膨胀土胀缩裂隙演化及其扰动规律分析

为定量研究膨胀土胀缩裂隙的演化特征及其对土体的扰动规律,从而探究其引发工程和生态环境灾害的机理。论文对合肥膨胀土进行干湿循环-CT(computed tomography)扫描试验,从获取的CT图中提取灰度值以及灰度共生矩阵特征值:角二阶矩(angular second moment,ASM)和对比度(contrast,CON),研究在干湿循环作用下裂隙图像的灰度值及其纹理的变化规律;并通过三轴剪切试验研究了在干湿循环作用下膨胀土的强度特征。结果表明:1)图像灰度值随裂隙的发育状态而变化;初始阶段灰度值沿试样轴向分布比较离散,但在后期逐渐均匀,离散系数在3次干湿循环后达到最大值,比干湿循环前增加了106%,随后逐渐减小;2)ASM随干湿循环次数的增加而减小,并且在0°和90°方向上的值比在45°和135°方向上的值大9%;CON随干湿循环次数的增加而减小,并且在0和90°方向上的值比在45°和135°方向上的值小52%,其对纹理的方向差异性更加敏感;3)胀缩裂隙对原状膨胀土的结构性会造成破坏,强度劣化显著;在5次干湿循环后,2种土强度分别降低62%和46%,并且原状膨胀土与重塑膨胀土强度的差值也由347.3 kPa降至21.3 kPa;4)由ASM和CON定义的扰动函数与由土体原生联结结构强度定义的扰动函数,扰动过程中函数变化曲线吻合度高,故基于灰度共生矩阵特征值的扰动函数能很好地描述胀缩裂隙扰动下的膨胀土强度特性。     

基于CT技术的原状黄土细观结构动态演化特征

非饱和原状黄土具有典型的结构性,结构性对其强度、变形等特征产生重要影响,但结构性对其屈服特性的影响却鲜有报道。为研究结构性对非饱和原状黄土在各向等压加载过程中的屈服特征影响规律,以非饱和土多功能三轴仪为研究工具,对4个非饱和原状黄土试样进行控制吸力的各向等压加载试验。借助CT(computerized tomography)技术,对变形和排水稳定后黄土试样进行实时动态扫描,将加载过程中的宏观力学指标与细观扫描数据联系,以明晰原状黄土加载过程中的结构演化规律。结果表明:原状黄土屈服前,CT数ME增长缓慢,说明结构性起到了抵御外部荷载的作用;当试样屈服后,ME呈线性增长趋势,试样进入塑性硬化阶段,结构性的作用明显降低。吸力增大时,原状黄土结构性对其力学变形特征影响较小;而吸力减小时,土颗粒之间水膜润滑作用明显,结构性对于抵抗外部荷载的作用增强。施加净平均应力后的原状黄土,其内部的孔洞和孔隙会减小,但不会完全闭合,这与新形成的结构能抵御外部荷载有关。研究结果可为进一步建立原状黄土结构性本构模型提供借鉴。     

干湿交替下膨胀土裂隙演化与强度衰减规律试验研究

为揭示干湿循环效应下膨胀土胀缩裂隙的演化特征及土体结构强度的劣化规律,对合肥弱膨胀土试样开展不同循环幅度下的干湿循环试验,利用图像处理技术从试样表面裂隙图像中提取出裂隙参数,并进行低应力下的抗剪强度试验。试验结果表明:1)裂隙开展分为裂隙酝酿期、裂隙快速传播期和裂隙平稳发展期3个阶段,裂隙指标的增长主要集中在裂隙快速传播期,且循环幅度的增大会使土体的开裂程度加剧;2)在干湿循环作用下,膨胀土的内摩擦角变化幅度小于2.2°,其受干湿循环次数的影响很小,土体的强度衰减主要源于粘聚力的大幅降低。膨胀土的粘聚力呈现出先快后缓的衰减趋势,其中前4次干湿循环期间粘聚力的衰减率达到50.97%～66.92%,且衰减率也与干湿循环幅度的大小密切相关;3)通过灰色关联度分析发现,粘聚力的衰减与裂隙面积率、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度的变化趋势具有明显的关联性,其中裂隙面积率的关联度最大,其与粘聚力衰减率间的关联度为0.785～0.832,相应的权重达到0.461～0.472,且裂隙面积率与粘聚力衰减率间具有较好的线性关系,而裂隙平均宽度的关联度最小,其与粘聚力衰减率间的关联度为0.392～0.414,对应的权重仅为0.228～0.240。研究成果可为进一步揭示剧烈温湿变化诱发的膨胀土边坡灾变机理提供重要依据。     

不同干湿条件下中等膨胀土裂隙发展及作用机理分析

为深入研究膨胀土在干湿循环作用下的裂隙发展规律,该研究以宿连航道工程中富含的中等膨胀土为研究对象,按照不同温度、干燥方式、干湿范围进行干湿循环试验,基于图像处理技术并结合SEM扫描电镜微观形貌,定量分析了膨胀土裂隙发展的温度与干湿效应。结果表明:裂隙发展受温度影响显著,从自然风干条件到烘箱干燥50℃,随着温度增加,裂隙指标逐渐增长;高温条件下裂隙的发育模式为先增长后拓宽,裂隙长度更早趋于稳定,而裂隙平均宽度仍会继续增长,并在含水率低于15%后出现0.08～0.17 mm的下降趋势;干湿循环是土体内部结构逐渐劣化,微观损伤不断累积的过程。虽然干湿前期试样的裂隙平均宽度受体缩效应影响,随干湿范围扩大出现部分下降趋势,而裂隙长度彼此接近,但随着干湿次数增加,裂隙指标极大值对应的干湿范围将逐渐由22%～33%向9%～33%转移;各温度、干湿范围作用下,试样裂隙指标的增加主要集中在前5次干湿循环,裂隙率、裂隙长度与平均宽度相较于未经过干湿循环的土体,分别增加了2.63%～11.56%,210.32～445.34 mm,0.39～0.83 mm;单位宽度分形维数相较于整体分形维数简化了干湿范围对于...     

煤矸石改良膨胀土特性及其最佳掺量条件下的孔隙结构表征

为减小膨胀土对土木工程设施及农业生态环境的危害,进行掺加煤矸石粉改良膨胀土的试验研究。该文以内蒙古兴和县高庙子乡的膨胀土和煤矸石为研究对象,通过无荷膨胀试验、有荷膨胀试验和收缩试验确定煤矸石粉的最佳掺量,对最佳煤矸石粉掺量的膨胀土进行干湿循环试验,利用直剪试验测定每次干湿循环后试件的抗剪强度指标;通过压汞试验测得孔隙特征值,从微观角度揭示强度变化机理。试验结果表明:煤矸石粉掺量为6%时抑制膨胀土的胀缩性效果最佳;干湿循环作用使素膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角均有所衰减,掺入煤矸石粉后强度衰减得到控制;随干湿循环次数的增加孔径逐渐向大孔范围聚集,团粒结构增多,使素膨胀土的抗剪强度指标降低;经过5次干湿循环,掺加煤矸石粉土样的大孔孔隙密度比素膨胀土降低约35%,煤矸石有效阻止膨胀土的强度劣化。     

干湿循环下崩岗土体裂隙发育对其渗透性能的影响

渗透是崩壁降雨重分布的关键且直接影响其重力侵蚀过程。试验设计6次干湿循环,通过进行崩壁4层土壤的饱和渗透试验并结合数字图像处理技术,研究了干湿循环效应下崩壁4层土的裂隙演化规律及其对各层土饱和渗透性能的影响。结果表明:(1)随干湿循环次数的增加,表土层和红土层裂隙发育明显,裂隙率逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层和砂土层几乎没有产生裂隙;表土层在第3次循环后裂隙几乎发育完全,裂隙率达到3.50%,形态纤细且破碎,而红土层在第1次循环后裂隙骨架基本定型,随着干湿循环的进行,裂隙宽度不断增大至一定程度时不再发生变化;(2)4层土壤渗透系数大小为砂土层>过渡层>红土层>表土层,表土层和红土层渗透系数随干湿循环的进行逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层一直比较稳定,砂土层逐渐减小后趋于稳定;(3)土壤裂隙率与渗透系数之间存在二次函数关系,裂隙发育对土壤渗透性能的影响先增大后减小。研究结果可为降雨入渗-重分布下崩壁失稳机理研究提供科学依据。     

滤纸法测定干湿循环下膨胀土基质吸力变化规律

为了获得干湿循环作用下膨胀土基质吸力的变化规律,首先采用人工模拟降雨和蒸发的方法开展了膨胀土室内干湿循环试验,然后利用滤纸法进行了不同含水率下试样的基质吸力测定试验,获得了干湿循环条件下膨胀土的土水特征曲线,求出了相应的进气值与残余值,结合Fredlund土水特征曲线模型对经历不同干湿循环次数下的土壤土水特征曲线进行了拟合,最终建立了考虑干湿循环效应的膨胀土土水特征曲线模型。结果表明:1)随着干湿循环次数的增加,土壤的进气值呈下降趋势,从循环1次时的134.5 k Pa降至循环4次时的58.5 k Pa,降幅达56.5%。从循环1次至2次的进气值下降较大,往后降幅明显减小,趋于基本稳定,这表明对土壤进气值的影响以初次干湿循环为主。2)残余值亦呈下降趋势,从循环1次时的1 040.5降至循环4次时的528.5 k Pa,降幅达49.2%。每经历一次干湿循环,残余值降幅均较大,尚未趋于稳定,这表明干湿循环效应对土壤残余值的影响比对土壤进气值的影响要大。3)新建土水特征曲线模型中的拟合参数与干湿循环次数成较好线性关系,表明随着干湿循环次数的增加,土壤进气值逐渐减小,水分变化速率有所降低,而残余含水率逐渐增加。该成果可为深入研究土壤基质吸力及其工程应用提供参考。     

湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的破坏模式及稳定性

针对北疆地区膨胀土渠道因季节性通水导致的边坡失稳破坏问题,通过建立简化地质条件的离心模型试验,得到了湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的变形及破坏特征,提出了由渠道通水、停水引起的湿干循环下膨胀土渠道边坡的破坏模式;在此基础上,利用GeoStudio软件分析了不同裂隙分布形式对膨胀土渠道边坡渗流特性及稳定性的影响。结果表明:运行过程中渠基膨胀土开裂是引起渠道边坡发生浅层失稳破坏的决定性因素;渠道因季节性通水造成的湿干循环作用下膨胀土渠道边坡破坏模式主要由“子土块”剥落破坏及“后缘张拉裂隙的扩展”2种破坏相互混合叠加构成。对比数值模型中不同后缘裂隙深度下渠坡的安全系数可知,当裂隙贯穿区深度为0.5 m时(工况1),对应的安全系数下降幅度约为60%,但此时的安全系数仍较大,渠坡可视为稳定;而当裂隙贯穿区深度继续增加至1 m时,渠道的安全系数下降幅度达到约74%,此刻的安全系数接近一级安全等级阈值(1.25),渠坡虽仍为稳定,但已经具备了失稳的可能。边坡的浅层破坏主要由“子土块”剥落模式决定,而后缘张拉裂隙的扩展对渠坡的失稳起到促进作用。此外,数值模拟结果还显示裂隙的存在加剧了坡面表层土体的孔压波动,易造成表层“子土块”的剥落。研究成果为进一步揭示季节性通水诱发的膨胀土渠道灾变提供了参考依据。     

干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律

为提高崩岗土体稳定性,抑制崩壁崩塌。试验共设计6次干湿循环,利用工业相机对脱湿过程中崩岗4层土进行定时定点拍照并结合数字图像处理技术,研究干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律。结果表明：(1)脱湿过程中土体形态变化顺序为轴向收缩、径向收缩和裂隙发育;(2)表面裂隙率与液限、塑性指数、黏粒含量呈显著正相关关系,4层土中表面裂隙率最大值为过渡层18.78%,最小值为砂土层5.41%,崩岗土体剖面上两者为相邻土层,较大差异性会严重破坏崩岗的稳定性;(3)随干湿循环的进行,径向收缩不再发生,轴向收缩、表面裂隙率、裂隙平均宽度逐渐减小,裂隙总长度、裂隙总条数、裂隙交点个数、被分割的土块个数先增加后减小,各参数均在第3次干湿循环后趋于稳定,4层土中过渡层受干湿循环影响最大,砂土层最小。研究结果可为在降雨—蒸发反复交替过程中崩岗发生机理研究提供科学依据。     

干湿循环对崩岗土体稳定性的影响

通过对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育典型的各层次土体(淋溶层、淀积层、过渡层、母质层)进行干湿循环试验,分析干湿交替次数对各层次土体裂隙发育、崩解性、抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,在干湿循环影响下,土体产生并逐渐发育裂隙,在第2次循环后,土体产生主要裂隙,裂隙比显著增加,此后循环发育出细小裂隙。4次循环后4个层次土体的裂隙比表现为淀积层淋溶层过渡层母质层。随着干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙发育,各层次土体崩解性不断增强,淋溶层和淀积层崩解缓慢,而过渡层和母质层能够在极短时间内完全崩解;随着干湿循环次数的增加,土体的抗剪强度不断衰减,淋溶层和淀积层衰减幅度减小,过渡层和母质层衰减幅度增大。     

引江济淮工程河道边坡膨胀土开裂规律及影响因素

为合理确定膨胀土边坡加固措施,需研究膨胀土在自然条件下的土体裂隙演化规律。该文结合引江济淮试验工程,就新开挖暴露的膨胀土边坡进行裂隙开展观测试验,定量分析在自然条件下膨胀土边坡裂隙开展的影响因素。结果表明:膨胀土边坡表面裂隙率主要受含水率控制;初次脱湿情况下,土体表面裂隙率与含水率呈线性负相关关系,且随暴露时间增加,土体表面裂隙率发展存在一个近似极限稳定值,降雨短暂影响表面裂隙发展过程;膨胀土裂隙沿深度方向的开裂速率与大气温度和大气湿度分别呈现正、负相关关系;坡比对裂隙深度的开展存在影响,主要发生在土体开裂初期;单条裂隙沿深度方向呈现"V"字型状态,相同失水条件下,膨胀性高的土体开裂深度大。     

Influence of soil water on stress–strain behaviour of a compacting soil in semi-arid Kenya

Depending on the top and subsoil textures, semi-arid soils exhibit cohesive and frictional properties that are associated with the relatively high soil strength, bulk density and penetration resistance. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge of mechanical properties of the compacting chromic luvisols in order to improve the design of tillage tools. Therefore, we applied critical state soil mechanics to study the stress–strain behaviour of the luvisols using triaxial tests under laboratory conditions. Field investigations involved random collection of undisturbed soil samples which were subjected to triaxial testing first by isotropic consolidation and compression and then triaxial shearing. Plots of deviatoric stress against axial strain were made to determine the soil shear strengths at the critical states over different soil water levels and the two soil depths of 0–20 cm for the plough and 20–40 cm for the hard pan layers, respectively. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress–axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength, cohesion (c′) and internal angle of friction (′) and hence the mechanical behaviour of the luvisols. The regression equations developed showed that c′ and ′ have quadratic relationships with soil water. The very high clay bonding strength in the subsoil (hard pan) layer resulted in high shear strength, bulk density and penetration resistance values for this soil layer. The increase in shear strength with decreasing water content affected the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships between the upper and lower plastic limits of the sandy soil. Thus, as the soil dried, the soil ceased to behave in the plastic (ductile flow) manner and thus began to break apart and crumble. The crumbling was indicative of brittle failure. The transition stage from an increase to a decrease in c′ and ′ values with soil water occurred in the soil water content range of 6–10%. Knowledge of stress–strain behaviour of compacting soils is of practical significance in the design of appropriate tillage tools for the specific soil type.     

Effects of Fiber Additives on the Desiccation Crack Behavior of the Compacted Akaboku Soil as A Material for Landfill Cover Barrier

In the daily and final landfill cover barrier system, the hydraulic properties of compacted soil liners and the strength of soil can be adversely affected by desiccation cracking, resulting in the loss of effectiveness and integrity of the containment system as a barrier. Recently, there is an interest of using fiber additive to overcome the desiccation cracking problem. In this study, the desiccation crack test was conducted to investigate the effect of fiber additive on suppressing desiccation cracks in compacted Akaboku soils. Polypropylene (C₃H₆) fiber was used as an additive material for soil sample. The percentages of fiber used were varied as 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% (by dry weight of samples). The soil specimens were compacted under the conditions of maximum dry density and optimum water content. The surficial cracking area was measured to determine the crack intensity factor (CIF) of the soil samples. The desiccation crack test results indicated that the percentage of volume change of the compacted soil specimen decreased with addition of fiber. The change in the soil surface area decreased with increasing in the fiber content (FC), and consequently, the volumetric shrinkage strain decreased. The CIF for the soil without fiber (FC?=?0.0%) were significantly higher than the soil with fiber additive. The CIF of soil at FC?=?0.0% decreased from 2.75% to 0.6% for the soil at FC?=?0.2%. It was also found that the maximum crack depth reaches almost 50% of the thickness of the soil without fiber additive. This study suggests the potential application of the fiber additives to soils as an available method to suppress desiccation cracks encountered in landfill cover barriers.     

水分耗散下紫色土埂坎裂隙发育及影响因素

埂坎裂隙发育危害埂坎稳定性,进而影响埂坎水土保持作用的发挥.为揭示失水过程埂坎裂隙发育规律及其主要影响因素,以紫色土坡耕地埂坎为样地,采用模拟埂坎试验,研究不同初始含水率(25％,30％,35％)、干密度(1.3,1.4,1.5 g/cm3)和加筋量(0.05％,0.15％,0.25％)下裂隙发育过程,通过图像分析方法...     

Influence of tillage practices and nutrient management on crack parameters in a Vertisol of central India

The frequency, size and rate of development of cracks influence the transport of water, nutrients and gases in the soil profile and plant growth processes in Vertisols. Despite their importance, studies on characterising cracks in Vertisols of India are limited. This study attempts to evaluate the influence of different tillage practices, nutrient management and cropping systems on cracking behaviour of a Vertisol in central India. The length, depth, width, area and volume of cracks were recorded after the harvest of the wet season crops, i.e. soybean (Glycine max L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) from three ongoing tillage experiments with three different cropping systems, i.e. soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean–linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rice–wheat. The results revealed that all the crack parameters were significantly negatively correlated with the water content of the 0–15 cm soil layer and, crack width and crack volume were significantly positively correlated with the bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer. Gravimetric water content and bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer together explained 79% variation in the crack volume. The crack volume was significantly negatively correlated (r=0.86,P=0.01) with the root length density of the previous soybean crop. Rice grown under puddled condition significantly enhanced different crack parameters viz., length, depth, width, surface area and volume of the cracks over nonpuddled direct seeded rice. Sub-soiling practised in soybean under the soybean–linseed system significantly reduced the width, depth, length and surface area of cracks by 12.5, 10, 5 and 12%, respectively, over conventional tillage. No tillage practised in soybean under soybean–wheat system resulted in significant increase in width, depth and volume of the cracks but decrease in length and surface area of cracks over conventional tillage and mould board tillage practice. Application of manure reduced the magnitude of different crack parameters in soybean–linseed cropping system. Thus cracking in Vertisols can be favourably managed by the selection of proper tillage practice, cropping system and organic manure amendments.     

土壤胀缩研究的现状与展望

土壤胀缩是土壤在干燥、湿润交替变化过程中所表现出的土壤容积随含水量改变的关系。就土壤容积变化的表示方法、土壤干裂特征、变性土土壤水运动机理,土壤的收缩特征曲线和影响土壤收缩的相关因素五个方面进行了总结和回顾,同时,就以后的研究工作提出了展望。