Disappearance of azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil on tomatoes in a greenhouse

The disappearance of azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil on tomatoes in greenhouse was studied. At the preharvest interval, except for cyprodinil, the pesticide residues were below the MRL fixed in Italy. The mechanism of disappearance studied with model systems shows that the decrease in residues was due to codistillation and photodegradation in pyrimethanil, to photodegradation in fludioxonil, and to evaporation and codistillation in cyprodinil. Azoxystrobin residues were stable during all experiments.     

Effects of lipase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and rutin on quality deteriorations in buckwheat flour

To investigate the effects of changes in lipase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase (POX), and rutin concentrations on the quality of buckwheat flour, 14 buckwheat varieties were stored for 0, 4, 10, and 30 days at 5 or 20 degrees C. During the storage period, lipase activity correlated to pH (significantly negative) and water-soluble acid (WSA) (significantly positive). The lipoxygenase 1 protein concentration had a negative correlation to WSA (significant at 0 and 4 storage days at 5 degrees C and at 0 and 10 storage days at 20 degrees C). POX had significant correlation to pH and peroxide value (POV) at 5 degrees C, whereas it was not significant at 20 degrees C. The rutin concentration had negative correlations to WSA (significant at 30 days of storage at 5 degrees C and at 4 days of storage at 20 degrees C). Thus, lipase activity plays an important role that relates to lipid degradation in quality deterioration of buckwheat flour.     

Effect of excess lead,cadmium, copper,and zinc on water relations in sunflower

The effect of excess concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) on water relations in young sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was studied in water culture under greenhouse conditions. The accumulation of the heavy metals was more intensive in the root than in the shoot. The rates of heavy metal accumulation in root were arranged in the following decreasing order: Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb. Their transport into the above‐ground parts followed the order: Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Transpiration and relative water content were significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals. The number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased while the size of the stomata was decreased. The concentration of free proline significantly increased in the leaves of intact plants as well as in leaf discs incubated in the presence of heavy metals. The concentration of soluble proteins decreased as well, particularly when plants were exposed to high concentrations of the heavy metals. It was concluded that excess concentrations of the heavy metals significantly affected plant water status, causing water deficit and subsequent changes in the plants. The most intensive effect on the plants was exerted by Cd, less intensive by Cu and Zn and the least intensive by Pb.     

沉水植物对沉积物中铜锌铅的富集

选用4种南方常见水生植物(狐尾藻、轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和水绵),以郴州重金属污染土样作为底泥,通过4种藻类单独及两两组合的水培方式,在室内模拟条件下培养1周,培养结束,比较各藻类的生长情况;经过浓盐酸+浓硝酸+高氯酸消化处理后,利用原子吸收光谱法测定藻体内铜锌铅3种重金属的含量。结果表明,单独培养和组合培养,藻体均有不同程度的增长,以狐尾藻的长势最好,狐尾藻+轮叶黑藻的培养中狐尾藻的生长百分比达到最大值65.7%。轮叶黑藻+水绵的组合方式可用于治理铜污染严重的区域,轮叶黑藻和水绵体内的铜含量可分别达到4.69mg/kg和20.13mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.041和0.178;金鱼藻+轮叶黑藻的组合方式可用于治理锌污染严重的区域,金鱼藻和轮叶黑藻体内的锌含量可分别达到139.96mg/kg和117.93mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.301和0.253;金鱼藻+狐尾藻的组合方式可用于治理铅污染严重的区域,金鱼藻和狐尾藻体内的铅含量可分别达到302.01 mg/kg和290.33mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.337和0.324;     

芝麻氮、磷、钾肥的效应研究

为探明芝麻生产中氮、磷、钾肥最优化施肥参数,本试验运用“3414”肥料效应田间试验方案,对白芝麻品种郑芝98N09和黑芝麻品种冀9014的氮、磷、钾肥料效应进行了研究.结果表明:适量氮、磷、钾用量及其配施能显著改善芝麻的经济性状,提高芝麻产量.施氮量与芝麻株高、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数、千粒重等经济性状呈显著正相关,氮、磷、钾肥对郑芝98N09的经济性状的影响为氮＞磷＞钾,冀9014为氮＞钾＞磷.通过建立肥料与产量效应函数方程并结合经济效益分析得出,郑芝98N09的最佳施肥量为N 123.09 kg/hm2、P2O5 60.13 kg/hm2、K2O 73.31 kg/hm2,冀9014的最佳施肥量为N 133.92 kg/hm2、P2O5 70.85 kg/hm2、K2O 110.80 kg/hm2.因此,郑芝98 N09施肥时应重施氮肥,适配磷、钾肥;冀9014应重施氮、钾肥,兼施磷肥.     

肥料氮磷钾含量检测的经验体会

本文通过对肥料氮、磷、钾含量检测中的一些表述进行试验验证 ,得出明确的观点 ,并详细演示了试剂非固定加入量的求算方法 ,供广大同行参考     

Effects of fertilization, crop year, variety, and provenance factors on mineral concentrations in onions

Mineral concentrations of onions (Allium cepa L.) grown under various conditions, including factors (fertilization, crop year, variety, and provenance), were investigated to clarify how much each factor contributes to the variation of their concentrations. This was because the mineral concentrations might be affected by various factors. The ultimate goal of this study was to develop a technique to determine the geographic origins of onions by mineral composition. Samples were onions grown under various conditions at 52 fields in 18 farms in Hokkaido, Japan. Twenty-six elements (Li, Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Gd, W, and Tl) in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fertilization conditions and crop years of onions caused variations of P, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cs, and Tl concentrations in onions; different onion varieties also showed variations in numerous element concentrations. However, the variations of mineral compositions of onions by these factors were smaller than the differences between production places with a few exceptions. Furthermore, Na, Rb, and Cs in group IA of the periodic table, Ca, Sr, and Ba in group IIA, and Zn and Cd in group IIB showed similar concentration patterns by group; this result demonstrated that elements in the same periodic groups behaved similarly in terms of their absorption in onions.     

Biotoxic Effects of Herbicides on Growth,Nodulation, Nitrogenase Activity,and Seed Production in Chickpeas

Abstract

The effects of pre‐emergent (PRE) application of methabenzthiazuron (MBT), terbutryn, and linuron on plant vigor, number of nodules formed, nitrogenase activity (NA), chlorophyll contents, nitrogen (N) uptake, and seed yield were assessed in inoculated chickpeas, grown in sandy clay loam soil, in a controlled environment. The PRE application of MBT, terbutryn, and linuron at 2.5, 1.25 and 2 g a.i. kg^?1, respectively, had no significant adverse effect on plant vitality, yield, and NA of excised nodules in inoculated chickpea plants, but reduced these parameters at 7.5, 3.75, and 6 g a.i. kg^?1 of soil. Among the herbicides tested, linuron at each dose rates significantly (P≤0.05) decreased the grain yield, whereas terbutryn at 1.25 and 2.5 g a.i. kg^?1 improved the grain yield by 19.4% and 11%, respectively, relative to the nonherbicide control. While comparing the sum of mean values of toxicity of all dose rates of each herbicide on grain yield, the toxicity increased in the following order: control=linuron>methabenzthiazuron>terbutryn. Nodulation (nodule number per plant and their dry mass) and chlorophyll contents per plant decreased consistently with increased herbicide rates, except linuron, which at 2 g a.i. kg^?1 improved nodulation at both 45 and 90 days after seeding and corresponded with Mesorhizobium activity. The N content in grain and straw significantly decreased at the highest tested rates of each herbicide. Linuron at 2 and 4 g a.i. kg^?1 improved N content in straw, whereas at 4 g a.i. kg^?1 it significantly reduced N content in grain.     

土壤-烟草系统中烟草叶绿素对Hg、Cd、Pb胁迫的响应

土壤-烟草系统中烟草叶绿素对Hg、Cd、Pb胁迫的响应试验结果表明, 无论3种元素是单一作用、两两作用或是共同作用,烟草叶片中叶绿素含量随各元素处理的浓度增大而明显减少,且呈显著负相关关系,叶绿素a/b值亦如此.3种元素对烟草叶绿素的影响程度为Cd＞Pb＞Hg,呈单元素胁迫＜两两元素作用＜三元素共同作用的趋势,并表现出一定的协合作用.     

生态环境变化对舟曲“8·8”特大山洪泥石流发生的影响分析

舟曲县"8.8"特大山洪泥石流发生的众多因素中,生态环境变化对泥石流发生的影响引起了各方面的特别关注,为此以Landsat系列数据为信息源,监测了自1975年以来泥石流发生的小流域内不同生态系统用地现状、动态变化及其对泥石流发生的影响。监测结果表明舟曲县城泥石流的发生有其必然性,与小流域生态环境近期变化的关系不太显著。但是坡耕地的增加、林地的减少增加了泥石流物质累积的速度,增大了泥石流发生的可能性和危害性。居民地建设布局中未能充分考虑到为泥石流预留排泄通道是造成重大灾害的主要原因。     

川水地玉米氮磷钾肥效应研究

采用3414设计在关中西部潮土、土区进行田间试验,通过主因素、单因素效应分析,定量评价氮、磷、钾肥用量与玉米产量的关系,提出玉米的养分丰缺指标和最佳施肥量。结果表明,氮肥使玉米增产15.6%～62.2%,磷肥增产11.2%～26.7%,钾肥增产2.3%～34.3%。氮、磷、钾肥对不同类区玉米产量的影响不同。根据施肥模式和资源价格确定的N、P2O5、K2O推荐施肥量,高肥力分别为129.8～167.8、50.6～71.8、29.4～60 kg/hm2;中肥力分别为163.6～186.2、74.2～94.9、59～97.7 kg/hm2;低肥力分别为182.8～203.4、94.3～118、92～106.9 kg/hm2;极低肥力分别为200～225.4、105.9～135.5、107.1～137.5 kg/hm2。     

茎用莴苣氮磷钾肥最优回归试验初报

随着平衡施肥技术向园艺经济作物的推广,如何拿出令人信服的试验数据扭转、矫正农家滥用氮素化肥的现状,把握蔬菜作物合理施肥量已成为蔬菜生产面临的紧迫问题.     

Effects of fertilizers on plant diversity,density, and uniformity in Golestan rangelands

One of the management operations in rangeland ecosystems for pastures restoration and improvement is fertilizer application. This study was designed to investigate the effect of fertilizer (50 kg/ha urea and ammonium phosphate fertilizers) on species diversity changes in a 100-ha experimental field of Salmechal Rangeland, Golestan Province. Plant species mean canopy cover was recorded using a 50-m² sampling plot. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel 2007 and PAST software. Fertilizer application increased the number of species present in the region from 21 to 51 and the plant families from 11 to 23. The forbs had the highest proportion (54.91%) and bushes and shrubs had the lowest percentage in the region. Fertilizer application increased plant diversity, uniformity, and coverage of the grasses. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the grass and forbs coverage before and after fertilizer treatments. The results showed that the biological and physiological growth periods of the annual and perennial plants were significantly different before and after fertilizer application (p < 0.01). Also, their proportion in rangeland plant species composition significantly increased after fertilizer application.     

多源沉积物对地表水中磷铜锌浓度的影响

受多来源沉积物污染影响的水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn实际浓度常明显低于按各自沉积物的比例与释放量计算的理论值。沉积物之间的性质差异越大,实际测定值与计算值之间的差异也越大。多来源沉积物水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn的浓度主要受P,Cu,Zn释放能力最强或对P,Cu,Zn吸持能力最强的沉积物比例控制。     

Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods

The effects of cooking processes commonly used by the population of Catalonia (Spain) on total arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) concentrations in various foodstuffs were investigated. All food samples were randomly acquired in local markets, big supermarkets, and grocery stores of Reus (Catalonia). Foods included fish (sardine, hake, and tuna), meat (veal steak, loin of pork, breast and thigh of chicken, and steak and rib of lamb), string bean, potato, rice, and olive oil. For each food item, two composite samples were prepared for metal analyses, whose levels in raw and cooked (fried, grilled, roasted, and boiled) samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The highest concentrations of As, Hg, and Pb (raw and cooked samples) were mainly found in fish, with a clear tendency, in general, to increase metal concentrations after cooking. However, in these samples, Cd levels were very close to their detection limit. In turn, the concentrations of metals in raw and cooked meat samples were detected in all samples (As) or only in a very few samples (Cd, Hg, and Pb). A similar finding corresponded to string beans, rice, and olive oil, while in potatoes, Hg could not be detected and Pb only was detected in the raw samples. In summary, the results of the present study show that, in general terms, the cooking process is only of a very limited value as a means of reducing metal concentrations. This hypothetical reduction depends upon cooking conditions (time, temperature, and medium of cooking).     

Effect of Extrusion on Hypocholesterolemic Properties of Rice,Oat, Corn,and Wheat Bran Diets in Hamsters

Brans from rice, oats, corn, and wheat were cooked in a twin-screw extruder at either high or low energy input, and their cholesterol-lowering effects were compared with those of unprocessed brans when fed to four-week-old male golden Syrian hamsters (n = 10 per treatment) for three weeks. Peanut oil was added to oat, corn, and wheat bran during the extrusion process to match the oil content of rice bran. Diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 10.3% fat, 3% nitrogen, and 0.3% cholesterol. Plasma and liver cholesterol and total liver lipids were significantly lower with low-energy extruded wheat bran compared with unprocessed wheat bran. Extrusion did not alter the hypocholesterolemic effects of rice, oat, or corn brans. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels with corn bran were similar to those with oat bran. Relative cholesterol-lowering effects of the brans, determined with pooled (extruded and unextruded) bran data, were rice bran > oat bran > corn bran > wheat bran. Rice bran diets resulted in significantly lower levels of total plasma cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with all other brans. Total liver cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations (mg/g) were significantly lower with high-energy extruded rice bran compared with the cellulose control group. Plasma cholesterol and total liver cholesterol values with low-energy extruded wheat bran were similar to those with rice bran (unextruded or extruded) diets. Lowered cholesterol with rice bran diets may result in part from greater lipid and sterol excretion with these diets. Results with low-energy extruded wheat bran suggest that this type of processing may improve the potential for lowering cholesterol with wheat bran products.     

土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染生态效应的研究

本文着重研究了土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染对春小麦、水稻产生的生态效应。研究结果表明，土壤中隔、铅、铜、锌复合污染浓度达到一定程度时，会抑制作物生长，降低产量，并在作物体内累积。随着复合污染浓度的增加，作物生长量下降，而累积量上升，皆呈直线相关。复合污染中各元素的生态效应与他们单因子时不同，这是由于各元素间存在着多种作用机制。     

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Yield,Water Use Efficiency,and Nutrients Availability in Banana in West Bengal,India

Field studies were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 at the Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India, to assess the different levels of drip fertigation at variable evaporation replenishment compared to surface irrigation and conventional soil fertilization on yield, water use efficiency, and nutrients availability in plant and ratoon crop of banana. The experiment was laid in an Augmented Factorial Complete Block Design with three replications having three drip irrigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 70% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and three drip fertigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 80% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers with inclusion of conventional surface irrigation at 100% of IW/CPE. The results showed that fruit yield of plant and ratoon crop increased progressively with increasing levels of irrigation water (up to 60% CPE) and NPK fertigation through the drip system. However, maximum fruit yield and water use efficiency of crops was obtained with drip irrigation at 60% CPE with NPK fertigation at 80% of recommended dose. Drip irrigation, as a whole, registered higher fruit yields and water use efficiency with savings of 38.3–41.5% of water compared to surface irrigation. Availability of N, P, and K in soil at vegetative, shooting, and harvesting stages for plant and ratoon crop consistently increased with increasing rate of irrigation water and NPK fertigation through the drip system. Higher availability of macronutrients in soil was recorded with drip irrigation at 70% CPE with 80% of recommended drip NPK fertigation. Overall drip fertigation system improved the available plant nutrients in the soil as compared with traditional surface irrigation.