绵羊实验性甘肃棘豆中毒的病理学研究

给５只绵羊每天饲喂甘肃棘豆草（Ｏｘｙｔｒｏｐｉｓｋａｎｓｕｏｎｉｓｉｓ）粉（１０ｇ／ｋｇ体重），试验绵羊于饲喂后５６～７０ｄ内死亡，其主要病理组织学变化为神经细胞广泛空泡变性及肝、肾、心肌等组织细胞的颗粒变性。     

青海省英得尔种羊场家畜棘豆中毒调查

英得尔种羊场家畜棘豆中毒情况严重，进入９０年代呈猛增趋势，已严重影响畜牧业的发展，家畜棘豆中毒发生于每年的８～１１月间，中毒家畜以绵羊和马为主，青海半细行羊对棘豆中毒尤其敏感，中毒绵羊的血清ＧＯＴ活性显著升高，主要病理变化为小脑浦顷野氏细胞和胰腺泡细胞空泡变性及肝，肾等实质器官细胞的空泡变性和颗粒变性。     

疯草灵解毒缓释丸对黄花棘豆中毒绵羊血液常规指标的影响

为了探讨疯草灵解毒缓释丸对黄花棘豆中毒绵羊血液常规指标的影响,试验将16只绵羊随机分为1个对照组和3个试验组,每天按体重10 g/kg饲喂黄花棘豆,同时3个试验组羊分别投服1丸、2丸、3丸疯草灵解毒缓释丸,对照组不投服。结果表明:对照组绵羊在试验16～21 d出现黄花棘豆中毒症状,试验组分别在试验33～48 d、62～66 d、50～72 d出现黄花棘豆中毒症状;所有试验羊红细胞数、白细胞数、血细胞比容、血红蛋白与试验前相比没有明显变化。说明投服疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒具有一定预防作用,但对血液常规指标没有明显影响。     

甘肃棘豆(OXYTROPIS KANSUENSIS)中毒

甘肃棘豆是一种有毒植物。分布很广。在自然状态下,能引起马和绵羊慢性中毒。除导致动物死亡外,还能引起不孕、流产和死胎。造成了巨大的经济损失。人工饲喂能引起马、绵羊、家兔和小白鼠中毒。此病无特征性肉眼变化。进行组织学检查时,可见实质器官和腺体有空泡变性。用小白鼠进行了棘豆中毒与硒中毒的比较试验,证明两者是不相同的。     

宽苞棘豆对绵羊的毒性研究

按每公斤体重１０ｇ的剂量每日经瘤胃瘘管给４只绵羊投服宽苞棘豆粉，试验羊在１７～１８ｄ出现中毒症状，表现为精神沉郁，目光呆滞，反应迟钝，喜卧，对提耳应激表现为转圈运动或摇头或头抵地；２５～３０ｄ出现严重中毒症状，食欲明显下降，步态蹒珊，后肢无力，行走时后躯摇摆如醉，最后卧地不起等。整个试验期间（７～３５ｄ）血清ＡＫＰ、ＧＯＴ活性及ＢＵＮ含量显著升高，尿低聚糖排泄增加，而ＬＤＨ活性和血清钙、无机磷、氯、钾和钠没有明显变化。主要病理组织学改变为神经细胞和胰腺泡细胞空泡变性；肝细胞、心肌细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、肾上腺实质细胞的颗粒变性及空泡变性     

牦牛实验性棘豆中毒病理学研究

健康牦牛６头，随机分为毒草全量组（全量饲喂黄花棘豆和甘肃棘豆干草）、毒草半量组（棘豆干草和燕麦干草各半）和对照组（全量饲喂燕麦干草）。试验期间，定期称量体重和进行临床检查，４个月后，剖杀进行病理剖检、病理组织学及超微结构检查。试验发现，两实验组牦牛心、肝、肾、脑、脾及肠系膜淋巴结均有程度不同的病变，其中，小脑蒲肯野氏细胞，肝、肾实质细胞的空泡变性具有明显特征。电镜观察，空泡变性的细胞线粒体肿胀，嵴减少或消失呈空泡样。牦牛发生棘豆中毒的主要临床表现是体重明显降低。     

"疯草灵"解毒缓释丸预防绵羊黄花棘豆中毒试验

将8只绵羊随机分为试验组和对照组,每天按10 g/kg饲喂黄花棘豆Oxytropis ochrantha鲜草,同时试验组投服疯草灵解毒缓释丸3丸,对照组不投服,以探索疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒的预防作用.结果表明:对照组在试验第16-21天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状,试验组在试验第50-72天出现黄花棘豆中毒症状;实验室结果为2组羊血清谷草转氨酶(SGOT)、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、尿素氮(BUN)含量比试验前明显升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).表明投服3丸疯草灵解毒缓释丸对绵羊黄花棘豆中毒具有预防作用,但还不能完全防止黄花棘豆对绵羊肝脏和肾脏等组织器官的损害.     

甘肃棘豆间歇饲喂对绵羊的毒性研究

甘肃棘豆间歇饲喂对绵羊的毒性研究＊王凯莫重辉赵宝玉曹光荣（青海大学浓牧学院，西宁８１００３）（西北农业大学，陕西杨陵７１２１００）棘豆（Ｏｘｙｔｒｏｐｉｓ）是我国草原上危害最严重的毒草，家畜棘豆中毒在西北、西南及华北的９个省时有发生。棘豆与栎树叶，紫...     

宽苞棘豆对绵羊的毒性试验

通过瘤胃瘘管每天给 4只绵羊投服宽苞棘豆 ( 10g kg)以研究其对绵羊的毒性。试验羊于投服宽苞棘豆后的 17～ 18d全部出现中毒症状 ,2 5～ 3 0d出现严重中毒症状。血清学检查发现AKP、GOT活性及BUN含量比试验前显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,LDH与试验前相比没有明显的变化     

绵羊黄花棘豆中毒

20 0 2年 8月 ,青海省共和县东巴乡某牧户饲养的 2 36只绵羊误食黄花棘豆后 7～ 1 0天发病 ,有1 0 2只中毒 ,发病率为 43.2 2 % ,死亡 2 9只 ,死亡率为 1 2 .2 9% ,病死率为 2 8.42 %。中毒绵羊经治疗绝大部分痊愈。报告如下。1　临床症状　中毒羊主要表现精神沉郁 ,不合群 ,行走时头高举 ,无目的地游走 ;眼结膜黄染 ,视力模糊 ,体重下降 ,后躯不灵 ,行走时托拽前进。有些羊还有拉稀 ,采食减少 ;有的专找着吃黄花棘豆 ,使中毒症状逐渐加重。进而发展为后躯无力 ,呈犬坐姿势或完全卧地不起 ,不能采食和饮水 ;最终因衰竭而导致死亡。在中毒过…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein