Beschreibung des Feuerbrandbefalls am Institut für Obstzüchtung in Dresden-Pillnitz im Jahr 2003

The orchard of the Institute of Fruit Breeding of the German Federal Centre of Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants in Dresden-Pillnitz was highly affected by fire blight in 2003. Infected pomefruit trees were observed over a period of nearly 3 months. The first symptoms on pear trees were found on May 19th. The pathogen Erwinia amylovora was confirmed officially on May 26, and the last infected apple trees were detected the 11th of August. The infected trees had to be grubbed at the decision of the Phytopathological Authority. In total, 1164 apple and 478 pear trees were grubbed, including the entire pear collection of the gene bank. Of 35 wild species of pear, 49 accessions, eight accessions of six species each, showed infections. The apple collection of the gene bank included 33 wild species, with 365 accessions, and 845 cultivars and clones. Ten accessions of nine wild apple species and 81 cultivars/clones of these collections showed fire blight infection. The source of infection was the pear collection, and the distance from that source was important for the occurrence of infection. Field plots close to the pear collection had tree losses of 10–34%, while more distant plots had losses of 0–6%. Around 80% of the lost apple trees were detected and grubbed from 27th May to 11th June. Some of the cultivars bred in Dresden-Pillnitz, e.g. ‘Pilot’ and ‘Rekarda’, were affected by fire blight in most field plots, whereas most others were affected mainly only in plots adjacent to the infection source. A correlation of r=?0.72 could be calculated for rating in artificial shoot inoculations and percentage of trees of resistant cultivars lost. The cultivars ‘Pirol’, ‘Reanda’, ‘Remo’, ‘Rene’, ‘Renora’, ‘Resi’, and ‘Retina’ showed only a very low numbers of infected trees. No tree of ‘Rewena’ showed symptoms of fire blight. Despite a tendency to postblooming, only 8.9% of ‘Pinova’ trees had to be grubbed.     

旱地甘蔗“千亩万吨”高产新技术示范

介绍了旱地甘蔗“千亩万吨”目标提出后,农场进行的3年示范性探索并取得的重要进展。2007年1900hm^2甘蔗面积．实际入厂糖料蔗25．6万t,平均单产达134．9t／hm^2;其中核心示范区第十三生产队连片甘蔗82．5hm^2率先实现“千亩万吨”目标,总产糖料蔗12811t,平均单产达155．28t／hm^2。初步形成了“千亩万吨”高产、高糖、无公害、标准化栽培技术规程和昌菱特有的技术推广创新模式。     

苦瓜新品种“超群春宝”高产栽培技术

为了解决漳平市苦瓜常年复种栽培,苦瓜疫病普遍发生并呈日趋严重之势,常给当地苦瓜生产带来毁灭性损害的问题,2019年漳平市西园镇钟秀村从福建省农业科学院引进苦瓜新品种"超群春宝"嫁接苗进行大棚春提早试种,通过科学安排茬口、药剂+温汤浸种、苗期乙烯利去雄、全面闷棚消毒、前期轻施肥水、结果期改善光照、精准人工授粉、适当提前采收等措施的应用,试种取得较大成功,每667 m~2产量为4 000～6 000 kg,最高产量在6 500 kg以上,基地苦瓜产值2 400多万元。     

甜瓜无土(沼液和基质)栽培与土培比较试验

对甜瓜进行了无土栽培(沼液和基质培)与土壤栽培对比试验.试验结果表明,甜瓜定植60 d后,沼液培和基质培的甜瓜株高、开展度、根颈粗均高于土壤栽培,产量分别比土壤栽培增加87.1%和64.5%,单果质量也较大.无土栽培(沼液和基质培)能有效地避免甜瓜土传病害枯萎病的发生,蔓枯病、白粉病和病毒病发病率也明显降低.     

江西大麻子苦瓜适应性栽培研究

为了探索适合湘西北生态环境和土壤条件的加工型苦瓜栽培模式,2008-2009连续2a对引进筛选的江西大麻子苦瓜进行催芽方法、嫁接砧木、定植密度、追肥种类试验研究。结果表明,苦瓜夏秋栽培中,种子以55℃温汤浸种60min处理效果最好;用黑籽南瓜作砧木既防病、高产,又可以降低果实苦味;稀植产量高于密植产量;追肥以667m2施大量元素复合肥15kg为宜。壮苗、嫁接、稀植、肥足是江西大麻子苦瓜在常德地区栽培应实施的关键技术。     

云南省宝珠梨疫腐病的发生与防治

宝珠梨疫腐病是在云南省会泽县近年来发生的一种新病害,其病原菌为恶疫霉犤Phytophthoracactorum(LebertetCohn)Schrot犦。对该病的发病情况、病害症状、发病规律、病原菌生物学特性、病原菌的来源及防治等进行了初步研究。     

泥炭基质对黄瓜生长潜能及其与抗病相关酶系的影响

利用泥炭基质和重迎茬土壤(CK)进行黄瓜栽培试验,测定不同基质对黄瓜株高、茎粗、根长鲜重等生长指标及对枯萎病发生情况的影响。结果表明:泥炭栽培的瓜苗在根长及株高上较对照差异显著,侧根量比对照明显增多;泥炭培养基能有效减少苗期猝倒病及枯萎病的发生;泥炭栽培的黄瓜单株产量明显高于对照;泥炭处理的黄瓜PAL、CAT、SOD酶活比同期对照高出33.05%～62.25%、12.56%～43.79%、13.09%～72.82%。说明泥炭培养基对黄瓜表现出良好的促生及抗病作用。     

品种、栽培措施及环境因素对绞股蓝疫病发生的影响研究初报

为了探明外界因素对绞股蓝疫病的影响,有效控制绞股蓝疫病,在绞股蓝主产区的平利县城关镇和长安镇选择不同海拔、土壤pH值、前茬作物、施肥种类以及不同绞股蓝品种等条件下的5个试验点进行绞股蓝疫病发生情况试验。结果表明:绞股蓝疫病发生与生长环境和栽培条件之间有着密切的关系。即:p H值每升高1,病情指数平均约降低10。前茬和间套作物对绞股蓝疫病发生程度均有严重影响,以马铃薯影响最大,番茄次之,辣椒再次之;间套或前茬作物为玉米时,绞股蓝疫病发生相对较轻。海拔每升高100 m,绞股蓝疫病病情指数降低6.4。绞股蓝种植过程中过度施用尿素,疫病发病早且重,施用磷酸二铵+尿素则发病较迟较重,施用农家肥+沼液的病害轻,施用菜籽饼+沼液的发病较迟且最轻。试验弄清了绞股蓝疫病发生的影响因素,即首先是单一使用化肥是导致疫病发生的关键因素,其次是前茬作物,再次是低海拔和低pH值。     

Using a stochastic model and cross-scale analysis to evaluate controls on historical low-severity fire regimes

Fire-scarred trees provide a deep temporal record of historical fire activity, but identifying the mechanisms therein that controlled landscape fire patterns is not straightforward. We use a spatially correlated metric for fire co-occurrence between pairs of trees (the Sørensen distance variogram), with output from a neutral model for fire history, to infer the relative strength of top-down vs. bottom-up controls on historical fire regimes. An inverse modeling procedure finds combinations of neutral-model parameters that produce Sørensen distance variograms with statistical properties similar to those observed from two landscapes in eastern Washington, USA, with contrasting topography. We find the most parsimonious model structure that is able to replicate the observed patterns and the parameters of this model provide surrogates for the predominance of top-down vs. bottom-up controls. Simulations with relatively low spread probability produce irregular fire perimeters and variograms similar to those from the topographically complex landscape. With higher spread probabilities fires exhibit regular perimeters and variograms similar to those from the simpler landscape. We demonstrate that cross-scale properties of the fire-scar record, even without historical fuels and weather data, document how complex topography creates strong bottom-up controls on fire spread. This control is weaker in simpler topography, and may be compromised in a future climate with more severe weather events.     

辣椒新品种‘苏椒16号’

 ‘苏椒16号’是以母本‘05X375’与父本‘05X新55’配制的早熟辣椒一代杂种。果实长灯笼形，青果绿色，成熟果红色，果面光滑，果长15 ~ 16 cm，平均单果质量62.1 g，微辣，产量44 000 kg · hm-2，商品性好，耐贮运，耐低温。高抗青枯病、疫病，适合在长江中下游地区保护地栽培。     

乐都地区软儿梨栽培技术

软儿梨又名香水梨、化心梨、冻梨,是青海省地方梨良种,主要在河湟谷地栽培,本文从软儿梨的育苗、建园、整形修剪、土肥水管理、病虫害防治和采收等方面详细介绍了乐都地区软儿梨栽培技术,为软儿梨种植提供技术参考。     

连栋大棚苦瓜立体套种试验

通过研究在连栋大棚中立体套种苦瓜、大白菜、芹菜对土地利用率及产量和效益的影响。试验结果表明,套种栽培模式土地利用率可达175%;常规苦瓜栽培模式1hm2种植13500株,产量为46200kg;套种模式1hm2栽苦瓜6750株,产量达78450kg,比常规栽培增产69.81%,1hm2净收入132960.0元,比常规栽培增收346%,效益明显高于常规种植。     

两种患病金针菇培养料中细菌群落多样性及结构分析

通过微生物多样性测序技术分析两种患病(菌丝生长迟滞病及幼蕾腐烂病)金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)培养料中细菌群落多样性变化情况.结果 表明:从菌丝到幼嫩子实体阶段,金针菇培养料中细菌群落多样性逐渐降低,优势菌属存在差异;与正常培养料比较,同时期患病金针菇培养料中细菌群落多样性显著降低,且优势菌群发...     

设施专用水果菜瓜新品种苏水瓜1号的选育

苏水瓜1号是以江苏姜堰市溱潼地区2个菜瓜优选自交系MM-192和MM-123配制而成的优质、高产、抗病、设施专用水果菜瓜新品种。在南京地区春季从播种到收获约98 d(天),雌花开放后25 d(天)左右就可采收嫩果。果实为灰绿色梨果,纵径17~19 cm,横径11~13 cm,单瓜质量0.9~1.4 kg,果肉绿色,可溶性固形物含量5.0%左右,肉质酥脆,多汁爽口,香甜、风味佳。中抗蔓枯病,一般每667 m2产量3 300 kg左右。适宜在江苏及周边地区栽培。     

南海大顶苦瓜规范化栽培技术

为了发挥广东省佛山市的传统特色蔬菜——大顶苦瓜的产品优势,提高农户的规范化栽培技术水平,在改良南海大顶苦瓜品种的基础上,制定出配套的规范化栽培技术措施,内容包括品种特性、产地环境要求、育苗、田间管理措施和采收,旨在进一步提高南海大顶苦瓜的生产效益,大力推广这一传统特色蔬菜品种。     

Effects of long term irrigation with treated wastewater on leaf mineral element contents and oil quality in Olive cv. Chemlali

Water is one of the most limiting factors in agriculture, particularly in arid areas such as Tunisia. Olives are the most important tree fruit in the country and are cultivated over 1.6 million hectares. An olive grove of cv. Chemlali was irrigated either by using treated wastewater (TWW) or fresh water (FW) from 2002 to 2012. The aim of this 10-year study was to investigate the effects of irrigation with TWW on both quality parameters (i.e. K₂₃₂, total phenols, free fatty acids, etc.) and content of mineral elements in the leaves. Data obtained indicated no effects of the irrigation on parameters such as oil content and K₂₇₀, either by using TWW or FW, and significant effects only after 10 years on free acidity and K₂₃₂. Instead, palmitoleic and stearic acid contents significantly decreased after 10 years of irrigation with TWW with respect to FW irrigation. TWW irrigation also increased the content of total phenols, chlorophyll, and minor and major nutrients in the leaves.     

辽宁省梨黑点炭疽病的病原鉴定及致病性研究

梨树是辽宁省果树产业中重要树种之一,广泛分布于省内各地区。近年来,梨果实黑点在辽宁省梨产区广泛发生,严重影响着梨果实品质,为了有效控制病害发生蔓延,生产上急需明确引起梨果实黑点的病原。通过病原菌致病力测定、形态比较,以及基于多基因的系统发育分析,对采自辽宁省的梨黑点病病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明:形态学与分子鉴定均表明梨黑点病病原菌为暹罗炭疽病菌Colletotrichum siamense;C.siamense在不同梨品种上致病性存在显著差异,其中对‘茌梨’(白梨)致病性最强,对‘南果’‘花盖’(秋子梨)最弱。     

病害对3个砂梨品种早期落叶的影响

由于一些侵染性病害的影响,浙江省主要梨产区出现早期落叶严重的现象,严重影响了砂梨产业的发展。通过对浙江省杭州市商业梨园主栽品种的田间调查发现,不同品种对病菌的抵抗能力不同。圆黄为黑斑病的易感品种,但对炭疽病的抗性较强;黄花和翠冠较抗黑斑病,但黄花炭疽病的发病率较高;3个品种的锈病发病率没有显著差异。病菌侵染和落叶时间的相关性分析表明,病菌侵染后翠冠和圆黄落叶较黄花早;受黑斑病菌侵染的叶片最易脱落,而梨炭疽病菌和梨锈病菌不易引起落叶,仅在后期形成穿孔。总体上圆黄早期落叶现象最为严重。受梨黑斑病菌侵染后,叶片诱导POD活性的增加来抵御病原菌的侵染。     

“黄冠梨”在武威绿洲的引种表现及省力化栽培技术

以"黄冠梨"为试材,采用实地调查、定点观测和田间试验相结合的方法,通过"黄冠梨"在武威绿洲的引种和省力化栽培试验,以期达到早果、丰产、省力化的目的。结果表明:"黄冠梨"在武威绿洲表现为树姿较开张,生长势较强,萌芽率高,早果性和丰产性好;果个较大,果面光洁,外观美,成熟时果皮黄绿色;果肉洁白,可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量高;肉质细脆多汁,风味酸甜,有浓郁香味,极耐贮藏;品质上等,适应性较强,经济效益显著。"黄冠梨"是综合性状优良的梨品种,适合省力化栽培,在武威绿洲具有良好的发展前景,极具推广价值。     

不同嫁接时间对寄接梨产量和品质的影响

以翠冠为试材,研究了不同嫁接时间对大棚内外寄接梨成活率、成花率、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,不同嫁接时间对寄接梨的成活率影响不大,对成花率和产量有显著影响.大棚栽培在盖膜前后即1月下旬到2月上旬嫁接最理想.寄接梨显著提高了果实单果重和硬度,对可溶性固形物影响不大.通过寄接技术可以解决梨二次花大量开放导致第2年减产的问题,结合设施栽培能取得较高的经济效益.