产蛋下降鸭群强毒新城疫病毒的分离鉴定与分子特征

从产蛋下降鸭群分离到两株新城疫病毒(NDV)(命名为Duck/China/SD6/2008和Duck/China/SD7/2009),经蚀斑纯化后测定其鸡胚平均死亡时间为77.6h,F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列为112-RRQKRF-117,符合强毒NDV的特征。根据F基因(374bp)对2个NDV分离株和30个NDV参考株进行基因分型结果表明,2个分离株均属于基因Ⅶ型。F基因和HN基因核苷酸序列同源性比较显示,2个鸭分离株与基因Ⅶ型NDV分离株同源性为94.1%～99.7%和94.4%～97.1%,与同期分离的鸡源NDV强毒株Chicken/China/SD4/2008同源性最高,分别为99.3%～99.5%和99.5%～99.7%,表明这两个鸭NDV毒株可能来源于感染NDV的鸡群。     

蛋鸡输卵管积液中新城疫强毒的分离鉴定与分子特征

从病鸡输卵管积液中分离了一株新城疫病毒(命名为SHY06),经蚀斑纯化后测定其鸡胚平均死亡时间和1日龄雏鸡脑内致病指数分别为52 h和2.0,F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列为112-RRQKRF-117,符合强毒NDV的特征.根据F基因(1-374 bp)对SHY06和19个NDV参考毒株进行基因分型结果表明SHY06属于基因Ⅶ型.F基因氨基酸序列同源性比较显示SHY06与基因Ⅶ型NDV分离株同源性为97.5%～99.5%,与基因Ⅸ型NDV(F48E9等)同源性为91.7%～92.4%,与基因Ⅱ型(疫苗株LaSota等)同源性为89.2%. HN基因氨基酸序列同源性比较显示SHY06与近年来分离株同源性较高,为92.1%～99.7%,与疫苗株(LaSota)和标准强毒株(F48E9)同源性较低,分别为87.6%和89.9%.     

两株鸽源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定及F基因序列分析

从四川省两个不同肉鸽养殖场的送检病鸽中分别分离出2株鸽源新城疫病毒(NDV),分别命名为Mianyang12505和sms12。致病性试验表明2株鸽源NDV均为弱毒,但融合蛋白(F)基因序列分析表明2个毒株均含有典型的强毒株F蛋白裂解位点112RRQKRF117;以F基因序列为基础构建遗传发育树,发现2株鸽源NDV属于基因Ⅵ型;F基因突变分析表明,鸽源NDVF基因突变率较大,且基因Ⅵ型和Ⅶ型存在规律突变;核酸和氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,国内鸽源NDV毒株核酸序列同源性为83.5%～99.7%,氨基酸同源性为85.6%～100%,且本研究分离的毒株与JS0722Pi同源性最高。     

一株肉鸽新城疫强毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从病死鸽的内脏组织中分离到一株新城疫病毒(命名为GD-09株),该病毒能使鸡红细胞发生凝集,且这种凝集能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。经测定,其鸡胚平均死亡时间（MDT）、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种的致病指数（ICPI）分别为57.6 h、1.74,表明该新城疫病毒为强毒。通过分析其融合蛋白（F）发现,F蛋白多肽裂解位点为¹¹²RRQRRF¹¹⁷,符合NDV强毒株裂解位点氨基酸序列。F基因分型及氨基酸同源性比较发现,GD-09株属于基因Ⅵ型,与La sota、F48E9、B1、V4等传统毒株同源性较低,与鸽源NDV同源性较高。     

一株鸭新城疫强毒的分离鉴定和分子特性分析

从山东地区发病鸭中分离到一株新城疫病毒(SDLP09),经测定,其鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)、鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)、6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)分别为107.84/0.1 mL、48.5 h、1.80、2.36,表明该新城疫病毒为强毒.通过分析其融合蛋白(F)发现,F蛋白多肽裂解位点为112RRQKRF117,符合NDV强毒株裂解位点氨基酸序列.F基因分型及氨基酸同源性比较发现,SDLP09株属于基因Ⅶ型,与野鸭源强毒NDV同源性更高,提示着该毒株可能来源于野鸭.     

一株肉鸽强毒新城疫的分离鉴定和分子特性分析

从山东地区发病肉鸽中分离到一株新城疫病毒(SDZ08),经测定,其鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)、鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种的致病指数(ICPI)、6周龄鸡静脉接种的致病指数(IVPI)分别为107.85、52.5h、1.8、2.2,表明该新城疫病毒为强毒.通过分析其融合蛋白(F)发现,F蛋白多肽裂解位点为112RRQKRF117,符合NDV强毒株裂解位点氨基酸序列.F基因分型及氨基酸同源性比较发现,SDZ08株属于基因Ⅵ,与La Sota、F48E9、B1、V4等传统毒株同源性较低,与鸽源NDV同源性较高.     

从种蛋中分离的新城疫病毒抗原性及其F和HN基因的分析

对3株首次从种蛋中分离到的NDV进行交叉HI试验表明,这3株分离毒的交叉HI同源性为98.1%～100%。对这3株病毒及另1株从输卵管分离到的NDV的F与HN完整基因进行扩增并克隆测序,序列结果登陆GenBank(FJ011441～FJ011448)。氨基酸同源性分析表明:这4个毒株的F与HN基因同源性分别为99.5%～99.8%和99.6%～100%,远高于其与Lasota、F48E8株以及目前国内流行的其他基因Ⅶ型毒株的同源性。分离株F基因裂解位点的氨基酸序列为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,符合NDV强毒株特征,根据绘制的遗传进化树分析,属于基因Ⅶ型。研究结果显示这4个不同来源毒株其2个基因的同步高度同源性可能与它们均是与生殖道感染有关。     

5株禽新城疫病毒新疆分离株F基因序列测定与遗传进化分析

从新疆乌鲁木齐市郊区养禽场发病禽群中分离到4株鸡源新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）和1株鸽源 NDV。经血凝HA试验鉴定,NDV分离株均具有血凝性,5个毒株的血凝特性均可被NDV阳性血清所抑制,而不能被禽流感病毒(H5亚型与H9亚型)阳性血清抑制。本试验通过RT-PCR扩增了5株NDV全长F基因并进行了序列测定。序列分析表明,5 株 NDV 的核苷酸序列分别为1662、1589、1676、1589和1662 bp,均含有1个开放阅读框,分別编码 553、528、553、520 和 553个氨基酸;根据基因裂解位点的氨基酸序列分析表明,鸡源XJ/10/08株属于强毒株, XJ/3/07株、XJ/7/07株、XJ/9/08株和XJ/11/08株属于弱毒株;同源性分析表明,5 个 NDV新疆分离株与 La Sota 疫苗株的核苷酸同源性在 83.7%～99.8% 之间,与 TaiWan95 株核苷酸同源性在 84.7%～93.3% 之间;遗传发育进化树分析表明, 分离到的4个弱毒株与LaSota、Clone30、B1、BEA-45在同一亚群,属基因Ⅱ型,强毒分离株与TaiWan95、广东株(GD-1-98)、江苏株(JS-5-1)在同一进化分支内,属基因Ⅶ型。     

山东地区2株基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒的全基因组测序及其序列分析

测定了基因Ⅶ型新城疫(Newcastle disease,ND)强毒分离株Chicken/China/SD04/2011和Chicken/China/SDWF07/2011的全基因序列,将其与GenBank中已发表的29株基因Ⅶ型新城疫毒株的全基因序列进行比对,同源性在91％～97％之间.2株基因Ⅶ型分离株与中国标准强毒F48E8、国外标准强毒Herts/33及疫苗株chicken/N.Ireland/Ulster/67、B1、Clone30、LaSota、Mukteswar核苷酸序列同源性在83％～87％之间;其F蛋白前体F0裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列均为112RRQKRF117,符合NDV强毒株的特征;与单抗1E5反应阴性,结合对各蛋白的抗原位点的分析初步推测2株病毒的抗原性可能发生了变化.     

河南省某蛋鸡场新城疫病毒ZK1/18毒株的分离鉴定

对河南省某蛋鸡场病死鸡中分离的一株鸡源新城疫病毒(NDV)进行血凝性、鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、F基因测序和遗传进化分析。结果显示,该分离株HA效价平均为1:128,HI效价为1:1024,MDT为55h。F基因测序表明:其编码区长度为1662bp,共编码553个氨基酸;F基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,具有典型的NDV强毒分子特征,表明该分离株为强毒株,将其命名为A/Chicken/China/zhoukou1/18(简称ZK1/18)。遗传进化分析表明,该分离株属于Ⅶ型,是引起河南省新城疫疫情的主导基因型。该疫情提示,属于基因II型的LaSota疫苗株不能完全抵御基因Ⅶ型野毒的侵袭,在鸡群抵抗力降低时,可造成鸡群感染发病,需要加强综合防控。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.