奶牛乳腺炎主要致病菌的分离与鉴定

对山东省济南、泰安和临沂等地区5个奶牛场的160份乳样进行了临床型乳腺炎和隐性乳腺炎的判定检测,并进行了主要致病菌的分离鉴定。结果表明,160份乳样中有127份呈乳腺炎阳性,其中临床型乳腺炎占36．22％,隐性乳腺炎占63．78％;从这些乳样中分离到了主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌依据溶血型的不同主要有α溶血、β溶血、α＋β溶血和不溶血四种;大肠杆菌依据O抗原诊断血清得出主要有02、021、076和088这四种型;无乳链球菌依据溶血型主要为β溶血型。     

奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定及中药透皮剂治疗

对佳木斯市8所规模型奶牛场做了乳腺炎发病情况调查,随机采集了88份临床型乳腺炎乳样和176份隐性乳腺炎乳样做了细菌学检查,并对分离得到的病原菌进行鉴定,同时采用中草药透皮剂治疗发病奶牛.试验结果表明,引起奶牛乳腺炎主要病原菌包括金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、化脓链球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌、绿脓杆菌、沙门氏菌;中药透皮剂治疗奶牛乳腺炎实验表明治疗效果良好.     

河北地区隐性乳房炎的流行病学调查

为了研究河北地区隐性乳房炎的发病情况,试验采用乳房炎体细胞数间接测定法(BMT)和细菌培养技术对河北地区6个牛场的720份奶样进行隐性乳房炎筛查和病原微生物诊断。结果表明:720份乳样中有182份为隐性乳房炎乳样,发病率为25.3%;金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为引起河北地区奶牛隐性乳房炎发病的主要病原菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌所占比例最大,为20.9%。     

牦牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离及鉴定

牦牛隐性乳房炎被认为是高原藏族地区牦牛奶产量低下的主要原因之一。探索和研究牦牛隐性乳房炎致病菌特性及流行病学特征,可为牦牛隐性乳房炎防治提供一定的依据。本试验采集了红原地区不同牧群牦牛的80份奶样,由体细胞数、p H值测定初步筛选出了30份疑似牦牛乳房炎奶样,然后对其进行培养观察及生化检测,分离并鉴定出了牦牛隐性乳房炎病原菌。结果显示:80份奶样中有28份为牦牛隐性乳房炎奶样,检出率为35%;细菌学检测表明,28份奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌占10.71%,无乳链球菌占25%,乳房链球菌占32.14%,停乳链球菌占17.86%,大肠杆菌占14.29%。     

张家口地区奶牛临床型乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

采集具有临床型乳腺炎奶牛的奶样,经细菌的分离培养、纯培养和生化试验,以确定奶牛临床型乳腺炎的致病菌种类。结果发现患临床型乳腺炎奶牛的致病菌和占分离菌株的百分率为:腐生葡萄球菌19.7%、金黄色葡萄球菌16.5%、兽疫链球菌17.3%、停乳链球菌9.4%、乳房链球菌3.9%、无乳链球菌1.6%、产气肠杆菌17.3%、聚团肠杆菌4.7%、奇异变形杆菌3.0%、大肠杆菌3.0%、蜡样芽胞杆菌3.0%,样品中单纯感染与混合感染的百分率分别为66.0%和27.8%。     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明：泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母茼和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母茼为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的检出率分别为5．82％,4．17％,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著（P〈0．01）,隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

山东省东营市奶牛乳腺炎致病菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解山东省东营市奶牛乳腺炎主要致病菌的种类和耐药性情况,采集该地区5个奶牛场的临床型和隐性型乳腺炎奶样各50份,进行病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果显示:奶样中的细菌检出率为83.0%,共分离到132株细菌,其中无乳链球菌占27.27%、金黄色葡萄球菌占26.52%、大肠杆菌占15.15%、停乳链球菌占12.12%,说明这几类细菌是东营市奶牛乳腺炎的主要致病菌。对上述4种致病菌进行药敏试验,发现敏感率高的药物依次是头孢喹肟80.37%(86/107)、头孢洛宁74.77%(80/107)、头孢噻呋71.96%(77/107)和氟苯尼考67.29%(72/107),耐药率高的药物依次是四环素61.68%(66/107)、庆大霉素60.75%(65/107)和头孢氨苄46.73%(50/107)。本研究为该地区选择敏感药物防治奶牛乳腺炎提供了参考。     

多重PCR与细菌培养法检测牛乳中病原菌的对比研究

为了验证所建立的多重PCR法检测奶牛乳腺炎的灵敏性,应用所建立的多重PCR法与传统细菌培养法对临床型乳腺炎(54份)和隐性乳腺炎(145份)共计199份乳样进行了无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的检测,检测结果用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果表明:对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的检测,多重PCR法的灵敏性显著高于细菌培养法(P0.05),而对无乳链球菌的检测,两种方法的敏感性无显著差异(P0.05)。说明所建立的多重PCR法灵敏性高于细菌培养法。     

江苏部分奶牛场乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定、耐药性及血清型研究

为查明江苏部分奶牛场乳腺炎病原菌区系分布、主要病原菌药物敏感性及其血清型,本研究从5个奶牛场采集105份临床型和144份隐性乳腺炎奶样进行了细菌分离鉴定,并对分离鉴定出的6种主要病原菌进行了药敏试验,同时对分离鉴定出的12株金黄色葡萄球菌和17株无乳链球菌,采用多重PCR进行了基因分型,并对金黄色葡萄球菌进行了血清学分型。细菌分离鉴定结果显示,5个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎病原菌检出率分别为74.34%和61.81%。病原菌区系分布主要为大肠杆菌89株(24.25%)、粪肠球菌64株(17.44%)、克雷伯氏菌23株(6.27%)、志贺氏菌19株(5.18%)、无乳链球菌17株(4.63%)、屎球菌14株(3.81%)、金黄色葡萄球菌12株(3.27%)、停乳链球菌1株(0.27%)、乳房链球菌1株(0.27%)和绿脓杆菌1株(0.27%)。药物敏感性试验结果显示,6种主要病原菌均对克林霉素耐药,耐药率达50.00%~93.75%,均对氨苄西林和氯霉素敏感,敏感率为75.00%~100%。主要病原菌血清型分型结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌有2个血清型,主要为荚膜多糖336型(66.67%)和5型(33.33%),无乳链球菌主要有2个血清型,主要为Ⅱ型(64.71%)和Ia型(35.29%)。本研究为该地区奶牛乳腺炎临床合理用药及综合防控提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.