草被覆盖对养分迁移机制的影响

为探讨草被覆盖对养分流失机制的影响,采用室内模拟降雨试验,在30mm/h雨强下,对不同水土保持先锋植物种(紫花苜蓿、狗尾草)、4种植株密度(0,80,120,160株/m~2)、2种处理方式(保留整株植物、仅保留地下部分)下养分随泥沙和径流的流失浓度与流失总量进行研究。结果表明:草被覆盖能有效控制坡面侵蚀,其中紫花苜蓿和狗尾草植株控制土壤侵蚀作用与地下部分关系密切,地上部分作用不明显。裸坡养分随泥沙的流失量是有植被坡面的1.49~5.90倍(全氮),1.24~8.61倍(全磷),1.17~1.82倍(速效钾),但两者的流失浓度差异不显著,表明草被控制养分随泥沙流失作用主要来源于控制侵蚀量,其中狗尾草地下部分减少养分随泥沙流失的作用强于紫花苜蓿地下部分,紫花苜蓿地上部分减少养分流失的作用强于狗尾草地上部分;同时随植株密度增加,草被地下部分减少养分随泥沙流失的作用逐步增强。草被覆盖能有效减少坡面养分随径流流失,地下部分坡面与全株坡面的全氮流失量比值为1.02~1.05(狗尾草),1.10~1.14(紫花苜蓿),表明草被控制养分随径流流失作用主要来源于地下部分,其中狗尾草地下部分作用较紫花苜蓿明显;同时随植株密度增加,地下生物量控制全氮和全磷养分随径流流失的作用逐步强化,但地下部分控制速效钾流失作用的权重没有明显的定向变化。径流养分浓度动态变化前期不断下降,后期趋于稳定,其中幂函数对养分浓度动态变化的拟合效果最佳;同时全氮和全磷动态变化与植株状况关系密切,而全磷对植株完整状况变化响应不明显。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量(10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1)对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子(Br-)迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明:不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

黄土坡面不同植被覆盖度下产流产沙与养分流失规律

植被与降水是决定坡面产流产沙及养分流失的主要因素,为探求植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响,采用野外黄土坡面放水冲刷试验,在30L/min冲刷流量条件下,对不同苜蓿覆盖度下黄土坡面的径流量、产沙量和养分流失量进行研究。结果表明:当植被覆盖度分别为0%,33.5%,43.2%和68.8%时,坡面径流量分别为693.35,362.51,324.65,266.64L;产沙量分别为16.3,5.9,0.16,0.091kg;溴离子流失量分别为5 852.07,1 274.51,397.29,178.56mg。利用幂函数对径流溶质浓度变化过程进行拟合,结果显示幂函数可以很好地反映田间坡面溶质随地表径流变化过程,为进一步描述径流溶质变化过程的数学模型提供指导。平均坡面糙率能够反映土壤侵蚀量的变化。植被覆盖度增加使得平均坡面糙率增大,从而减小了土壤侵蚀量和养分流失量。     

片麻岩坡面花生不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:花生不同生长时期产流产沙量不同,总体流失量均呈现出0d20d40d60d,与对照(0d)相比,花生60d坡面产流量减少了38%,产沙量减少了47%;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量随生长天数的增加而减少,与对照(0d)相比,60d坡面氮磷钾养分流失量分别减少了75%,45%,70%,降雨过程中硝态氮流失量始终高于铵态氮流失量;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量氮流失总量磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙量之间方程拟合系数均达0.98以上,有着显著的正相关性;花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面磷钾的流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,氮素流失为溶解态氮与泥沙态氮共存。     

谷子不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了谷子不同生长时期片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:谷子不同生长时期产流产沙量不同,总体流失量呈现出0d20d40d60d,与对照(0d)相比,谷子60d坡面产流量减少了33%,产沙量减少了43%;谷子不同生长时期坡面养分流失量随谷子生长天数的增加而减少,与对照(0d)相比,60d坡面氮磷钾养分流失量分别减少了75%,45%,70%,降雨过程中硝态氮流失量始终高于铵态氮流失量;谷子不同生长时期坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量氮流失总量磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙量之间方程拟合系数均达0.85以上,有着显著的正相关性;谷子不同生长时期片麻岩坡面磷钾的流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,氮素流失为溶解态氮与泥沙态氮共存。     

不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失规律的研究

通过室内模拟人工降雨试验,研究不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:谷子地、草地坡面产沙量产流量远小于裸地产沙产流量;不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面产流产沙变化过程不同,草地、谷子地达到稳定产流的时间滞后于裸地。3种土地利用方式坡面养分流失随时间的变化过程基本相同,降雨起始各种养分浓度较高,随着时间的持续,养分流失浓度趋于稳定。不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量 > 氮流失总量 > 磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙产流之间有着极显著的正相关性,裸地养分流失量最大,其次是谷子地,草地的养分流失量最小,但是径流中硝态氮含量和泥沙总磷量谷子地流失量最大,裸地次之,草地最小。3种土地利用方式片麻岩坡面磷钾流失主要是泥沙态养分,氮素流失主要以溶解态氮为主或者二者共同作用。     

坡度对坡面土壤矿质氮素水蚀流失负荷的影响

坡度是影响坡面水土流失和土壤养分流失过程的重要因素。室内模拟降雨试验表明,当坡长一定时,不仅土壤侵蚀量存在一个“侵蚀临界坡度”,土壤矿质氮流失量随坡度变化也存在一个“养分流失临界坡度”。试验测定这2个临界坡度均在15°～20°之间。土壤矿质氮地表流失以随地表径流流失为主,约占总流失量的99%。坡面矿质氮总流失量的96%为硝态氮,硝态氮对径流中矿质氮总量的贡献率明显高于在侵蚀泥沙中的贡献率。采取一定的截流措施是控制坡面矿质氮流失的关键。     

模拟降雨对工程建设区裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响

为揭示不同降雨强度下工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀过程和氮素流失特征,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究不同降雨强度(1,1.5,2mm/min)和处理(裸地、坡面覆盖纱网)对工程裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响。结果表明:(1)径流强度、径流含沙量、土壤剥蚀率都与降雨强度呈正相关关系,土壤入渗率与降雨强度呈现负相关关系。(2)累积泥沙量与累积径流量在裸地处理中呈现线性函数关系,在纱网处理中呈现幂函数关系。(3)地表径流中氮素流失浓度随降雨历时呈现"下降—稳定"趋势,氮素流失量随降雨强度的增加而增大,其中NO_3~-—N流失量占总氮比重高于NH_4~+—N。(4)土壤坡面覆盖纱网后能有效控制水土流失量和氮素流失量,其中径流量和NO_3~-—N流失量在小雨强处降低效果显著,分别降低了60.21%和56.74%;TN流失量和NH_4~+—N流失量在小、中雨强处降低效果较好,均达到59.26%以上;侵蚀泥沙量在小、中、大雨强处均降低了79%以上。说明土壤坡面覆盖纱网这一措施对降低工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀量和氮素流失量具有效果显著,可以作为工程建设区水土流失防止措施。     

横坡垄作对坡耕地产流产沙及氮磷养分流失过程影响研究

横坡垄作是一种常见的水土保持耕作措施,它通过增大坡面拦蓄和入渗能力,进而影响坡面土壤侵蚀过程。为揭示黄土坡耕地养分流失特征,通过人工模拟降雨试验,利用投影面积为4.5 m×1.5 m的径流小区,设计降雨强度（90 mm·h-1）、5个地表坡度（3o、5o、10o、15o、20o）以及横坡垄作和平整坡面两种坡面处理,探究横坡垄作对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙特性及其携带的氮磷养分流失情况。结果表明：（1）坡面坡度小于20o时,横坡垄作能明显降低降雨过程中坡面的产流产沙量,产流量和产沙量最大分别可降低95%和99%;而当坡度增大至20o时,横坡垄作坡面发生断垄,横坡垄作对径流和泥沙的控制效应随之减弱,产流和产沙量会接近或大于平整坡面。（2）横坡垄作对养分流失浓度的影响较小,但对养分流失量具有明显影响。坡面坡度小于20o时,横坡垄作具有较好的控制坡面养分流失量的效果;当坡度增大至20o时,横坡垄作控制养分流失的作用减弱。径流中全氮的流失量始终大于全磷的流失量;除横坡垄作10o坡面外,泥沙中全磷的流失量均大于全氮的流失量。（3）坡面养分流失量主要由坡面径流量和泥沙量决定。径流养分流失率和产流速率、泥沙养分流失率和产沙速率满足线性正相关关系。横坡垄作对径流和泥沙中养分减少效益分别可以达到45%~100%、59%~100%。整体上而言,横坡垄作是控制坡面土壤侵蚀及减少养分流失的一种有效方法。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.