DNA甲基化及其生物学功能

DNA甲基化是一种主要的表观遗传修饰,是调节基因表达的重要手段。作者在介绍了DNA甲基化机制、DNA甲基化的模式、DNA甲基化特点的基础上,重点论述了DNA甲基化发育分化、X染色体失活、基因组印记和杂种优势等方面的作用。     

The onset of puberty in Cameroon Dwarf goats kept as pets in northwestern Croatia

The aim of this study was to determine onset of puberty in Cameroon Dwarf goats (CDGs) kept as pets in northwestern Croatia by determining progesterone (PGS) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) levels in the blood by RIA methods. The first cyclic ovarian activity was estimated according to hormone profiles as determined in CDG in a moderate climate environment. Sixteen female CDG kids were kept in stables with access to pasture which provided space for exercise. The goat kids born in winter (December–January–February), spring (March–April–May), summer (June–July–August) and autumn (September–October–November) were assigned into four groups according to the season of the year of birth (n = 4 in each group). At 75 days of age at the initiation of the study, they weighed between 3.2 and 5.1 kg (4.24 ± 0.53 kg). The onset of ovulatory activity was determined by PGS and IGF‐I serum concentrations every 10 days starting from 75 days to 155 days of age. The onset of puberty in CDG kids occurred on average at 141.15 ± 2.66 days of age, but varied depending on the season of birth. All CDG kids born during summer were in heat by 155 days of age. In the other groups (kids born in autumn, winter or spring), one goat in each group was not in heat. Changes in blood serum PGS and IGF‐I concentrations during prepubertal and pubertal periods could aid in the evaluation of reproductive status and determination of the onset of puberty in CDG during all seasons of the year in a moderate climate region.     

RNA N6-腺苷酸甲基化修饰及其生物学功能

N⁶-腺苷酸甲基化(N⁶-methyladenosine,m⁶A)是真核生物mRNA的一种转录后修饰,是一个动态可逆过程,由甲基转移酶、去甲基化酶和结合蛋白催化,介导真核生物的各种生物学过程,参与多种细胞基因表达调控和疾病的病理过程。近年来,随着人们对RNA修饰认识的不断深入和和高通量测序技术的发展,人们对m⁶A甲基化修饰在细胞分化、动物生长发育、疾病的发生等生物学功能的探索也越来越迫切。作者介绍了m⁶A甲基化修饰的特征及其相关的3种酶、m⁶A修饰的检测技术,及其在mRNA调控、干细胞分化、肿瘤发生和转移上的生物学功能,简述了m⁶A甲基化修饰对畜禽(如猪、鸡)生长发育方面的调控,最后对m⁶A甲基化修饰在未来的研究方向及发展前景做出展望,以期为后续m⁶A甲基化修饰在动物生长过程中的深入研究和预防治疗疾病上的应用提供参考。     

Comparative studies on the effect of fenbendazole on the liver and liver microsomal enzymes in goats,quail and rats

To compare the effect of fenbendazole on the liver and liver microsomal mono-oxygenases of goats, quail and rats, an oral dose of 25 mg/kg was administered to the animals daily for 9 consecutive days. On the tenth day, blood samples and livers were collected from both the control and the treated animals for preparation of serum and microsomes respectively. Determination of the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum samples showed that there was no significant increase in the activities of these enzymes in the treated animals as compared to their corresponding controls, suggesting no liver damage. Similarly, no significant difference in the amount of microsomal cytochrome P-450 was found between the control and the treated animals of the same species. Compared to their respective controls, the activities of microsomal benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were almost unchanged in the treated goats and rats. However, fenbendazole treatment appeared to enhance the activity of these two microsomal enzymes in quail. The results indicate that fenbendazole is not liver toxic to goats, quail or rats at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg.     

绵羊、山羊内源肺腺瘤病毒启动子甲基化修饰检测

为分析绵羊和山羊内源性肺腺瘤病毒启动子甲基化修饰状况,参照绵羊、山羊内源性肺腺病毒gag基因上游非编码区序列CpG岛设计特异性甲基化引物,采用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）方法检测了5只绵羊和5只山羊胎儿的肺脏、皮肤、血液基因组内源性病毒基因启动子区甲基化情况.结果表明：山羊和绵羊肺脏、皮肤、血液基因组中均存在甲基化和非甲基化的内源性肺腺瘤病毒启动子.     

山羊DCT基因启动子区甲基化水平、SNP与毛色特征关系研究

旨在探究DCT基因启动子区甲基化水平和SNP突变对山羊毛色的影响,为探索DCT基因调控山羊毛色变化的机理提供理论依据。本研究以山羊为试验动物,对DCT基因启动子区进行CpG岛预测,设计引物对预测的2个CpG岛富集区域进行亚硫酸氢盐甲基化测序,使用甲基化水平分析软件BISMA统计甲基化位点,比较唐山奶山羊(白色)和南江黄羊(黑色品系)两种不同毛色山羊群体DCT基因启动子区甲基化水平差异。克隆DCT基因核心启动子区,筛选不同毛色山羊群体的SNPs,使用JASPAR和Nsite预测SNPs位点突变前后转录因子的改变,并检测比较突变前后DCT基因启动子活性变化。结果,成功克隆了山羊DCT基因启动子区甲基化序列及核心启动子区(g.-1045～-318)。在g.-348～-150区域和g.+222～+502区域分别发现6个和23个甲基化位点,其中g.+312、g.+352和g.+400位点与g.+389和g.+404位点白色山羊甲基化水平分别显著和极显著高于黑色山羊(P<0.05和P<0.01),并且g.+222～+502区域白色山羊甲基化平均水平极显著高于黑色山羊(P<0.01)。在DCT基因核心启动子区的g.-804T> G、g.-705C> T和g.-679G> A,3个SNPs位点的基因型构成在白色山羊和3个有色山羊群体中存在差异,g.-804T> G突变导致该区域的SOX10转录因子结合位点缺失,DCT基因启动子活性显著下降(P<0.05)。结果显示,白色山羊DCT基因g.+222～+502区域的高甲基化水平,g.-804、g.-714和g.-679 3个位点的突变,尤其是g.-804T> G造成SOX10转录因子结合位点的缺失,突变的G型DCT基因启动子活性显著降低。因此,DCT基因启动子区SNP突变和高甲基化水平可能抑制了基因的表达从而形成山羊白色被毛。     

Effects of soya milk on reproductive hormones during puberty in male Wistar rats

Puberty is considered a critical period on development that involved sexual maturation and morphological changes. Isoflavones have been described as endocrine disruptors in male rats. Therefore, the present study attempt to evaluate the effect that daily intake of low and high doses of isoflavones exert into the hormonal regulation that take place during puberty by analyzing the levels of serum and testes steroid and pituitary hormones. 108 male pre‐puberal Wistar rats (30 days old) were randomly divided into three groups; control, low and high doses of isoflavones. Experimental animals were daily dosed orally with low and high doses of a mixture of two soy isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) during 6 weeks. An EIA was performed in serum and testes homogenates for analyzing FSH, LH, P5, P4, DHEA, A4, T, DHT, SO4E1 and E2 hormone concentrations. Results revealed a decrease of an oestrogen environment in testes stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH leading to the production of androgens in the testes at the onset of puberty. Low doses of isoflavones resulted in a significant increase of testes oestrogens that consequently produced a delay on the onset of puberty; however at high doses of isoflavones the maintained oestrogenic environment in the testes prevent the stimulation of the secretion of pituitary hormones and the production of T abolishing the onset of puberty. These results clarify the hormonal mechanisms that take place on puberty and determine the effect of high and low doses of isoflavones at the onset of puberty.     

哺乳动物生殖细胞冷冻保存对其DNA甲基化影响的研究进展

哺乳动物生殖细胞和胚胎冷冻保存在辅助生殖技术中得到了广泛的应用,同时在保存物种的多样性方面发挥着巨大的作用。但是,冷冻引起的DNA甲基化对其印记基因缺陷性疾病的发生和后代生理功能的差异会有很大的影响。作者就冷冻保存技术对配子（精子和卵子）和胚胎的DNA甲基化的影响以及冷冻引起的DNA甲基化对后代的影响进行了综述,以期对配子的冷冻保存和辅助生殖技术的发展提供参考。     

Research Progress on the Relationship between Cryopreservation of Mammalian Germ Cells and Their DNA Methylation

Cryopreservation of mammalian germ cells and embryos has been widely used in assisted reproduction. It also plays an important role in preservation of species diversity. DNA methylation abnormality induced by freezing in germ cells or embryos has an significant impact on the occurrence of disease and the physiological function of the offspring. In this paper, we summarize the effects of cryopreservation of mammalian germ cells and embryos on their pattern of DNA methylation which in turn make the developmental deficiency in the progeny from these gametes or embryos. Finally, it will provide the reference on the gamete cryopreservation and the development of assisted reproductive technology.     

狼山鸡下丘脑和卵巢组织全基因组DNA甲基化分析

为了获得狼山鸡性腺轴组织基因组DNA甲基化水平和模式等表观遗传信息,试验采用全基因组重亚硫酸盐测序（whole genome bisulfite sequencing,WGBS）技术检测狼山鸡下丘脑和卵巢组织基因组DNA甲基化状态,分析两组织DNA甲基化水平及特异甲基化模式。结果表明,狼山鸡下丘脑和卵巢基因组整体甲基化水平分别为4.35%和3.48%,差异显著（P<0.05）;下丘脑和卵巢中分别检测到6 150 000和10 320 000个甲基化胞嘧啶（mC）位点,其中mCG类型位点分别占69.99%和87.88%,下丘脑中非mCG位点占比约为卵巢中的2.5倍;与各染色体不同,两组织线粒体基因组中mCHH位点占比最高,其次是mCHG位点;卵巢基因组启动子区DNA甲基化水平极显著低于内含子和外显子区（P<0.01）,极显著高于基因间区（P<0.01）;下丘脑基因组启动子区DNA甲基化水平与内含子和外显子区相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,却显著高于基因间区（P<0.05）;下丘脑基因组各功能元件DNA甲基化水平均显著或极显著高于卵巢基因组（P<0.05;P<0.01）。综上,狼山鸡下丘脑和卵巢组织具有不同的DNA甲基化模式和特征,下丘脑中较高的非mCG位点比例可能在中枢神经系统发育中发挥重要作用,本研究结果为进一步分析鸡卵巢和下丘脑基因组DNA甲基化对其繁殖性能调控机制提供参考依据。     

DNA甲基化在猪胚胎发育过程中的研究进展

猪的胚胎发育需要经历受精、卵裂、孵化、形态转变、附植、器官分化等一系列重要的生理阶段。虽然在胚胎发育过程中基因的严格表达与正确指导是胚胎能否正常发育的决定性条件,但研究表明DNA甲基化修饰对胚胎的发育也起着必不可少的作用。DNA甲基化是一种常见且重要的表观遗传修饰,虽然不改变DNA的一级序列,但也包含可遗传信息,并在基因的转录调控中起重要作用。在猪的胚胎发育中,DNA甲基化呈现出高度动态的过程,这一过程受孕期母体营养和发育环境条件影响。本文将从胚胎早期发育、体细胞核移植和孕期母体营养三个方面来阐述DNA甲基化对胚胎发育的影响,为进一步研究猪胚胎在发育过程中的DNA甲基化机制和提高体细胞核移植的成功率提供参考。     

Effects of nutritional level of concentrate‐based diets on meat quality and expression levels of genes related to meat quality in Hainan black goats

The present study investigated the effects of the nutritional levels of diets on meat quality and related gene expression in Hainan black goat. Twenty‐four goats were divided into six dietary treatments and were fed a concentrate‐based diet with two levels of crude protein (CP) (15% or 17%) and three levels of digestive energy (DE) (11.72, 12.55 or 13.39 MJ/kg DM) for 90 days. Goats fed the concentrate‐based diet with 17% CP had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gains (ADG) and better feed conversion rates (FCR). The pH _24h value tended to decrease (P < 0.05) with increasing DE levels. The tenderness of Longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) and Semimembranosus muscle (SM) reduced with increasing CP levels (P < 0.05). With increasing DE levels, tenderness was increased (P < 0.05). The heart fatty acid‐binding protein (H‐FABP) mRNA expression levels in LD and SM increased with increasing DE levels (P < 0.05), but decreased with increasing CP levels (P < 0.05). The calpastatin (CAST) and μ‐calpain mRNA expressions levels in LD and SM were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by CP and DE levels in the diet. Therefore, the nutritional levels of diets affect meat quality and expression levels of genes associated with meat quality in Hainan black goats.     

五指山猪背最长肌和半腱肌DNA甲基化检测分析

DNA甲基化作为真核生物基因组重要的表观遗传学修饰,对生物体基因的表达有重要的调控作用。为了研究五指山猪肌肉组织基因组DNA的甲基化程度,试验利用MSAP技术,使用筛选的10对引物扩增,检测五指山猪背最长肌和半腱肌的甲基化程度。结果显示:1月龄、2月龄、4月龄五指山猪背最长肌的平均甲基化率分别是44.78%、41.58%、38.92%;1月龄、2月龄、4月龄五指山猪半腱肌的平均甲基化率分别是41.70%、39.39%、38.81%。研究结果为五指山猪生长发育规律、系统选育及矮小机制等方面的研究提供表观遗传学依据。     

DNA甲基化在哺乳动物卵母细胞和早期胚胎发育中的研究进展

DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)是一种动态、可逆并可以遗传的表观遗传修饰模式,主要发生在哺乳动物原始生殖细胞和早期胚胎发育过程中,能够通过高动态和协同的核酶网络附着在DNA的CpG区域,同时还通过改变调控区域的功能状态进而调控基因表达且不影响DNA序列所携带的遗传信息。DNA甲基化主要涉及基因组印迹、转座元件沉默、X染色体失活和衰老等多种关键生理过程,在哺乳动物卵母细胞和胚胎发育中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了DNA甲基化的建立与去除机制及其生物学功能,重点阐述了DNA甲基化在哺乳动物卵母细胞和胚胎发育过程中精准生成、维持、读取和删除等动态变化过程,为进一步研究哺乳动物表观遗传调控提供参考依据。     

NaCl胁迫下黑麦草种子萌发过程中DNA甲基化与基因表达分析

为了解黑麦草（Lolium perenne）种子在正常条件与NaCl胁迫下萌发过程中DNA甲基化动态变化以及重要盐胁迫相关基因的表达。运用甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术分析对照和150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下黑麦草种子萌发过程（0,1,2,4,7 d）的DNA甲基化水平及动态变化,并通过实时荧光定量 PCR（QRT-PCR）检测8个重要的盐胁迫相关基因的表达情况。结果表明：黑麦草种子萌发过程中甲基化水平呈下降趋势,以双链甲基化方式为主,甲基化变化同时发生在编码序列和非编码序列中。NaCl处理下DNA甲基化程度高于CK,而去甲基化程度低于CK,最终导致NaCl处理下基因组净的甲基化位点数目增加。黑麦草种子耐盐萌发过程中代谢增强,8个盐胁迫相关基因表达量呈上升趋势,而NaCl胁迫延缓了种子萌发进程,在大多数时间点的基因表达低于对照。     

DNA甲基化与去甲基化调控肌肉发育研究进展

肌肉发育是一个复杂的生物学过程,其调控机制尚不完善。但近年来表观遗传修饰对肌肉发育的调控作用逐渐成为热点领域,研究发现DNA甲基化与去甲基化修饰对肌肉发生与发育起到重要的调控作用。肌肉干细胞特异位点通过DNA甲基化修饰,影响肌肉发育过程关键基因的表达,进而调控早期发育的生肌过程。本文主要围绕肌肉发育过程中DNA甲基化及去甲基化修饰的变化、重要的甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶以及营养物质通过DNA甲基化修饰影响肌肉发生的作用进行论述。     

DNA甲基化在动物遗传育种中的研究进展

DNA甲基化作为表观遗传学修饰方法之一,对基因的表达发挥重要的调控作用。随着众多DNA甲基化检测技术(如高通量检测技术)的迅速发展对DNA甲基化的生物信息学研究已经变成了一个非常活跃的热点。在动物遗传育种方面,由于DNA甲基化程度的改变,可能影响众多性状相关基因的表达量,因此改变动物的各种性状。所以目前已有相关研究开始探索DNA甲基化在动物遗传育种上的具体作用。     

半胱胺对绒山羊瘤胃及盲肠内环境的影响

本试验选用4头6月龄、平均体重为16kg左右、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管和盲肠瘘管的辽宁绒山羊,平均分为半胱胺组和对照组,观察辽宁绒山羊瘤胃及盲肠内环境的变化。结果表明:半胱胺组瘤胃pH较对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。半胱胺组瘤胃NH3-N浓度、瘤胃蛋白浓度较对照组差异显著(P0.05);盲肠pH、蛋白浓度半胱胺组较对照组均差异不显著(P0.05)。本试验结果提示,添加半胱胺后可改变瘤胃内环境,有利于瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成。     

DNA甲基化与奶牛乳腺泌乳调控的研究进展

DNA甲基化是最早发现的表观修饰方式之一,介导基因的表达沉默,在维持细胞功能、遗传印记、个体生长发育中起着重要作用。近年来,DNA甲基化参与调控乳腺生长发育及泌乳相关基因的表达,随着这方面研究的深入,DNA甲基化在奶牛生产、遗传育种方面将会有越来越多的应用。作者主要从DNA甲基化、乳腺泌乳相关基因DNA甲基化及DNA甲基化在奶牛生产中的应用进行综述。     

新疆巴什拜羊肌肉生长抑制素基因DNA甲基化与mRNA表达量分析

为了探究肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因在肌肉和脂肪中的DNA甲基化模式及mRNA表达水平,试验以5月龄巴什拜羊羔羊为研究对象,采用亚硫酸氢盐测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）检测MSTN基因启动子区和第1外显子甲基化模式,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测MSTN基因在巴什拜羊股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂中的mRNA表达水平。结果显示,肌肉组织甲基化概率高于脂肪组织,其中,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂的甲基化概率分别为74.2%、74.2%、83.2%、83.7%、82.1%和25.3%,MSTN基因在股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌中的表达水平显著低于尾脂（P < 0.05）,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和背最长肌之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）,巴什拜羊肌肉和脂肪MSTN基因DNA甲基化水平与MSTN基因表达量呈显著负相关（r=－0.886,P < 0.05）。