不同热解温度茶渣生物质炭对茶园土壤吸附解吸NH4-N的影响

生物质炭对铵根的吸附解吸影响着土壤的固氮效果,为探讨茶渣生物质炭对茶园土吸附—解吸NH_4~+—N性能的影响,减少土壤中氮素的淋失,提高氮素利用效率,通过模拟培养试验,采用平衡吸附法及HCL解吸法,研究了不同热解温度下制备的茶渣生物质炭在不同添加比例(0.35%,0.70%,1.40%,2.80%)下,茶园土对NH_4~+—N吸附解吸的特性。结果表明:施用生物质炭能有效增强茶园土对NH_4~+—N的吸附,并随生物质炭添加量的增加而增强。同一生物质炭添加量下,4种生物质炭处理下茶园土对NH_4~+—N的吸附量大小表现为BC400BC300BC500BC600。生物质炭的CEC含量是影响土壤吸附NH_4~+—N能力的主要因素。土壤对NH_4~+—N的吸附过程均以Langmuir方程拟合达到显著水平(0.953 7R~20.995 5),以单层吸附为主。施用生物质炭后,土壤产生了解吸滞后,有效降低了茶园土对NH_4~+—N的解吸率,BC400的解吸率最低。茶渣生物质炭能够增强土壤对NH_4~+—N的吸附,降低对NH_4~+—N的解吸,有利于提高土壤对氮素的吸持能力,其中BC400,2.80%处理下效果最佳。     

棉花、花生秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)运移的影响

[目的]分析棉花、花生生物炭基本理化性质,模拟自然条件下降雨对土壤中Cu(Ⅱ)淋失量的影响,探讨生物炭修复Cu(Ⅱ)污染棕壤的可行性。[方法]以棉花、花生秸秆为原料,采用限氧热解法分别在350,500,650℃下制备生物炭,将生物炭按1%的炭土干重比施入铜污染棕壤[Cu(Ⅱ)的浓度200mg/kg],通过室内土柱淋溶试验分析添加不同生物炭对土壤缓冲性能和吸附能力的影响。[结果]两类生物炭的H/C及O/C的比值随着温度的升高逐渐降低,而生物炭的BET比表面积则随着制备温度的升高而逐渐增大;添加生物炭的土壤淋溶液pH值显著高于空白处理,花生生物炭的效果更为显著;随着淋溶次数的增加,添加生物炭的土壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的淋失量明显低于空白处理;添加花生生物炭提高了土壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的专性吸附,以650℃最为显著。[结论]两种生物炭能明显提高土壤的缓冲性能和对重金属的吸持能力,其中以花生生物炭的效果更为明显。     

不同生物质炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸的影响

为了减少土壤磷素流失,提高磷肥利用效率,探究不同生物炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸行为的影响规律,以水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳为原材料,利用限氧升温炭化法制备生物炭,通过批量吸附实验研究了生物炭种类和生物炭添加量对棕壤磷吸附解吸的影响。结果表明：水稻秸秆生物炭在添加量为0.4%时显著提高棕壤对磷的吸附量,花生壳生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭则显著降低棕壤对磷的吸附量；等温吸附曲线表明,不同生物炭均未改变等温吸附曲线的变化趋势,均可用Langmuir方程和 Freundlich 方程进行描述(R²>0.93),其中 Langmuir 方程拟合效果更好,不同处理对磷的理论吸附量大小顺序为：水稻秸秆生物炭+棕壤>棕壤>花生壳生物炭+棕壤>玉米秸秆生物炭+棕壤；吸附动力学实验表明,不同生物炭均未改变磷吸附动力学曲线的变化趋势,在所有动力学模型中,准二级动力学模型最适合描述土壤对磷的吸附行为(R²>0.99),其次为准一级动力模型(R²>0.99)和Elovich动力学模型(R²>0.88)；三种生物炭均显著促进棕壤对磷的解吸,当生物炭添加量为≥0.2%时,水稻秸秆生物炭、玉米秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭,分别可提高棕壤对磷的解析率50%、70%和90%以上。由此可见,不同生物炭可提高棕壤对磷素的供应和利用,水稻秸秆生物炭在减少棕壤磷素流失、保护生态环境方面具有更大的应用价值。     

秸秆炭和沸石对土壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响

为了比较2种类型改良剂对土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)的修复作用,向土壤中添加0.5%和2%的秸秆炭和沸石,培养60d后分析土壤性质的变化,并用一次平衡法研究秸秆炭和沸石对土壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响。结果表明,添加秸秆炭和沸石均能提高土壤CEC,秸秆炭还可以显著提高土壤pH,0.5%和2%添加量使土壤pH提高0.37和0.66,添加沸石对于土壤pH没有明显提高。等温吸附实验结果表明,添加秸秆炭和沸石均可以增加土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量,并且随着添加量的增加而增加,当Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度为150mg/L时,Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高8.5%~32.5%。随着体系pH的升高,土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增加,在pH较高的体系下,秸秆炭对土壤吸附能力的促进作用更大。解吸实验表明,添加秸秆炭和沸石后土壤Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量高于对照,说明秸秆炭和沸石提高了土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的静电吸附量。Freundlich方程更适合拟合添加秸秆炭和沸石后土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,R2值均在0.96以上。从该方程表征吸附容量的参数Kf可以看出,秸秆炭促进Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果优于沸石,2%添加量的促进效果要优于0.5%添加量。因此,对于辽宁地区的草甸土,秸秆炭对土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)具有更好的修复作用。     

不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

主要研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳四种来源的生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响。研究结果表明:生物炭对土壤磷吸附的影响取决于土壤溶液中磷的浓度,与对照相比,在中低磷浓度(0~90 mg L-1)时,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附影响较小,而在较高磷浓度时,小麦秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭均抑制了土壤磷的吸附,而水稻秸秆生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭均能促进土壤磷的吸附。吸附动力学试验表明,在反应开始的4小时内,土壤对磷的吸附较快,吸附量基本达到平衡吸附量的50%;到达吸附平衡时,添加生物炭能够降低土壤对磷的吸附量,四种生物炭对土壤磷的吸附量依次为:小麦秸秆玉米秸秆花生壳水稻秸秆。此外四种生物炭都能促进土壤中磷的解吸,其中玉米秸秆的促进效果最为显著,解吸量比对照高1.76倍。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程都能很好地拟合生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附等温线(P0.01),Freundlich拟合程度要比Langmuir方程的高。准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程都能很好地描述生物炭存在下土壤磷的吸附动力学(P0.01)。     

生物炭与沸石混施对土壤Cd形态转化的影响

通过实验室模拟污染土壤添加生物炭和沸石,探究其对酸性污染土壤中Cd的形态转化的影响。结果表明,以土壤重量的0.2%,1%,5%的量分别单个施入生物炭和沸石以及生物炭、沸石1∶1以0.4%,2%,10%的土壤重量混合施入土壤对土壤pH均有影响,培养60d后,生物炭、沸石添加量为0.2%的处理以及混合施入量为0.4%的处理并没有提高土壤的pH,其他处理土壤pH均有升高,生物炭、沸石添加量为5%的处理以及添加量为10%的混合处理效果明显,土壤pH提升9.89%,3.59%,11.41%。培养60d后,生物炭添加量为1%,5%,沸石添加量为5%,混合施入添加量为2%,10%共5个处理同对照CK相比土壤有效态Cd含量相应降低18.30%,43.87%,21.77%,20.40%,41.89%。生物炭各处理土壤交换态Cd含量差异显著依次降低32.01%,32.57%,34.50%,添加量为0.2%和1%的处理残渣态Cd含量所占比例为14.71%,11.99%。沸石添加量为5%的处理交换态Cd含量差异显著降低26.50%。混合施入生物炭和沸石的各处理添加量为10%的处理交换态Cd含量差异显著减少31.76%,残渣态Cd含量所占比例为7.32%。     

水洗处理对不同原料生物质炭吸附解吸Cd~(2+)行为的影响

以水稻、小麦、玉米和猪粪为原料,比较秸秆类生物质炭和畜禽粪便类生物质炭对溶液重金属Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸特点及其水溶性盐分含量的影响。结果表明,生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附结果均很好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程,猪粪炭的Cd~(2+)最大吸附量达20.7 mg g~(-1),为秸秆炭吸附量的1.37~1.72倍。洗脱去除可溶性盐分显著降低生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附。水洗后秸秆炭对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量为猪粪炭的2~4.3倍,水稻、小麦、玉米和猪粪炭对Cd~(2+)的最大吸附量分别降低52.6%、72.7%、72.8%和91.9%。洗脱作用提高了生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的解吸率,其中猪粪炭提高幅度最大,由原来的1.76%~7.96%提高到12.00%~27.49%。因此,可溶性盐分在生物质炭吸附Cd~(2+)过程中具有重要作用。所以,在污染土壤治理中需要考虑不同原料的组分差异,以制备高效修复土壤重金属污染的生物质材料。     

不同农业废弃物生物炭及施用量对土壤pH值和保水保氮能力的影响

以黄秋葵秸秆炭(HQK)、茭白秸秆炭(JB)、水稻秸秆炭(SD)、废弃食用菌基质炭(JZ)、无花果秸秆炭(WHG)、猪粪炭(SM)和稻壳炭(DK)为供试原料,设置0.5%、1%、2%和5%4个添加浓度,研究不同生物炭及添加量对土壤pH值和保水保氮性能的影响。结果发现,所有生物炭添加量在2%时,均能显著提高土壤pH值,但不同生物炭调酸能力不同,JB和SD作用最强;生物炭能提高土壤持水能力,添加量在2%时,所有处理均极显著(P0.01)的提高了土壤持水量,增幅分布在2.87%～12.30%之间,SD效果最明显;生物炭能够吸附土壤溶液中NH_4~+-N,但吸附能力与生物炭的添加量无相关性,WHG吸附能力最强,JZ和HQK吸附能力最弱;添加生物炭对土壤溶液中的NO_3~--N则基本无吸附作用。     

不同温度下镉在典型农田土壤中的吸附动力学特征

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30 d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd（Ⅱ）的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量增加,且Cd（Ⅱ）吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的常数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0~5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附,因为Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd（Ⅱ）的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的静电吸附量。     

稻草生物质炭对3种可变电荷土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30 d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd（Ⅱ）的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量增加,且Cd（Ⅱ）吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的常数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0~5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附,因为Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd（Ⅱ）的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的静电吸附量。     

皇竹草生物炭的结构特征及其对（）的吸附性能

以皇竹草茎秆为原料,在限氧控温（300、500、700℃）条件下制备生物炭,研究该生物炭的结构特征及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附行为。结果发现,随着热解温度的升高,皇竹草生物炭的产率下降,而灰分、pH呈上升趋势;电镜扫描（SEM）观察可见不同热解温度下所制备的生物炭结构相似,均具多孔和管状结构,但在700℃条件下所制备的生物炭相对300℃下制备的生物炭孔壁变薄,且孔壁有附着物,切面有突起结构。三种温度下制备的皇竹草生物炭对溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）都具有较好的吸附作用,且500、700℃下制备的生物炭比300℃下制备的生物炭具有更好的吸附效果。在0~1 h之间,三种热解温度下制备的生物炭对铬的吸附量均随着时间的延长而快速增加,当吸附至1h时,基本达到饱和状态,随后吸附量无明显变化。     

花生壳生物炭对土壤吸附邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响

采用限氧升温法在不同的炭化温度和时间下制备4种花生壳生物炭,考察其对土壤吸附邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMP)的影响。结果表明,添加生物炭能显著提高土壤对DMP的吸附能力。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好的拟合添加生物炭土壤对DMP的吸附,相关系数分别介于0.90~1.00和0.95~0.99之间。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤对DMP的吸附能力明显增强且非线性特征更加突出;在生物炭高添加量条件下,炭化温度高且炭化时间长的生物炭对土壤吸附能力的增强作用更为显著。在Ce=0.001 Sw和Ce=0.01 Sw条件下,生物炭对土壤吸附DMP的贡献率分别介于80.80%~98.58%和67.30%~96.37%之间,表明生物炭对土壤吸附DMP发挥着主导作用。     

碳酸钾添加比例对玉米秸秆生物炭表面特性的影响

在600℃的热解温度下通过添加不同比例的碳酸钾制备活性生物炭。对比分析了碳酸钾活化生物炭(KBC)和普通生物炭(BC)的特性,包括生物炭红外光谱特征、表面官能团、比表面积和孔径分布及吸附动力学过程等。结果表明,经碳酸钾活化的生物炭比表面积大为提高,最高达到566 m2 g-1(KBC-2-600),而普通生物炭(BC600)的比表面积仅为86.8 m2 g-1,KBC600系列的介孔容积和微孔容积均显著高于BC600,介孔容积平均扩大了16倍,微孔容积平均扩大了4倍,同时提高了微孔率。经碳酸钾活化的生物炭表面官能团的数量和饱和度发生改变,在1 256 cm-1~3 414 cm-1处,官能团的总体含量均低于普通生物炭,酯类羰基消失,形成氢键的能力减弱,非饱和醚类增加,芳香性和非极性提高,此表面特征更有利于吸附非极性芳香类污染物。对萘吸附的动力学实验表明,BC600和KBC-4-600均适合以二级动力学模型拟合,经碳酸钾活化后,生物炭的吸附性能提高,颗粒内扩散模型拟合结果表明,经碳酸钾活化后,生物炭内部孔隙复杂程度和数量均得到提高。碳酸钾活化的生物炭表面性质优良,作为高效吸附剂用于修复非极性芳香类污染有很大潜力。     

Retention and release of diethyl phthalate in biochar-amended vegetable garden soils

Purpose

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is one of the most commonly used plasticizers as well as a soil contaminant. Using biochar to remediate soils contaminated with DEP can potentially reduce the bioavailability of DEP and improve soil properties. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil adsorption and desorption of DEP.

Materials and methods

Two surface soils (0–20 cm) with contrasting organic carbon (OC) contents were collected from a vegetable garden. Biochars were derived from bamboo (BB) and rice straw (SB) that were pyrolyzed at 350 and 650 °C. Biochars were added to two types of soil at rates of 0.1 and 0.5 % (w/w). A batch equilibration method was used to measure DEP adsorption-desorption in biochar treated and untreated soils at 25 °C. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of DEP in the soils with or without biochar were evaluated using the Freundlich model.

Results and discussion

The biochar treatments significantly enhanced the soil adsorption of DEP. Compared to the untreated low organic matter soil, the soils treated with 0.5 % 650BB increased the adsorption by more than 19,000 times. For the straw biochar treated soils, the increase of DEP adsorption followed the order 350SB?>?650SB. However, for the bamboo biochars, the order was 650BB?>?350BB. Bamboo biochars were more effective than the straw biochars in improving soils’ adsorption capacity and reducing the desorption ability of DEP.

Conclusions

Adding biochar to soil can significantly enhance soil’s adsorption capacity on DEP. The 650BB amended soil showed the highest adsorption capacity for DEP. The native soil OC contents had significant effects on the soils’ sorption capacity treated with 650BB, whereas they had negligible effects on the other biochar treatments. The sorption capacity was affected by many factors such as the feedstock materials and pyrolysis temperature of biochars, the pH value of biochar, and the soil organic carbon levels.     

施加不同种类生物质炭及冻融交替后土壤吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的变化

以棉花和花生秸秆为原料于500℃下限氧慢速热解制备得到两种生物质炭,通过批处理恒温振荡法,探讨了土壤施加不同种类生物质炭及冻融交替后吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的变化。结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir等温模型均能较好地拟合各处理土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,土壤施加棉花和花生秸秆炭后对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附能力显著提高,吸附能力分别提高了3.8和17.9倍;冻融交替后施加棉花和花生秸秆炭的土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附能力均降低,吸附能力分别下降了1.6和1.1倍;花生秸秆炭比棉花秸秆炭更适宜作为土壤改良剂修复重金属污染土壤。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附机理研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,在350℃和700℃热解温度下分别制备了两种生物炭（BC350和BC700）,并对其理化性质进行了表征。在700℃下制备的生物炭芳构化程度更高,疏水性更强,比表面积更大,孔结构发育更加完全。研究Cd（Ⅱ）在两种生物炭上的吸附发现,Two-site Langmuir吸附等温模型比One-site Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好描述Cd（Ⅱ）在生物炭表面的吸附。BC700对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量大于BC350,解吸率远小于BC350,吸附效果更好;离子交换和阳离子-π作用两种吸附机理同时存在并共同作用,前者分别占BC350和BC700总吸附容量的13.7%和1.1%,后者分别占86.3%和98.9%,阳离子-π作用是最主要的吸附机理。红外光谱FTIR分析表明,生物炭表面的含氧官能团和π共轭芳香结构分别提供不同机理的吸附位点。由于具有更多的离子交换位点,BC350对Cd（Ⅱ）吸附受pH影响较BC700更大。     

低温水热法制备竹生物炭及其对有机物的吸附性能

竹是一类常见的生物质资源,竹加工中产生的废弃物是制生物炭的理想原料。该研究采用水热炭化法,在较低的水热温度下制备竹生物炭,并通过Na OH浸泡和N2氛围下高温煅烧2种方法,对竹生物炭进行进一步改性,所得产品用于去除水溶液中2-萘酚和刚果红。结果显示:仅采用水热炭化得到的竹生物炭产品得率大于54%,表面官能团丰富,均能吸附水溶液中的2-萘酚和刚果红,其中160℃3 h下制备的样品对2-萘酚吸附效果最好,200℃7 h下制备的样品对刚果红吸附效果最好;改性处理会降低终产品得率并影响表面官能团,Na OH浸泡改性处理能增加竹生物炭对2-萘酚和刚果红的吸附容量,N2氛围下高温煅烧改性则不能提高竹生物炭对这2种物质的吸附效果。研究结果可为废弃生物质制炭及生物炭在水污染物吸附分离中的应用提供参考。     

Sorption and desorption of phosphate on biochar and biochar–soil mixtures

The term biochar refers to materials with diverse chemical, physical and physicochemical characteristics that have potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the P sorption/desorption properties of various slow biochars and one fast pyrolysis biochar and to determine how a fast pyrolysis biochar influences these properties in a degraded tropical soil. The fast pyrolysis biochar was a mixture of three separate biochars: sawdust, elephant grass and sugar cane leaves. Three other biochars were made by slow pyrolysis from three Amazonian tree species (Lacre, Ingá and Embaúba) at three temperatures of formation (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C). Inorganic P was added to develop sorption curves and then desorbed to develop desorption curves for all biochar situations. For the slow pyrolysis, the 600 ºC biochar had a reduced capacity to sorb P (4–10 times less) relative to those biochars formed at 400 °C and 500 °C. Conversely, biochar from Ingá desorbed the most P. The fast pyrolysis biochar, when mixed with degraded tropical mineral soil, decreased the soil's P sorption capacity by 55% presumably because of the high soluble, inorganic P prevalent in this biochar (909 mg P/kg of biochar). Phosphorus desorption from the fast pyrolysis biochar/soil mixture not only exhibited a common desorption curve but also buffered the soil solution at a value of ca. 0.2 mg/L. This study shows the diversity in P chemistry that can be expected when biochar is a soil amendment and suggests the potential to develop biochars with properties to meet specific objectives.     

Sorption-desorption behaviors of heavy metals by biochar-compost amendment with different ratios in contaminated wetland soil

Purpose

Heavy metal pollution in soils has become a global environmental concern. The combination of biochar and compost has already been proved to be an attractive method in contaminated soil. The objective was to study the sorption-desorption characteristics of Cd, Cu, and Zn onto soil amended with combined biochar-compost.

Materials and methods

In this study, the soil was amended with combinations of biochar and compost with different ratios at 10% (w/w). To determine the sorption-desorption behaviors of heavy metals by biochar-compost amendment with different ratios, we determine the effects of different ratios on soil properties and use batch experiments to investigate sorption-desorption behaviors of Cd, Cu, and Zn.

Results and discussion

The results show that the Langmuir and Freundlich model can well describe the adsorption isotherm of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the soils with or without biochar-compost combinations. The incorporation of amendment combinations into soil significantly promotes the sorption affinity of soil on metals. The sorption capacity of Cd and Zn was improved as the compost percentage rose in biochar-compost more likely due to the increase of organic matter and available phosphorus, while that of Cu was stronger with 10 and 20% biochar addition in biochar-compost combinations likely as the result of the formation of new specific adsorption sites and the mobile Cu adsorption in compost after adding a certain amount of biochar in amendment mixtures. Additionally, a certain proportion of biochar applied into amendment mixtures could suppress desorption of Cd and Cu by pH change, and the Zn desorption rate gradually decreased as the compost ratio increased in amendment mixtures.

Conclusions

The results indicated that the various ratios between biochar and compost have a significant effect on sorption-desorption of metals in soil, which helps us consider the effective combination of biochar and compost in soil.

     

Application of Biochar and Compost for Enhancement of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grain Yield in Calcareous Sandy Soil

The application of compost to calcareous soils by farmers is a well-established practice and has been shown to improve yields. However, incorporation of biochar and mixture of biochar and compost into calcareous soils is a relatively novel concept for improving soil quality and yield since calcareous soils comprise a large scale of soils worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the co-application of biochar and compost on the soil properties, nutrient status and grain yield of rice in calcareous sandy soil. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The compost application rates were 1% and 3% (w/w; compost/soil) and the applied rates of biochars (rice straw biochar, RSB; sugarcane bagasse biochar, SBB) were 0.3% and 0.9% (w/w; biochar/soil). The results showed that soil pH decreased with increasing application rates of either compost or biochars. However, soil EC was enhanced through increasing the application rates of compost and biochars. The co-application of biochar and compost improved soil total N and available P concentrations. The soil available K increased with increasing the rate of incorporated biochars and compost. An increase of soil available K was more predominate with the application of RSB than SBB. The RSB, also, added a considerable amount of silicon (Si) to the soil. The co-incorporation of biochars and compost enhanced soil available concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn as well. The RSB was more effective than the SBB in grain yield enhancement almost certainly due to a higher Si content in RSB. Furthermore, the concurrent application of biochars and compost increased grain yield more than applying them individually. A higher application rate of biochar and compost induced a higher grain yield. The co-application of highest rates of RSB (0.9%) and compost (3%) induced the highest grain yield (26.1 g/pot) among the treatments. The increase in yield compare to the control were 321% and 260% for 0.9% RSB + 3% compost and 0.9% SBB + 3% compost, respectively. The increase in the grain yield was due to an improvement in the soil chemical properties and nutrients enhancement. Finally, the co-application of the highest rate of RSB (0.9%) and compost (3%) is recommended to obtain the appropriate rate of rice grain yield in calcareous sandy soil.