三种石斛菌根形态结构及元素构成的研究

通过对石斛菌根解剖镜检表明：石斛菌根是由根被、皮层、中柱组织构成，在皮层细胞内，常有菌根真菌本栖居、生长，并呈现菌丝团结构。对石斛组培非菌根与野生石斛菌根营养元素分析表明，组培根N、P、K含量是菌根的2-5倍；微量元素除Zn外，Cu、Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg等元素含量低于菌根22%-78%。     

皮层和中柱对水曲柳和落叶松吸收根直径变异的影响

采用植物解剖学和通径分析方法研究皮层和中柱对水曲柳和落叶松人工林根系前2级根(最末端的根尖为1级根)直径变异的影响。结果表明：1)根直径、皮层厚度和中柱直径具有明显的季节变化,三者具有相同的变化规律;2)随着皮层厚度或中柱直径的增加,根直径显著增加,皮层厚度可以解释直径变异的85%～95%,中柱直径可以解释直径差异的92%～97%,表明皮层和中柱均对直径变异有重要的影响;3)通径分析结果显示,水曲柳根直径变异和季节变化主要是皮层变化起直接作用,中柱仅起间接作用;而落叶松则是皮层起间接作用,中柱起直接作用。研究结果为认识木本植物吸收根种内直径变异的机制提供重要基础。     

日本落叶松整形修剪对插穗产量及生根率的影响

研究了日本落叶松采穗园母株高、中柱式，矮台式等３种整形修剪方式，产穗母枝留茬长度，采条时期等对母株生长、新枝萌发生长、穗条产量及插穗生根效果的影响。高、中柱式母株平均产条量显著大于矮台式。与２年生时相比，３年生母株插穗产量增加一倍以上，平均插穗产量分别达到２８４．６，２０９．８，１３５．５根／株。不同整形方式母株３－３．５年生木质化、半木质化插穗生根率无显著差异。用０．００５％的ＩＢＡ溶液处理后生     

渗透胁迫下群众杨根细胞中的K+-累积效应

群众杨插条苗经ＰＥＧ渗透胁迫处理后，取根部样品，经过快速冷冻，冷冻干燥、乙醚真空渗透及塑料包埋后，用透射电镜Ｘ＝－射线能谱微区分析技术，对根表皮层、皮层衣中柱薄壁组织细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中的Ｋ＾＋含量与分布进行了测定。结果表明碳渗透胁迫下，在根各部位组织细胞的细胞壁，细胞质和液泡中，Ｋ＾＿１含量都有不同程度的增加，增加的Ｋ＾＋主要积累在液泡中，渗透胁迫所促进的Ｋ＾＋吸收可被蛋白质合成抑制剂环     

日本落叶松整形修剪对母株生长、产穗量、插穗生根和扦插苗生长的影响

研究了高，中柱式，矮台式整形修剪方法对不同年龄（2-10a生）日本落叶松采穗母株生长，产穗量，插穗生根（无激素处理）及2a生扦插苗生长的影响。结果表明：日本落叶松实生幼年母株每年进行整形修剪，虽然不能完全抑制老龄化对母株插穗生根的影响。但有助于幼化复壮母株组织。未加整形修剪的10a（实际为9.5a)生树形母株的插穗生根率只有24.8%。而同龄经不同剪控措施处理的母株插穗生根率可达55.2%-81.1%(平均64.9%)，均极显著地大于对照。整形修剪方式不同，对母株生长（地径），产穗量和插穗生根率等的影响不同。高，中柱式母株由于修剪相对较轻，生长量大，产穗量高，3.5a,5.5a和8.5a生3个年龄阶段平均产穗量分别为110.5,237.0,173.0穗和85.9,150.7,98.0穗，均显著或极显著地大于矮台式母株（相应地分别为54.3,61.4,43.0穗）。高，中柱式母株虽在生长和产穗量方面具有明显的优势，但母株5.5a生以后插穗生根率呈下降趋势，至9.5a生时骤降至58.3%,55.3%。受连年重剪的影响。矮台式母株生长量小，产穗量小，死亡率高，但延缓老龄化和幼化效果好，7.5a以后插穗生根率才开始下降，与高，中柱式相比，母株插穗生根率开始下降的年龄推迟约2a，并且生根率下降的幅度小，至9.5a生时仍可达81.1%。母株幼年阶段（2.5a生）整形方式对2a生扦插苗的生长影响不明显，但当母株达到一定年龄阶段后（7.5a生）矮台式母株2a生扦插苗高度（44.8cm)显著大于高柱式母株（33.4cm)。为充分发挥采穗母株生产潜力和剪控的幼化效果，日本落叶松幼年实生母株在建圃最初几年应采用高柱式修剪，一定年龄阶段后（8a生）采用再截干幼化处理的方法降低母株高度，以改善插穗生根效果和延长采穗圃使用年限。     

银杏外种皮研究及开发利用前景

对银杏外种皮水溶性和脂溶性成分进行测定，对银杏外种皮主要化学成分及其作用的研究进行了综述，介绍了开发利用银杏外种皮生产生物农药，化妆品，饲料的科研成果和转化开发情况，并分析了开发前景。     

硅对盐胁迫下杨树根系中离子微域分布的影响

运用X-身于线电子探针研究了硅对盐胁迫下杨树根系中离子微域分布的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫(NaCl)浓度分别为0 g/L、2 g/L、3 g/L、4 g/L处理使杨树苗根系表皮、皮层和中柱细胞中Na 、Cl-的X-射线峰明显升高,K 峰降低;而盐胁迫后加浓度为0.5 g/L硅处理后根系表皮、皮层和中柱细胞中Na 、Cl-的X射线明显降低,而K 峰则大幅度提高,Na 在根系各部分呈均匀分布.表明盐胁迫下水培杨树苗适当加硅可以改变其体内养分离子的吸收和离子分布,从而缓解了盐离子对杨树的毒害作用.     

文竹的栽培与管理

1.拱棚构造 拱棚由墙体、拱架和保温三部分构成。墙体为土制结构,拱架包括立柱、竹劈、铅丝。保温部分主要是棚膜和草苫。拱棚座北朝南,跨度为3.5m。后墙高120cm,底宽70cm,顶宽45cm。中柱高140cm,距后墙外侧150cm;前柱高80cm,距中柱140cm,铅丝横拉,固定在立柱顶部,竹劈一端入地,另一端用铅丝固定,构成拱架。保温部分,棚膜厚度为0.04mm,草苫长5m,宽1.5～2m。     

石梓和米老排木材干燥特性及干燥工艺

对厚度2．5厘米的板材进行了气干和窑干试验。结果指出，石梓除易发生扭曲外，一般不发生其它缺陷；米老排除易发生扭曲外，还易发生表裂、内裂、皱缩等缺陷，提出了气干－窑干联合干燥工艺的建议。     

植质外体成分动态研究方法综述

质外体在植物代谢和抗逆性等方面起着重要的作用，但植物质外体的动态研究方法还存在很多问题。本文着重对当前植物质外体汁液的取样和动态分析方法及其利弊进行综述，旨在探寻一种活体、方便、动态地研究植物质外体汁液的新方法。     

假槟榔茎干分枝的形态发生

描述分枝假槟榔的形态特征,并对其成因进行分析。认为假槟榔这个侧枝是直接从主干叶腋中由茎花芽逆转后萌发生成,为偶发分枝,其生长方式与花苞类似,但这个叶鞘包被的是叶芽而不是花芽,由于营养生长相对于主干较弱,侧枝比主干略小,侧枝的环痕间距也比主干窄。     

不同林分郁闭度对半夏生长的影响

研究了不同林分郁闭度对半夏地上部生长性状、块茎形态性状、叶片形态性状和生物量及其分配等方面的影响。结果表明:林分郁闭度对半夏株高、茎基径的生长的影响均达到了极显著水平,且半夏株高随着林分郁闭度的增大而增大;当林分郁闭度为0.5时,半夏块茎长、块茎宽、块茎高,以及单株总鲜重、单株叶鲜重、单株茎鲜重、单株块茎鲜重、单株总干重、单株叶干重、单株茎干重和单株块茎干重均达到最大值;在不同的林分郁闭度下,半夏生物量向叶、茎和块茎传输的分配趋势并不一致。     

树木秋季叶片落地时叶面叶背朝向的探讨

观察不同环境条件下树木秋季叶片落地时叶面叶背的朝向比例与枯落叶片形态,并进行了理论推算论证。结果表明：秋季树叶失水枯萎时,由于叶面与叶背的组织结构不同,致使密度较大的叶面呈凹形,而密度较小的叶背呈凸形;叶片飘落时,能使其翻转的势能仅相当于叶片在空中作乱翻转运动的转动动能的1/54,如此微小的能量无法克服叶片乱翻转运动的转动动能,致使在林分内的地面上和静止水域的水面上的落叶面朝地与面朝天的比例基本相等。而林间小路及公路上的落叶绝大部分表现为面着地、背朝天的现象,是各种运动产生的风力作用使落叶再次运动后形成的结果。匡谬了以往认为的＂叶面结构致密密度大、叶背结构疏松密度较小而致叶面着地占多数＂的观点。     

蜡梅营养器官的解剖结构特征

采用组织离析法和石蜡切片法研究蜡梅营养器官解剖学结构的结果表明:蜡梅芽具有芽鳞;蜡梅具有典型的异面叶,表皮角质层较厚,表皮具有表皮毛,气孔多集中在下表皮,为平行列型;栅栏组织由两层细胞组成,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值高,主脉维管束呈列状排列,木纤维和韧皮纤维较发达;蜡梅根的初生木质部导管数量多、口径大,髓部为木质部占据;次生根周皮增厚;幼茎木质部含有较多的导管,茎中韧皮纤维和髓部发达;老茎的维管束紧密排列连成环状,茎的每个突起部位都有成团的韧皮纤维;蜡梅解剖结构特点说明腊梅与其山林干燥、寒冷的生长环境相适应,具有耐旱性及抗寒性。     

Effects of flooding on leaf dynamics and other seedling responses in flood-tolerant Alnus japonica and flood-intolerant Betula platyphylla var. japonica

Two-year-old seedlings of Alnus japonica Steud. and Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara were flooded from mid-June to early November, to study the effects of flooding on seedling survival and growth, morphological changes in stems and roots, leaf emergence, leaf fall, and leaf longevity. In A. japonica, growth was not affected by flooding, except for a slight decrease in height growth, but some morphological changes of stems and roots were observed, i.e., stem base hypertrophy, hypertrophied lenticels, formation of adventitious roots and development of new roots. In B. platyphylla var. japonica, growth was severely reduced by flooding and all seedlings died by the 20th week of flooding, without showing any adaptive morphological changes in stems or roots. Flooding induced rapid depression of leaf emergence, promoted leaf abscission, and reduced leaf longevity in B. platyphylla var. japonica. In contrast, in A. japonica, basal leaf senescence was delayed in flooded seedlings, thereby extending leaf longevity compared with unflooded seedlings.     

八角莲营养器官的显微构造

研究八角莲营养器官根、根茎、茎、叶的横切面的组织形态结构。采用石蜡切片法和水合氯醛装片法。结果表明,八角莲根茎中含有特殊的石细胞环;茎中木质部符合双子叶植物茎的构造特征,同时兼有单子叶植物的茎迹维管束存在;叶为等面叶;粉末为淡黄棕色,石细胞极多。     

蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖特征分析

对蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖结构进行研究的结果表明,蓝果树和喜树叶的解剖结构为典型的异面叶,叶表皮外具角质层,栅栏组织1层,排列紧密,海绵组织细胞间隙大;茎中维管束的大小及排列相似,茎中含有晶体,具有裂生型分泌道。蓝果树与喜树营养器官结构参数具有种间差异,蓝果树叶的栅栏组织发达,叶片较厚,主脉韧皮纤维发达;喜树茎的皮层存在环状厚壁组织,叶肉中存在晶体。     

Stoichiometry of foliar carbon constituents varies along light gradients in temperate woody canopies: implications for foliage morphological plasticity

Foliar morphology and chemical composition were examined along a light gradient in the canopies of five deciduous temperate woody species, ranked according to shade-tolerance as Populus tremula L. < Fraxinus excelsior L. < Tilia cordata Mill. = Corylus avellana L. < Fagus sylvatica L. Foliar carbon was divided between structural (cell-wall polysaccharides, lignin) and nonstructural (proteins, ethanol-soluble carbohydrates, starch) fractions. Foliar morphology of all species was strongly affected by irradiance. Both leaf dry mass per area (M(A)), a product of leaf density and thickness, and leaf dry to fresh mass ratio (D(w)), characterizing the apoplastic leaf fraction, increased with increasing relative irradiance (I(sum), calculated as the weighted mean of fractional penetration of diffuse and direct irradiance). Though the relationships were qualitatively identical among the taxa, more shade-tolerant species generally had lower values of M(A) than shade-intolerant species, and their morphological relationships with irradiance were curvilinear; however, there were no signs of saturation even at the highest irradiances in shade-intolerant species. In all species, lignin concentrations increased and cell-wall polysaccharide concentrations decreased with increasing irradiance. Consequently, biomass investment in structural leaf components appeared to be relatively constant along light gradients. The relationship between irradiance and structural compounds tended to be asymptotic in the more shade-tolerant species, whereas M(A) was linearly correlated with concentrations of structural leaf components, suggesting that similar factors were responsible for the curvature in the morphological and chemical relationships with irradiance. Because lignin increases tissue elastic modulus thereby rendering leaves more resistant to low leaf water potentials, we conclude that changes in stoichiometry of cell wall components were related to foliage acclimation to the gradients of water deficit that develop in the canopy and inherently accompany light gradients. We also conclude that increased lignification decreased leaf expansion growth, and that species differences in lignification were partly responsible for the observed interspecific variability in morphological plasticity. Analysis of structural leaf compounds provided no indication of how shade-intolerant species with low investments in lignin acclimated to gradients of water availability in the canopy. Because shade-intolerant species generally had higher capacities for photosynthesis than shade-tolerant species, we postulated that they should also have a greater ability for osmotic adjustment of leaf water potential with photosynthates. The concentrations of soluble carbohydrates increased with increasing irradiance in all species; however, the osmotic adjustment achieved in this way was similar in all species, except for shade-intolerant F. excelsior, which had a lower potential for osmotic adjustment with carbohydrates than the other taxa. Although we did not determine whether the gradients of stem water potential and leaf water deficits were similar in canopies of different species, we demonstrated that water relations play a central role in determining foliar structure and composition along light gradients in the canopy.     

巨桉幼树器官组织中养分元素的分布与积累特点

通过对造林1 a~3 a巨桉幼树的器官生物量调查、器官组织中大量元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Fe、Zn的含量测定及其积累量的分析结果表明:大量元素总含量在各器官中的分布为干韧皮部、叶枝、根干木质部,微量元素主要富集于叶和根器官中;单株木器官中大量元素的累积量排序为叶枝干韧皮部根或干木质部干木质部或根,各养分元素积累量的规律不受林龄的影响,大量营养元素依次为CaNKMgP;微量元素累积量FeZn;林龄1 a~3 a巨桉平均单株木大量元素累积总量分别是12.45 g·株-1、136.19 g·株-1和420.23g·株-1;各养分元素的年净积累量以Ca为最大,N、K养分元素次之,Mg元素较少,P元素最小。     

虎舌红茎、叶解剖学研究

虎舌红茎、叶解剖学特征研究表明:虎舌红的茎由周皮、皮层、维管束、髓4部分构成,属于木质茎;茎和叶柄的皮层薄壁细胞内均含有不同程度的淀粉和晶体。叶为异面叶,海绵组织发达,气孔器仅分布在下表皮;虎舌红具有发达的分泌系统和通气结构。