不同山羊草属细胞质对小麦淀粉粘度参数的影响

为了利用小麦亚族丰富的细胞质资源改良小麦淀粉品质，以具有山羊草属（Aegilops）6种不同异源细胞质的异质小麦品种Chris为材料，与生产上广泛种植的4个常规小麦品种进行正反杂交。研究了异源细胞质对其F1籽粒淀粉粘度参数（峰值粘度和稀懈值）的影响。结果表明．（1）在以6种异源细胞质材料为母本的杂交组合中，70％的组合其峰值粘度高于反交对照。78％的组合其稀懈值高于反交对照；偏凸山羊草、单芒山羊草、粗山羊草和二角山羊草细胞质对峰值粘度和稀懈值的影响具有普遍的正效应，其中尤以偏凸、粗山羊草的细胞质正效应最大；而粘果山羊草和柱穗山羊草对峰值粘度和稀懈值具有负效应。（2）在核背景相同而质背景不同，以及质背景相同而核背景不同的情况下，其峰值粘度和稀懈值差异显著，表明在峰值粘度和稀懈值方面存在着显著的核质互作关系。这些结果说明利用异源细胞质改良小麦淀粉品质性状是可行的，但应注意选择合适的核质组合。     

三种山羊草细胞质对普通小麦F1代穗部性状的效应

为了研究3种山羊草细胞质对普通小麦穗部性状的遗传效应,以普通小麦品系303,706及利用其曰交转育的粘果山羊草(Ae.kotschyif）、瓦维洛夫山羊草(Ae．vavilavii)和牡山羊草(Ae．juvenalis)细胞质雄性不育系为母本、13个普通小麦品系为父本,进行不完全双列杂交,研究了瓦维洛夫山羊草、粘果山羊草、牡山羊草三种细胞质对普通小麦F1代穗部性状的细胞质效应。试验结果表明,与普通小麦细胞质相比,三种山羊草细胞质对普通小麦有效小穗和无效小穗数不产生正向和负向的细胞质效应。     

五种山羊草细胞质对普通小麦几个主要性状的遗传效应

将五种山羊草细胞质导入普通小麦 ,研究其对普通小麦主要农艺性状的遗传效应。结果表明 ,沙伦山羊草、粗厚山羊草和瓦维洛夫山羊草细胞质使普通小麦育性降低 ,离果山羊草、沙伦山羊草细胞质对普通小麦的农艺性状存在不良效应 ,五个性状中 ,除穗下节间长和单株有效分蘖数差异不显著外 ,旗叶面积、株高、结实率均存在细胞质效应。这说明只有导入合适的异源细胞质 ,才可能创造出可为生产利用的核质杂种小麦     

异源细胞质小麦的抗旱性研究

以分别具有山羊草属、小麦属和簇毛麦属的15种普通小麦近缘种细胞质的异源细胞质小麦为材料．采用高渗溶液法、水培盆栽法和田间鉴定法研究了异源细胞质对小麦抗旱性的遗传效应。结果表明，波斯小麦（T.persicum）、柱穗山羊草（Ae．cylindrica）、簇毛麦（Hanaldia villosa）和粗厚山羊草（Ae．crassu 6x）细胞质对小麦的抗旱性具有明显的遗传效应。其效应值的性质、大小与核亲毒品种的基因型有关，在特定的核质组合中波斯小麦、柱穗山羊草、簇毛麦和粗厚山羊草细胞质可明显提高小麦的抗旱性。具波斯小麦细胞质的异质系（T．persicum）-s．c66种子发芽阶段和三叶期的抗旱性比相应核亲本明显增强．并且超过抗旱品种晋麦47。成熟期的鉴定结果表明．经核基因型改良的粗厚山羊草细胞质小麦新品系NC223、NC232和NC236等15个异质系具有较强的抗旱性。因此，进一步研究异源细胞质提高小麦抗旱性的遗传机制，有助于拓宽小麦抗旱育种途径。     

粗厚山羊草细胞质对普通小麦耐盐性的遗传效应

以具有粗厚山羊草(Aegilops crassa 6x)细胞质的异源细胞质小麦为材料，采用加盐培养基进行幼穗愈伤组织诱导(生长)、盐溶液种子发芽、盐溶液幼苗培养和戍株模拟盐池生长等方法研究了粗厚山羊草细胞质对小麦耐盐性的遗传效应，旨在为小麦耐盐育种提供理论依据和种质资源材料。结果表明：粗厚山羊草细胞质对小麦的耐盐性具有明显的遗传效应，其效应值的性质、大小与核亲本品种的基因型有关，在特定的核质组合中粗厚山羊草细胞质可明显提高小麦的耐盐性。异质系Ae.crassa 6x-鉴26和Ae.crassa 6x-SMH1694在幼穗愈伤组织诱导、种子发芽阶段和三叶期的耐盐性比相应核亲本明显增强。返青期和成熟期的鉴定结果表明，一些经核基因型改良的粗厚山羊草细胞质小麦的耐盐性超过或接近抗盐对照品种科遗26。进一步研究粗厚山羊草细胞质提高小麦耐盐性的遗传机制，必将拓宽小麦耐盐育种途径。     

偏凸-柱穗山羊草多倍双二倍体SDAU18的鉴定

利用偏凸山羊草和拄穗山羊草杂交人工合成了多倍多倍双二倍体SDAU18，并对SDAU18及其双亲的细胞学及主要性状特点进行了鉴定。结果表明，偏凸山羊草和柱穗山羊草的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC M1）的染色体构型均为14Ⅱ；SDAU18的根尖细胞（RTC）染色体数目为2n=56，PMC M1的染色体构型基本上为28Ⅱ．是一个偏凸山羊草和拄穗山羊草的完全多倍多倍双二倍体；SDAU18在株高、穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等方面都优于其双亲，且对白粉病、条锈病表现免疫。     

普通小麦/山羊草属间杂交F_1的形态学及细胞遗传学研究

为了解普通小麦与山羊草属的杂交F1代的育性、细胞遗传学表现及育种利用潜力,以普通小麦7182和丰优1718为母本,分别以卵穗山羊草SY163和离果山羊草SY119为父本进行杂交,对杂交F1代的生育特性、染色体构型、田间条锈病抗性、F1自交和回交结实性等进行了分析。结果表明,F1代植株生长势较强,株型倾向母本,成熟期穗子易断,壳硬;杂交F1代高度不育,花粉可育率1.26%~3.54%,回交结实率2.08%~5.26%,仅普通小麦/卵穗山羊草自交结实,但结实率最高仅为0.25%。7182/SY163、7182/SY119、丰优1718/SY163、丰优1718/SY119杂交F1代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I的染色体构型平均分别为31.11I+1.90II+0.03III、20.04I+7.45II+0.02III、30.08I+2.40II+0.04III、22.37I+6.30II+0.01III,说明普通小麦与2种山羊草杂交亲和性差,且可交配性主要由山羊草基因决定。田间条锈病抗性鉴定结果显示,F1代均对条锈菌混合小种高抗或免疫,这对于丰富小麦抗病基因资源有重要意义。     

异源细胞质小麦的赤霉病抗性研究

为了探索异源细胞质在小麦抗赤霉病育种中利用的可能性，用麦穗单花定位注射接种法、双层培养法、电导率法研究了小麦3个近缘属9个近缘种植物的细胞质对小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传效应。结果表明，9个近缘种的细胞质对小麦的赤霉现抗生存在明显的细胞质遗传效应和核质互作遗传效应，异质系的赤霉病抗性因核质组合的不同而有差异。具偏凸山羊草细胞质的小麦异质系（Ae.ventricosa)Pe1068-069和（Ae.ventricosa）鉴9的植株水平抗性的和细胞水平抗性比其核亲本增强，并且在不同年度的田间和室内鉴定中抗性表现稳定。穗轴及叶片细胞的质膜透性测定结果显示，小麦异质系的赤霉病抗性与植株在受到病菌毒素侵害时的质膜透性呈负相关。选择理想的核质组合和行为之有效的筛选、鉴定方法是培育抗赤霉病异源细胞质小麦材料的关键。     

小麦ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系染色体配对作用研究

首次在相同条件下全面系统研究了ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系与近缘植物F_1杂种染色体配对,3个基因系染色体配对作用有4种类型:(1)小麦与易变山羊草F_1中,ph1b>ph2b>ph2a。(2)在小麦与中间偃麦草F_1中,ph1b≥ph2b≥ph2a。(3)在小麦与卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草F_1中,ph1b>ph2b、ph2a。(4)在小麦与离果山羊草F_1中,ph1b>ph2b≥ph2a。ph1b基因能诱导小麦染色体与易变山羊草、中间偃麦草、卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草染色体间的配对,ph2b、ph2a基因能诱导小麦染色体与易变山羊草,中间偃麦草、离果山羊草染色体间的配对,利用它们可以将上述近缘植物中的有益基因以易位方式遗传转移给小麦。易变山羊草一定程度地促进配对,中间偃麦草一定程度地抑制配对。卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草染色体组上可能存在类似小麦3DS上的ph_2位点,离果山羊草染色体组上可能存在类似小麦5BL上的ph_1位点。中间偃麦草与小麦不具有同源染色体组,可能是部分同源关系,或中间偃麦草本身含有部分同源染色体组。     

小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量及相关遗传特性分析

2001～2002年选用18个小麦品种为试验材料,测定了其籽粒总戊聚糖含量和水溶性戊聚糖含量,探讨了戊聚糖含量的遗传特性及与穗部性状的相关性,以期为专用小麦的选育提供理论依据。研究结果表明,同一生态环境条件下,不同小麦品种间的籽粒总戊聚糖含量、水溶性戊聚糖含量均存在极显著差异;总戊聚糖含量和水溶性戊聚糖含量具有较高的遗传力,水溶性戊聚糖含量遗传进度较大;结实小穗数与总戊聚糖含量呈显著正相关,单位面积穗数与水溶性戊聚糖含量呈极显著正相关,穗粒数、穗粒重与水溶性戊聚糖含量呈极显著负相关。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。