短时强降水下黏土表层覆盖苔藓水分入渗特征及其模型模拟

[目的] 探究短时强降水条件下土壤表层覆盖苔藓植物对水分入渗产生影响的机理,为苔藓植物在石漠化区水土流失治理中的运用提供数据支撑。[方法] 室内模拟大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)、牛舌藓(Anomodon viticulosus)、小石藓(Weisia controversa)、蕊形真藓(Bryum coronatum)植物覆盖处理的一维土柱历经短时20 mm强降水后土壤水分入渗过程,运用经典入渗模型和Singh的熵入渗方程模拟水分入渗过程,对比不同苔藓植物覆盖下土壤水分入渗的差异性。[结果] ①苔藓植物覆盖处理组水分入渗特征初始、稳定、平均入渗速率和累计入渗量均大于裸土(p＜0.05),入渗速率最慢的蕊型真藓组4个入渗特征值0.718 cm/min,0.279 cm/min,0.180 cm/min和19.575 cm较裸土分别大7.65%,8.56%,11.90%和3.75%;苔藓植物覆盖处理组促进水分入渗的原因是苔藓植物阻碍土壤表层产生物理结皮促进入渗效应大于苔藓植物层截留阻碍水分入渗效应。②入渗过程中4种苔藓植物产生促进或阻碍水分入渗效应不同使水分入渗特征值存在显著性差异(p＜0.05)。入渗特征与苔藓植物假根密度、假根根长、饱和吸水率呈负相关;与糙率呈正相关,但是相关系数不大。③表层覆盖苔藓植物土壤水分入渗过程模拟用Horton入渗模型更佳,而裸土水分入渗则采用Philip模型效果更好;若精度要求不高且为了简便则可以采用Singh的熵入渗方程E-Kostiakov入渗模型。[结论] 历经短时20 mm强降水后与裸土相比,表层覆盖苔藓植物具有促进水分入渗效应。这主要与苔藓植物的存在阻碍土壤表层产生物理结皮有关。     

土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究

基于土壤质地为壤土的大田水分入渗试验,分析了有机质含量对大田土壤水分入渗能力和考斯加科夫入渗模型参数的影响。研究表明：土壤有机质对大田土壤入渗能力和入渗模型参数的影响都比较明显,土壤累积入渗量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增大;入渗模型参数k和α值随土壤有机质含量的增加而减小。研究结果对于土壤入渗能力预测模型的建立和地面灌水技术参数的优化具有一定价值。     

负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性研究

通过室内模拟试验研究了3种土壤在不同负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性,并基于Brooks-Corey模型,结合非饱和土壤水动力学方程,推导分析了负水头条件下土壤水分垂直一维入渗时累积入渗量、入渗率、湿润锋以及入渗时间之间的理论关系,并利用入渗试验资料检验了这些变量关系。同时,验证了Philip入渗公式在负水头条件下的适用性。研究结果表明:这些理论关系可以很好地描述负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性。     

Green-Ampt模型参数简化及与土壤物理参数的关系

简化模型表达形式从而减少参数个数,对于Green-Ampt入渗模型的实际应用具有重要的现实意义。该文通过推导湿润锋处平均基质吸力与Philip模型中土壤吸湿率关系基础上提出了简化的Green-Ampt入渗模型,基于新疆222兵团两块壤质土壤田块上土壤水分入渗试验资料,分析了Green-Ampt简化入渗模型参数与土壤物理参数之间的关系,建立了模型参数与土壤物理参数之间的定量经验转换函数。结果表明,入渗参数A(组合参数)与土壤初始含水率呈对数负相关,相关系数为0.77,A与土壤紧实度和黏粒含量均呈指数负相关,相关系数分别为0.70和0.74。饱和导水率Ks与土壤紧实度和黏粒呈指数负相关,相关系数分别为0.74和0.73。A和Ks与土壤初始含水率、土壤紧实度和黏粒含量呈高度和中度多元线性相关,相关系数分别为0.9和0.79。研究表明Green-Ampt简化入渗模型能够在一定精度下分析土壤入渗过程。     

不同有机物料对黄土高原治沟造地土壤水分运移的影响

为了改善黄土高原治沟造地土壤结构较差的问题,采用一维定水头土柱模拟试验,探讨了不同有机物料(生物有机肥、粉碎秸秆、50%粉碎秸秆+50%生物有机肥、尿素、对照)对治沟造地土壤湿润锋推移、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分蒸发特征的影响,并采用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型和Kostiakov模型拟合分析土壤水分入渗规律。结果表明:(1)粉碎秸秆与有机肥均降低了土壤水分移动速率,增强了土壤持水能力;粉碎秸秆同时降低了土壤稳定入渗速率,与对照相比减小了17.65%;(2)湿润锋推进深度与累积入渗量呈良好的线性关系;通过对3种入渗模型拟合发现,Philip模型和Kostiakov模型的拟合效果较好,符合黄土高原治沟造地土壤入渗率和时间的动态关系;(3)土壤水分蒸发过程中,添加粉碎秸秆具有阻截和蓄积土壤水分,提高土壤含水量的积极作用。     

多因素作用下浑水入渗对土壤导水特性的影响

浑水土壤入渗具有复杂的上边界变化过程,其上边界导水能力的变化规律是研究浑水土壤入渗特性的重要基础。为研究浑水入渗形成致密层过程中导水率的变化情况,该研究进行了17组(9组正交试验处理,8组用于模型验证)浑水饱和土柱入渗试验,通过对试验结果进行多元回归构建多因素(浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间)影响下砂土导水率动态模型;并结合浑水饱和土柱入渗特性进行合理假设,分别建立浑水砂壤土和粉壤土饱和土柱导水率动态模型并进行验证。结果表明:浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间对砂土导水率影响极显著(P<0.01),入渗时间为砂土影响导水率变化的主要因素,其次为含沙率和黏粒含量;建立的砂土导水率动态模型决定系数为0.853,均方根误差为0.004 cm/min,表明该模型可客观反映各因素与导水率之间的关系;模型验证试验结果中均方根误差小于0.01 cm/min,相对误差绝对值均值小于7%,说明该导水率动态模型可靠性较高;砂壤土和粉壤土导水率动态模型决定系数分别为0.912和0.930,均方根误差分别为2×10^-3和5×10^-5 cm/min;模型验证中均方根...     

不同煤矸石厚度及位置对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

矿区土壤煤矸石的存在能够改变土壤的某些物理特性,并影响土壤水分入渗过程。采用一维定水头垂直入渗室内土柱模拟试验,对5种不同煤矸石厚度(0,4,8,12,16cm)及3个位置(上层、中层、下层)的土壤水分入渗过程进行研究。结果表明,煤矸石覆盖土壤表层有利于土壤水分入渗,土壤水分累积入渗量和稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(0～16cm)的增加呈现增大的趋势,但煤矸石厚度较大(8,12,16cm)或较小(0,4,8cm)时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。当煤矸石位于中层时,煤矸石的存在抑制了土壤水分入渗过程,土壤水分稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(4～16cm)的增加而变大,但煤矸石厚度为12,16cm时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。煤矸石位于下层时,煤矸石厚度对土壤水分入渗过程影响较小。不同煤矸石厚度情况下,煤矸石位于上层时累积入渗量最大,而位于中层时累积入渗量最小。与Philip方程相比,Kostiakov入渗模型可以更好地反映含有煤矸石土壤的累积入渗量变化过程。     

秸秆生物炭对黏壤土入渗规律的影响

为提高干旱半干旱区耕作土壤灌溉水的利用效率,采用秸秆生物碳对黏壤土进行改良,并用3种经典入渗模型进行入渗模拟,寻求适于描述研究区土壤入渗规律的模型及改良方案。采用双环入渗试验测定4种生物炭施用水平（10 t/hm²,20 t/hm²,30 t/hm²,50 t/hm²）的田间作物生育期内土壤含水率、入渗速率及累积入渗量,分别采用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型和Kostiakov经验公式对试验组与对照组（CK）的入渗过程进行模拟。结果表明:施用量为30 t/hm²较CK效果最为明显,施用层（0—40 cm）入渗速率增加44.6%,耕作层土壤含水率增加8.9%,累积入渗量增加45.45%。比较3种模型的入渗过程拟合结果,认为Kostiakov经验公式拟合的效果符合实测规律,可为研究区改良土壤水分入渗过程提供理论依据。     

不同地面覆盖材料对壤土浑水径流入渗规律的影响

通过模拟覆盖、双环入渗试验，对两种土壤质地带新造人工林地、50%覆盖度条件下，地膜、渗水膜、干草、塑料泡膜4种地面覆盖材料对浑水入渗性能的影响及其机制进行了研究。结果表明，在浑水特性一定条件下，地面覆盖对浑水入渗性能的影响，既与土壤质地有关，又与覆盖材料的透水性和孔隙结构有关； 4种地面覆盖材料，降低了土壤的入渗性能、延长了达到稳渗的历时。在常规地面覆盖栽培条件下，地面覆盖对积水型浑水入渗的削弱作用，在于覆盖材料改变了土壤表面的水动力特性，起着阻碍水分下渗的瓶颈作用。其中，尤以不透水的地膜最为明显，与对照相比，其稳渗率降幅达33%(轻壤土)～39%(中壤土)；渗水膜和干草次之，塑料泡膜对下渗的削弱作用最小。覆盖对中壤土稳渗率及稳渗历时的影响大于轻壤土，稳渗历时延长60%～80%，但对累积入渗量的影响不及轻壤土。通过统计分析，得出了与覆盖材料性质和土壤质地有关的特征阻抗参数，为利用常规的浑水入渗资料推求覆盖条件下浑水入渗提供了可能。     

湖南省衡山不同海拔高度土壤的入渗特征

[目的]探究衡山不同海拔高度土壤入渗性能的差异及其影响因素,为山体大尺度土壤入渗性能研究提供思路和方法。[方法]在衡山不同海拔高度区域选取9个试验点进行野外点源入渗试验。[结果]①从各试验点入渗率角度分析,稳定入渗率随海拔上升逐渐增大(山顶山腰山麓)且入渗率变化显著。从入渗开始到稳定入渗减小了50%～86%,且入渗过程呈现出一定规律性,即初始入渗率很大,随着入渗过程的推进,前10 min入渗率迅速减小,10～30 min缓慢减小,最终在30 min后趋于稳定。②影响土壤入渗性能的因素较多,在衡山试验中稳定入渗率与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和海拔高度分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关关系,而与有机质、土壤容重和质地相关性较低。③Kostiakov模型,Philip模型、Horton模型在各试验点的决定系数R~2均大于0.95,都能较好地对衡山各试验点入渗速率进行拟合,而Philip模型的参数中表征稳定入渗率的参数A均为负数,使其物理意义不明确。[结论] Horton模型能反映不同海拔区域稳定入渗率的特征(山顶山腰山麓),Kostiakov模型能较好地反映入渗速率的变化特征(山麓山顶山腰),也说明点源入渗法测量山地入渗是可行的。     

Effect of magnetized water on infiltration capacity of different soil textures

The infiltration process is important in the planning and management of irrigation systems. This study was performed in Mazandaran province, Iran, to compare the effect of magnetized and non‐magnetized irrigation water on cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rate of three soil textures. Magnetized water was obtained by passing the water through a strong permanent magnet installed on a feed pipeline. The results showed that the effects of soil texture and magnetized irrigation water on cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rate was significant (P < 0.01). Cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rates with magnetized water were greater than that of non‐magnetized water. The cumulative water infiltration rate after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water was 26.4 and 12.7 cm in clay soil, 37.6 and 20 cm in silty loam soil and 40.8 and 29.3 cm in sandy loam soil, respectively. The final infiltration rates after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water were 0.05 and 0.023 cm/min in clay soil, 0.063 and 0.036 cm/min in silty loam soil and 0.076 and 0.046 cm/min in sandy loam soil, respectively. Therefore, magnetized irrigation water had most effect on the infiltration capacity of clay soil.     

推求土壤水分运动参数的简单入渗法──Ⅱ.实验验证

预报土壤中水分流动需要的土壤导水特性可通过观察水平土柱的入渗过程来确定,这一观测过程的分析是基于对Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ方程求积分解。土壤水分特征曲线中的参数由观测的水平土柱和特征湿润长度和吸力为确定,非饱和土壤导水率由已确定的特征曲线中的参数和测定的饱和导水率导出。供试土壤有三种,它们的质地从砂壤到粘壤。由这种方法所确定的这三种土壤的水分特征曲线与实测的特征曲线符合良好,所确定的砂壤的非饱和导水率与实     

容重对土壤水分入渗能力影响模拟试验

通过人工改变土壤颗粒级配,配制典型砂壤、中壤、黏壤,并设置不同容重水平,用土柱积水入渗模拟了土壤容重对其入渗能力的影响,为土壤改良和促进天然降水转化利用提供理论依据。结果表明,容重对土壤入渗能力有较大影响。试验土壤入渗能力随容重增大递减,3种典型土壤稳定入渗速率与容重均呈对数负相关,砂壤120 min累积入渗量与容重呈幂函数负相关,中壤、黏壤则呈线性负相关。考斯加科夫入渗模型中,表征初始入渗速率的参数随容重增大递减,表征入渗能力衰减速度的参数则随容重增大递增,说明土壤初始入渗能力随容重增大递减,入渗能力衰减速度随容重增大递增。     

微润灌溉线源入渗湿润体特性试验研究

为探明微润灌溉线源入渗水分运移规律,通过室内土箱试验对微润灌溉土壤水分分布进行研究,分析土壤质地和土壤密度对湿润体特性的影响。结果表明:微润灌溉湿润体是以微润带为轴心的柱状体,黏壤土为近似圆柱体,砂土湿润体横剖面为"倒梨"形,黏壤土R:X:H(R为水平运移距离,X为垂直向上运移距离,H为垂直向下运移距离)平均为1.00:0.90:0.99,砂土为1.00:0.81:0.95。湿润锋水平和垂直(向上和向下)运移距离均与灌水时间呈显著的幂函数关系,土壤密度和质地是影响湿润体特性的主要因素;微润带流量小,单位长度流量不超过210 mL/(m.h),可适应土壤含水率变化自动调整,累计入渗量与灌水时间呈线性关系;湿润体内含水率以微润管带为轴心呈同心圆面分布,大部分土壤含水率介于田间持水量的80%～90%之间,微润灌溉均匀度高,达95.62%。因此,微润灌溉技术节水效果显著,适宜旱区作物用水需求。     

湿润速率和粘粒含量对红壤沟间侵蚀的影响

An aggregate stability test and a simulated rainfall test were conducted on four representative Ultisols from southeastern China. The soils selected, with clay contents ranging between 117 and 580 g kg-1 , were derived from shale and Quaternary red clay. The stability of aggregates (2–5 mm in diameter) obtained from the soil samples were determined by the Le Bissonnais method. For determination of infiltration, runoff, and erosion, the soil samples were packed in 30 cm × 60 cm trays, wetted at rates of 2, 10, and 60 mm h-1 , and then exposed to simulated rainfall at 60 mm h-1 for 1 h. The results indicated that both aggregate stability and slaking caused by fast wetting increased with increasing clay content. The effect of wetting rate (WR) on infiltration and seal formation varied with clay contents. In the soil with low clay content (sandy loam), the infiltration rate was affected slightly by WR due to low aggregate stability and slaking. In the soils with medium clay content (silt clay loam and clay), WR affected infiltration significantly due to the high aggregate slaking force. In the soil with high clay content, the effect of WR on infiltration was significant, but not as evident as in the soils with medium clay content, which may be related to high aggregate stability by wetting partially compensating for slaking force. The effect of WR on soil loss was similar to that of runoff, but more pronounced. The findings from this study indicated that the relationship between wetting rate and clay content should be considered when predicting interrill erosion in Ultisols.     

降雨条件下分层土壤入渗特性

通过室内模拟降雨入渗试验,研究了粘土、壤土和沙土3种土壤不同分层组合方式对土壤入渗特性的影响。结果表明:垂直入渗条件下,分层土壤入渗特征由土壤分层组合方式决定;分层土壤累计入渗量与湿润锋距离呈线性相关关系;分层土壤入渗过程中,当粗沙覆盖细沙且降雨强度大于下层细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋以上剖面可以达到或接近饱和,当细沙覆盖粗沙且降雨强度大于细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋剖面中,除细沙土部分剖面达到饱和,其余粗沙土剖面无法达到饱和,且其饱和程度和下层粗沙土土壤持水能力有关。     

Simultaneous transport of surface salts and water through unsaturated soils during infiltration and redistribution

Abstract

Certain concepts regarding the simultaneous transport of surface ‐salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions vere verified for three soils using laboratory soil columns. Treatments included different water application rates (i.e., continuous ponding and controlled rates) and different initial soil water contents. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface to simulate a salt‐affected soil or broadcasting of a fertilizer (or other additive), was leached with chloride free water (0.01 N CaSO₄). Salt and water profiles were determined by destructive sampling at 2 cm depth intervals at two stages: (i) immediately following infiltration and (ii) after Batching infiltration plus redistribution time.

Immediately following infiltration as well as after matching infiltration and redistribution time, chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with slower than with faster rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. The results, thus, show that slower rates of water application nay not increase leaching efficiency over faster rates in heavy‐textured and sodic soils with very poor permeability. Regardless of water application rate, initial soil water content, redistribution time and soil type, salt front (i.e., salt peak) did not coincide with the water front but lagged behind it by a few to several centimetres. That is to say that salt peak did not occur at a depth above which total soil water storage in the profile equalled cumulative infiltration. The higher the initial soil water content, the deeper and more complete was the displacement of chloride during infiltration for a given quantity of water applied at different rates. This trend was not modified during post‐irrigation period in sandy soil, but it was entirely reversed in sandy loam soil.     

土壤质地和灌水器材料对负压灌溉出水流量及土壤水运移的影响

负压灌溉法是一种新近提出的节水灌溉技术,灌溉时供水水头为“负值”,即灌溉水源高程低于灌水器高程。不同材料灌水器和土壤质地是影响灌溉系统出水流量及土壤水运移的重要因素。该文研究了在高程差H为-0.5 m情况下两种灌水器及两种质地土壤对两者的影响。结果表明：灌水器相同时,累计入渗量、水平和垂直最大湿润距离随时间呈幂函数关系变化;在历时相同时黏壤土较砂壤土大;湿润体近似为六分之一的竖直椭球体,但黏壤土水平与垂直最大湿润距离之比大于砂壤土。土壤质地相同时,纤维灌水器较陶土灌水器出水流量高。试验结果进一步证明了负压灌溉的可行性,并为确定负压灌溉系统应用范围及规划设计过程中灌水器选择提供了依据。     

Zeolite Effects on Immobile Water Content and Mass Exchange Coefficient at Different Soil Textures

The concern for groundwater pollution by agrichemicals through solute movement within the soil is widespread. Zeolite is a type of soil amendment that is utilized to improve physical properties of soil and ameliorate polluted soil. The high negative charge of the zeolite and its open space structure allows adsorption and access of heavy metals and other cations and anions. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effects of different application rates of zeolite (0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg^?1) on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient in a loam soil and then (ii) to determine the effects of optimum application rate of zeolite on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of sandy loam and clay loam soils in saturated conditions by a mobile and immobile (MIM) model. In a disturbed soil column, a method was proposed for determination of MIM model parameters, that is, immobile water content (θ_im), mass exchange coefficient (α), and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D_h). Breakthrough curves were obtained for different soil textures with different zeolite applications in three replicates, by miscible displacement of chloride (Cl^?1) in disturbed soil column. Cl^?1 breakthrough curves were evaluated in terms of the MIM model. The results showed that the pore water velocity calculated based on the total soil volumetric water content (θ_im+ θ_m) and real pore water velocity calculated based on the mobile water content (θ_m) increased in the loam soil with an increase in zeolite application rate, so that, between these different rates of zeolite application, the maximum value of pore water velocity and real pore water velocity occurred at zeolite application rates of 8.6 and 11.5 g kg^?1, which are indicated as the optimum application rates. However, the comparison between different soils showed that the zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1 could increase pore water velocity of sandy loam and loam soils by 31% more than that of clay loam soil. The immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of loam soil were correlated with the zeolite application rate and reduced with an increase in the rate of applied zeolite. In a comparison between different soils at zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1, the immobile water contents of the zeolite-treated soil decreased by 57%, 60%, and 39% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively, compared with the untreated soil. Furthermore, zeolite application could reduce mass exchange coefficient by 9%, 43%, and 21% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively. A positive linear relationship was found between θ_im and α. Zeolite application increased real pore water velocity of sandy loam soil by 39% and 46% compared with loam and clay loam soils, respectively. In other studies there was a decrease in ammonium and nitrate leaching due to the zeolite application, and therefore, an increase in real pore water velocity due to zeolite application in sandy loam soil, as compared with the loam and clay loam soils, may not show more rapid movement of solute and agrichemicals to the groundwater.     

Characteristics of Water Infiltration in Layered Water-Repellent Soils

Water-repellent(WR) soil greatly influences infiltration behavior. This research determined the impacts of WR levels of silt loam soil layer during infiltration. Three column scenarios were utilized, including homogeneous wettable silt loam or sand, silt loam over sand(silt loam/sand), and sand over silt loam(sand/silt loam). A 5-cm thick silt loam soil layer was placed either at the soil surface or 5 cm below the soil surface. The silt loam soil used had been treated to produce different WR levels, wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR. As the WR level increased from wettable to severely WR, the cumulative infiltration decreased. Traditional wetting front-related equations did not adequately describe the infiltration rate and time relationships for layered WR soils. The Kostiakov equation provided a good fit for the first infiltration stage. Average infiltration rates for wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR during the 2 nd infiltration stage were 0.126, 0.021, 0.002, and 0.001 mm min~(-1) for the silt loam/sand scenario,respectively, and 0.112, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.000 5 mm min~(-1) for the sand/silt loam scenario, respectively. Pseudo-saturation phenomena occurred when visually examining the wetting fronts and from the apparent changes in water content(?θ_(AP)) at the slightly WR,strongly WR, and severely WR levels for the silt loam/sand scenario. Much larger ?θAPvalues indicated the possible existence of finger flow. Delayed water penetration into the surface soil for the strongly WR level in the silt loam/sand scenario suggested negative water heads with infiltration times longer than 10 min. The silt loam/sand soil layers produced sharp transition zones of water content. The WR level of the silt loam soil layer had greater effects on infiltration than the layer position in the column.