戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌及轮纹病菌的毒力和药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria mali和苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的毒力并进行了田间药效试验。室内测定结果表明:戊唑醇抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.034和0.587 μg/mL,抑制苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.019 和0.394 μg/mL。43%戊唑醇悬浮剂61 ~86 mg/L(5 000 ~7 000倍液)对苹果斑点落叶病的防效为84.6% ~88.8%,108 ~143 mg/L(3 000 ~4 000倍液)对苹果轮纹病的防效为73.8% ~86.4%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对苹果树安全。     

华光霉素制剂中有效助剂的筛选及其效果

通过测定２０种助剂对华光霉素制剂的影响，结果筛选到４种对华光霉素的抑菌作用较为理想的助剂，对西瓜枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌和苹果轮纹病菌防效较高。田间试验示范结果表明，助剂Ｚ┐７（０．３‰）和华光霉素（１２．５μｇ／ｍｌ）的混合液对苹果叶螨的防治效果达９０％以上。     

三种杀菌剂对中稻稻曲病的防治效果比较

该研究选用16%井·酮·三环唑WP、20%三唑酮EC和20%井冈霉素DP对中稻稻曲病进行田间防效试验,结果表明,在水稻破口抽穗前5～7 d和齐穗期施用16%井·酮·三环唑wp,对稻曲病有很好的防治效果,其制剂用量150 g/667m2、200 g/667 m2的防效均在85%以上,与20%三唑酮EC制剂用量200 g/667m2的防效相当;16%井·酮·三环唑WP制剂用量200 g/667m2的防效显著优于20%井冈霉素DP制剂用量50 g/667m2的防效,当其制剂用量150 g/667m2和100 g/667m2时,与20%井冈霉素DP之间的防效无显著差异,可作为生产上用于防治中稻稻曲病的选用药剂。研究结果为山区中稻稻曲病的药剂防控提供了科学依据。     

诺沃霉素A对茶轮斑病的防治效果

茶轮斑病是茶树的一种重要叶部病害,防治该病害通常使用化学杀菌剂。化学杀菌剂的频繁使用易使病菌产生抗药性并造成农药残留,因此,需要更为安全有效的防治方法。诺沃霉素A是由植生链霉菌HEBRC-20821分泌的一种新型32元环大环内酯类化合物。本研究探索了诺沃霉素A在离体条件下对拟盘多毛孢的抑菌活性及对感染茶轮斑病离体叶片的防治效果。诺沃霉素A在离体条件下对茶拟盘多毛孢的菌丝生长具有强烈抑制作用,抑制中浓度为2.11μg/mL。当用5μg/mL诺沃霉素A处理菌丝后,在显微镜下可见茶拟盘多毛孢菌丝形态发生异常。在离体叶片条件下,诺沃霉素A在75和150μg/mL浓度下对茶轮斑病防效分别为68.29%和100%。在2 000和4 000μg/mL浓度下诺沃霉素A对茶叶没有产生药害。诺沃霉素A有望成为防治茶轮斑病的一种新型药剂。     

4种杀菌剂对杧果采后病害的控制效果

采用生长速率法测定了4种杀菌剂对果炭疽病菌和果蒂腐病菌的抑制作用。结果显示:咪鲜胺.异菌脲对炭疽菌的毒力最高,EC₅₀和EC₇₅分别为0.12μg/mL和0.27μg/mL、其次为咪鲜胺。而与果炭疽病菌相比,4种杀菌剂对果蒂腐病菌生长影响差异并不明显,异菌脲对蒂腐病菌的毒力较高,EC₅₀和EC₇₅分别为0.35μg/mL和0.82μg/mL。采后病害防治试验表明,267μg/mL咪鲜胺.异菌脲常温浸果3～5 min,贮藏15 d,对炭疽病的防效达91.07%,防治效果最佳。供试4种杀菌剂对蒂腐病有一定的抑制作用,但仅有1 250μg/mL异菌脲常温浸果1 min对蒂腐病的防效显著高于对照。经综合评价,咪鲜胺.异菌脲对控制果采后病害发生效果最好。     

4种杀菌剂对柑橘溃疡病菌的室内毒力测定

利用紫外分光光度计测定液体培养细菌菌液吸光度值(OD值)的方法,测定了27.12%碱式硫酸铜SC、37.5%氢氧化铜SC、30%络氨铜AS、0.3%四霉素AS共4种杀菌剂对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制作用,结果表明:27.12%碱式硫酸铜SC、37.5%氢氧化铜SC、30%络氨铜As和0.3%四霉素AS对柑橘溃疡病菌的EC50值分别为572.33μg/mL、819.16μg/mL、1442.55μg/mL和0.47μg/mL,0.3%四霉素AS对柑橘溃疡病菌的毒力最强,30%络氨铜AS最弱。     

核桃细菌性黑斑病杀菌剂筛选及药效研究

本文以黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.juglandis(Pierce Dowson)为供试菌株,选用不同浓度的13种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:有10种药剂对该菌有一定的抑制效果,但只有5种杀菌剂能够产生明显的抑菌圈。其中,四霉素和链霉素的抑菌效果最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.165、3μg/mL,抑菌率为74.76%、69.23%,EC_(50)为12.764、35.318μg/mL。其他依次为乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素。选用这5种杀菌剂进行盆栽防治试验,四霉素和链霉素的平均防效达74.60%、71.69%,乙蒜素和中生菌素防效分别为65.98%、58.40%,春雷霉素防效最低为39.38%。其结果与室内基本一致。室内试验及盆栽试验结果表明四霉素、链霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素可作为防治核桃黑斑病的杀菌剂,其中四霉素为首选杀菌剂。     

药剂对苹果斑点落叶病的室内抑菌作用与田间防效

利用菌丝生长速率法测定了5种杀菌剂对苹果斑点落叶病病菌的室内抑制作用.其中40％嘧菌酯·戊唑醇SC 、43％戊唑醇SC的抑菌作用较为显著,EC50分别为1.70、2.51 μg/mL,而10％多抗霉素WP、70％甲基硫菌灵WP和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的EC50明显高于前两种处理.其中,嘧菌酯的EC50为16.97 μg/mL,抑菌作用最差.在室内试验的基础上进行了田间防治试验,发现40％嘧菌酯·戊唑醇SC 3 000、4 000、5 000倍液对苹果斑点落叶病的防效分别为91.0％、89.8％、87.3％,均高于对照药剂多抗霉素的防效.     

山东省不同地区蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了四霉素对采自山东省不同地区不同蔬菜作物的151株菌核病菌的毒力作用,同时比较了其对蔬菜菌核病菌不同生育阶段的抑制活性,并通过离体叶片法评价了四霉素对蔬菜菌核病的防治效果。结果表明:菌核病菌对四霉素比较敏感,敏感性频率呈单峰正态分布,151株病菌菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值为 (0.29 ± 0.01) μg/mL,该值可作为蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感基线。此外,经四霉素处理后,该病菌的菌核数量以及干重明显降低,菌核明显变小;2 μg/mL的处理对菌核萌发的抑制率达到100.00%。 离体黄瓜叶片接种试验表明,四霉素对菌核病具有较好的保护和治疗效果,且保护作用较为显著。在质量浓度为20 μg/mL时,四霉素对该病的防效显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和异菌脲。因此,四霉素具有防治蔬菜菌核病的潜在价值,可进一步通过田间试验验证其应用效果。     

申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌生物学活性的初步研究

申嗪霉素是一种新型微生物源杀菌剂,主要成分为吩嗪-1-羧酸。测定了申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌51个菌株菌丝生长的平均有效抑制中浓度(EC50值)为3.31±0.77 μ g/mL,并且与常规杀菌剂多菌灵、菌核净无交互抗性关系。离体叶片和田间药效试验表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病的防治效果随其处理剂量增加而提高,用有效成分200 μ g/mL药液处理时,抑制离体叶片发病的效果可达到67.08%,田间防效可达83.29％,优于对照药剂异菌脲。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.