰程度(中度干扰,约1峰骆驼/hm~2;轻度干扰程度,约0.6峰骆驼/hm~2;未干扰,0峰骆驼/hm~2)对巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺群落灌丛沙堆表层粒径特征的影响,进行了一系列野外取样和室内试验。结果表明:(1)从中度干扰的群落到未干扰的群落,随着干扰程度的降低,球果白刺灌丛的平均粒径在不断增加中(221.3μm、243.7μm、268.1μm)。在不同干扰的群落中,极细砾都分布在球果白刺灌丛沙堆各个方向的底部和灌丛间地。中度干扰的球果白刺灌丛沙堆主要以极细沙为主;轻度干扰的球果白刺灌丛沙堆主要以细沙和极细沙为主;未干扰的球果白刺灌丛沙堆主要以细沙、中沙和极细沙为主。(2)分选性最好的为中度干扰的球果白刺灌丛沙堆,最差的为未干扰的球果白刺灌丛沙堆。3个群落内的球果白刺灌丛沙堆的平均偏度基本都为近于对称,在中度干扰和轻度干扰的群落内,峰态的程度多数为窄的水平;在未干扰的群落内,多数为中等峰度水平。     

吉林蛟河阔叶红松林树种空间分布格局及其种间关联性

【目的】群落水平上研究28个物种在不同尺度下种群空间分布格局及其种间空间关联性,明确温带森林群落物种共存与生物多样性维持机制。【方法】基于吉林蛟河阔叶红松林30 hm~2动态监测样地数据,运用空间点格局分析方法,分别采用完全空间随机零模型和异质性泊松零模型分析不同尺度种群空间分布格局及其种间关联性。【结果】基于完全空间随机零模型的种群空间分布格局分析显示,本研究中的28个物种均表现出空间聚集格局,表明总体空间分布格局的非随机性;基于异质性泊松零模型的种群空间分布格局分析结果表明聚集分布格局主要出现在较小尺度(0~10 m),随研究尺度增加,种群聚集所占比例迅速降低,随机分布和均匀分布成为主要的分布格局类型;分离和部分重叠类型是主要的种间关联类型,混合种间关联类型所占比例较低;多数尺度上,种间相互排斥所占比例高于种间相互吸引,表明不同物种个体之间在空间上趋向于分离,种间个体直接相互作用的机会少,表现为种间分离格局。【结论】本研究表明种内聚集和种间分离是该研究群落主要空间构型,物种间的空间分离减弱种间竞争,阻止或减缓竞争优势物种对竞争劣势物种的竞争排除作用有利于维持物种共存,促进生物多样性维持。     

不同干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺灌丛空间格局影响的研究

球果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)作为巴音温都尔沙漠的重要建群种,具有很高的饲用价值和防风固沙作用。为了探究巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺在不同干扰程度下灌丛空间格局分布的差异,通过每公顷放牧骆驼的数量来划定不同干扰程度的群落(未干扰群落,骆驼0峰/hm^2;轻度干扰群落,骆驼约0.6峰/hm^2;中度干扰群落,骆驼约1峰/hm^2),分析不同干扰程度对球果白刺灌丛空间点格局分布的影响。结果表明:(1)群落内的球果白刺现存量干重从大到小依次为未干扰的群落(73.33 g/m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(17.67 g/m^2)>中度干扰的群落(13.58 g/m^2);空斑总面积从大到小依次为中度干扰的群落(2 335 m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(2 241.25 m^2)>未干扰的群落(2 143 m^2)。(2)样方内的球果白刺数量从多到少依次为中度干扰的群落(459株)>轻度干扰的群落(272株)>未干扰的群落(142株),随着干扰程度的降低,个体在逐渐增大。(3)中度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~3 m、4~19 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在3~4 m、19~25 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。轻度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~12 m、13~25 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在12~13 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。未干扰的群落内,球果白刺表现为随机分布。     

民勤荒漠白刺群落的分布与结构特征研究

对民勤荒漠白刺群落进行野外调查,对其群落的分布、外貌、结构特征及其物种多样性、分布格局、优势种群动态进行了分析研究。结果表明:1)白刺群落是民勤荒漠分布最广的一种植物群落类型,具有地带性分布特征,主要有唐古特白刺和球果白刺;2种群落类型,面积为310 290.20 hm2,占民勤荒漠草地总面积(934 639.80 hm2)的33.20%;2)民勤荒漠白刺灌丛的形态、外貌特征差异较大,不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆空间分布格局差异较大;3)民勤荒漠白刺群落的层片结构简单,由灌木层和草本层组成,植物个体矮、冠幅小、生物量低、几乎都是灌木或者半灌木;群落多样性比较差、物种丰富度低、均匀性也差;群落优势种呈集群分布格局,整体上表现为稳定型种群;这种分布格局与种群的繁殖策略、生物学特性及恶劣的生境条件有关。     

生态输水对青土湖白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分的影响

为了探讨人工输水影响下青土湖白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分的空间分布特征,对距水面不同距离、不同土层的白刺灌丛沙堆土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率进行了观测研究。结果表明,由于水面形成干扰,土壤溶液电导率、全氮、速效钾、全钾、速效磷、全磷、有机质在距水面50m和250m处达到最大值,较平地距水面距离的各养分最大值向水缘推近了50m;白刺灌丛沙堆不同土层的土壤养分含量变化明显,总体上是表层的养分最高,并呈现随土层深度增加而减小趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);青土湖水面的形成,使白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分上移在土壤表层聚集;土壤有机质与全氮、全磷、速效钾、电导率间呈显著正相关;电导率和全氮、全磷、速效钾间呈极显著正相关。     

基于激光雷达数据的塔里木河下游胡杨种群空间分布格局和种内竞争关系

【目的】分析胡杨种群在干旱区不同地下水埋深梯度下的空间分布格局及种内竞争强度变化,探究种群空间结构对干旱环境的响应特征。【方法】在塔里木河下游3个断面处离河道1 000 m的范围内等距离布设15个50 m×50 m天然胡杨林样地,利用地面激光雷达(TLS)获取树木三维结构数据,并通过聚集指数(R)、丛生指数(I)、点格局函数g(r)等空间分布指标以及竞争指数(CI),分析空间分布格局和种内竞争强度。【结果】1)R和I指数表明,在下游不同地下水埋深梯度下,胡杨种群空间分布格局整体上呈聚集分布。2)各样地内在0～25 m半径r距离获取的g(r)函数值分析表明,大部分样地胡杨在r<5 m距离内基本呈现聚集分布格局,在r>5 m距离呈随机分布格局。随着地下水埋深增加,树木聚集分布的距离r会缩小。3)点格局函数g₁₂(r)结果表明,不同龄级胡杨树分布格局存在差异,中龄树主要呈聚集分布,其他龄级树呈随机分布;中龄树与幼龄树、成熟树之间存在正关联性,表现出相互促进关系,而其他龄级树木之间未呈现显著关联性。4)平均CI指数随离河道距离增大呈递减趋势,单木CI随胸径增大...     

镇沅县思茅松天然林空间结构特征分析

以云南省镇沅县思茅松天然林为研究对象,对森林资源连续清查的固定样地进行调查,应用林分角尺度、林分混交度和林分大小比数等空间结构指标,对思茅松天然林空间分布格局、树种隔离程度和林木生长竞争等进行综合分析.结果表明,在林木空间配置上,林分平均角尺度达0.53,反映出思茅松天然林主要呈现聚集分布的空间分布格局;在思茅松天然林...     

林木空间分布格局分析方法比较及其适应性

【目的】对比研究各类林木空间分布格局分析方法及其对不同应用场景的适应性,为选取最适宜的空间分布格局方法提供参考。【方法】以模拟样地和实际调查样地为数据源,采用MATLAB和R语言工具,对比分析最近邻体法、角尺度、Voronoi变异系数法、Ripley’s L函数和双相关函数5种方法在工作原理、使用方式和评价标准上的异同以及各方法对不同样地条件的适应性。为便于比较,按照是否依赖于空间尺度将空间分布格局分析方法分为固定尺度型和可变尺度型两大类。【结果】研究区阔叶林具有显著的空间分布规律,以聚集分布和随机分布为常见格局。固定尺度型方法依赖空间邻域,适用于小尺度,在林分经营和林分微结构调控中应用广泛。可变尺度型方法与空间尺度密切相关,能提供更为丰富的空间信息,适合复杂条件下对森林进行长期监测。角尺度和Voronoi变异系数法对空间分布格局的判断较为一致,实际应用中可互相验证或替代,而最近邻体法对空间分布格局则可能产生误判。多数情况下,概率密度函数(双相关函数)比累计分布函数(Ripley’s L函数)更易于解释和分析,双相关函数优于Ripley’s L函数。角尺度与双相关函数和Ripley’s L函数的性能优劣尚存争议,每种空间分布格局分析方法均有其适用前提和条件,性能优劣只是相对而言。固定尺度型和可变尺度型两大类空间分布格局分析方法均受林木样本量、样地大小、林分密度等因素影响,样地越大、样本越多,评价结果越准确,但也会增加样地调查和分析计算的工作量。【结论】各类空间分布格局分析方法有其自身特点及适用前提,实际应用中应结合具体样地条件选择合适的方法。林木空间分布格局研究不应仅仅局限于对整体数据是聚集分布、均匀分布或随机分布的简单描述上,还应将其应用于优化和调节森林结构以充分发挥森林的多种功能,为林业数据精准分析以及林业生产经营实践提供参考和科学依据。     

桂林岩溶石山阴香种群的空间分布格局

通过野外调查,选取6块有代表性的样地,采用点格局分析方法研究了阴香种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,6块样地中,Q1和Q5样地阴香种群多数尺度上表现为集群分布,Q2和Q3以随机分布为主,Q4和Q6样地少数尺度上为集群分布,多数尺度上呈随机分布。阴香种群的空间分布格局与物种本身的繁殖特性、生境条件以及种内种间竞争等密切相关,由岩石的覆盖而形成的小环境对种群的分布格局类型有影响。点格局分析法较好地体现了不同尺度下阴香种群的分布格局特征。     

Tree spatial patterns of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica in the Western Carpathians over 30 years

The decline of Abies alba (fir) in natural fir–beech forests in Europe has fascinated scientists for over a century. During this period, Fagus sylvatica (beech) became the dominant species in this forest type. We hypothesised that (1) the success of beech over fir is significantly connected with the fact that beech suffers less than fir from the presence of conspecific neighbours; that (2) shade tolerance is not a factor which favours beech over fir; and that (3) this is due to a significantly reduced proportion of litter treethrow mounds with suitable conditions for the successful regeneration of fir. We investigated these hypotheses by means of tree spatial pattern analysis. Eight rectangular plots (2–8 ha) were analysed in mountain fir–beech forests of the Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic. Various types of the pair correlation function and L function were used to describe the tree density variability of trees with DBH ≥10 cm. The analyses were carried out on datasets from the 1970s, 1990s and 2000s. Our results suggest that negative density dependence is not responsible for the current decline of fir. It seems that a higher shade tolerance of the advanced regeneration could be one of the factors which favour beech over fir. It is evident that fir trees have a markedly stronger positive association to mounds than beech trees.     

多指标林业试验的评价函数分析法

根据多目标决策观点，对多指标林业选优试验提出了综合分析方法。通过构造合理的评价函数，使多指标转化为单指标分析，从而找出试验因素的主次关系及最优的因素水平搭配。     

满城县旅游资源开发模式多目标模糊决策

利用模糊数学原理和方法,确定了对旅游资源开发模式起决定作用的7种特性指标,包括旅游资源的观赏价值、科学价值、体育健身价值、休闲娱乐价值、历史文化价值、艺术观赏价值、宗教价值等,建立了各特性指标的隶属函数和多目标模糊决策的数学模型。应用此模型对满城县6个旅游资源实体的开发模式进行了模糊决策,并结合各景区旅游资源特色对满城县旅游资源开发模式进行了适宜性分析。     

Rhizome growth of Calamagrostis canadensis into mounds created for tree seedling establishment

Mineral soil-capped, inverted mounds (a layer of organic matter topped by a mineral soil cap on an undisturbed in situ soil horizon) are often created as planting sites for tree seedlings in areas dominated by a very competitive grass, Calamagrostis canadensis. Mounding, however, has had variable success at slowing the spread of this grass into the planting sites. A series of three field experiments investigated the pattern of rhizome growth of C. canadensis into mounds. Experiment 1 tested the interaction of mound thickness and clonal connections of C. canadensis to plants outside the mounds; experiment 2 the removal of the organic layer containing most of the rhizomes (screefing) prior to mounding, and experiment 3 the effect of mulching and fertilising on penetration and distribution of rhizomes through the mound. The thickness of the mineral soil cap was the most important factor determining the success of C. canadensis colonisation, while clonal connections were only of importance for shallow mounds. Screefing before creating the mound resulted in a reduction of C. canadensis establishment. Rhizome penetration from plants outside of the mound was not strongly affected by fertilising and mulching. A fourth experiment, conducted in a controlled environment, tested the ability of rhizomes from buried C. canadensis sods to grow through mineral soil caps of different thickness. The grass sods had different growth potentials which were achieved by a pre-treatment of two levels of light and nutrients, resulting in high and low rhizome carbohydrate concentrations. Low reserves did not reduce the ability of rhizomes to penetrate any thickness of the mineral soil cap. Strategies of C. canadensis establishment on mounds are discussed.     

生态经济林模式水土流失模型探讨

对三峡库区坡耕地生态经济林模式下各经济林模式类型水土流失模型进行了探讨,即对其泥沙流失量、径流量与次降雨侵蚀力、次降雨量的模型进行了初步研究.同时,对水土保持林模式以及生物篙模式和裸地进行了研究对比.研究结果表明,仅茶叶模式泥沙流失量、径流量分别与次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨量均呈现为指数函数,其它生态经济林模式、水土保持林模式以及生物篱等模式类型和裸地水土流失函数关系表现各异.     

浙江农林大学东湖校区校园景观格局探讨

以浙江农林大学东湖校区为研究对象,运用景观格局分析原理,对校园植物景观格局进行研究。根据校园景观的功能区块,将校园景观分为科研生产区、教学学院区、东湖景观区、生活服务区、体育运动区;对5大区各类斑块的多样性指数、破碎度指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数进行分析,结果表明:该校园以绿地为基质,东湖景观区的植物景观格局较好,对校园后期建设具有一定的借鉴意义。并从功能、格局和景观生态效益的角度,提出对高校校园植物景观建设的相关建议。     

The effect of red wood ant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica rufa</Emphasis> group) mounds on root biomass,density, and nutrient concentrations in boreal managed forests

Red wood ants (Formica rufa group, RWAs) are common insects in boreal forests in Fennoscandia, and they build large, long-lived mounds as their nests. RWA mounds are enriched with carbon and nutrients, but little information is available about how they affect root distribution and the nutrient uptake of trees. In this study, we investigated the biomass, biomass density, nutrient concentrations, and amounts of fine (<2 mm) and coarse (>2 mm) roots in RWA mounds, and compared them with those of surrounding forest soil in mixed coniferous stands of different age classes in Finland. Neither fine nor coarse root biomasses differed significantly between the aboveground parts of the mounds and the organic layer of the soil. Root biomass density was lower in mounds than in the organic layer. However, fine root biomass and biomass density were higher in the belowground parts of mounds than in the surrounding mineral soil. Macroelement (N, Ca, K, P, S, Mg) and Zn and Cu concentrations in roots in the mounds were significantly higher than those in the organic layer. Root biomass and biomass density did not differ between stands of different age classes. The results of this study indicate that RWA mounds increase heterogeneity in root distribution in forest ecosystems, and also increase the availability of nutrients for plants that extend their roots inside RWA mounds.     

Regeneration in windthrow areas in hemiboreal forests: the influence of microsite on the height growths of different tree species

Natural regeneration of windthrow areas is an important issue when planning forestry measures after forest disturbances. Seedling recruitment was investigated in storm-damaged hemiboreal mixed forests in eastern Estonia. The establishment and growth of seedlings from natural regeneration was registered for tree species in soil pits and in mounds of uprooted trees in stands that were either heavily or moderately damaged. Seedling growth is expected to be better in large but shallow soil pits created by uprooted Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and poorer in small but deep pits created by the hardwoods in the area, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.). The most abundant regenerating species was birch. Pits hosted larger seedling numbers than mounds, due to soil instability in mounds. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) showed significantly faster growth than the other seedling species. Norway spruce pits were preferred to pits of other species by both birch and spruce seedlings. Black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) J. Gaertn.] did not show a preference for pits of a certain species of uprooted tree. Both spruce and rowan preferred hardwood mounds over spruce mounds. Storm severity also affected species composition: birch predominantly occurred on pits and mounds in heavily disturbed areas, while spruce was more abundant in the moderately damaged areas. The effects of advance regeneration and surrounding stands on seedling microsite preferences should be considered in future research and subsequent management recommendations.