整枝打顶对不同蚕豆品种鲜食产量及其产量构成因素的影响

为研究不同整枝打顶方式对不同蚕豆品种农艺性状和产量的影响,总结不同品种的最适整枝打顶方式,以‘成胡10号’、‘成胡18’、‘成胡19’和‘成胡25’为材料,对每个蚕豆品种分别设置4种整枝打顶处理方式：全处理、去主茎、去无效枝、打顶,分析不同处理对不同蚕豆品种的农艺性状和各产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,打顶处理可有效控制不同蚕豆品种的株高;‘成胡10号’在打顶处理下的2年平均鲜荚产量较对照增产20.9%,鲜籽粒产量较对照增产25.7%,均显著高于对照;‘成胡19’在去主茎处理下,2年平均鲜荚产量增产61.2%,鲜籽粒产量增产35.5%,均显著高于对照;各整枝打顶处理方式对‘成胡18’的鲜食产量及其构成因素无明显影响;打顶处理对提高鲜食专用型‘成胡25’的百粒重及出籽率有一定促进作用。综上,整枝打顶对蚕豆的增产效应在不同蚕豆品种及不同整枝打顶方式间均有所差异,针对不同专用型品种,可选择性针对某些产量性状而采取适宜的整枝打顶方式,以获得更高的经济效益。     

陕棉2365品种特性及产量构成因素研究

试验主要从产量、抗虫性、抗病性和纤维品质四方面详细的介绍了陕棉2365的品种特征，并研究了其产量构成特点。试验结果表明，陕棉2365棉铃经济系数、铃重、衣分、结铃性都明显优于对照美棉33B，为其高产，稳产奠定了基础。     

播种期对2个不同类型棉花品种产量和产量构成的影响

 适期播种是棉花丰产的重要措施,品种类型常影响播种期。为确定不同类型棉花品种的适宜播期,采用裂区设计,以品种类型（早发型鲁棉研21号和后发型鲁棉研28号）为主区,播种期（4月上旬早播、4月下旬中播和5月上旬晚播）为副区,于2009—2010年在山东临清研究了品种类型和播种期对棉花产量和产量构成的影响。两年的试验结果表明：品种和播期对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,而且主要是由于铃数和衣分的变化所致;早发型品种4月下旬播种产量最高,比4月中旬播种增产6.3%,5月上旬播种与4月中旬播种产量相当;后发型品种4月中旬播种产量最高,比4月下旬和5月上旬播种分别增产4.8%和12%。在鲁西北棉区地膜覆盖栽培条件下,早发型品种以4月下旬播种为宜,可以适当晚播,直到5月上旬;后发型品种应适当早播,以4月中旬为宜,晚播会显著减产。     

精量播种减免间定苗对棉花产量和产量构成因素的影响

间苗、定苗是黄河流域棉区十分普及却费工费时的棉田管理措施。通过精量播种减免间苗、定苗环节,将为黄河流域棉区棉花轻简化栽培提供新的技术途径。2011-2013年连续3年在山东省临清市、夏津县、惠民县和东营市4个地点,以常规播种保苗方式为对照,研究了精量播种保苗(播量11.25 kg hm–2,出苗放苗后不间苗、定苗)方式对棉花收获密度、籽棉产量和产量构成因素的影响。年份、地点和播种保苗方式对棉花收获密度、籽棉产量和铃数皆有显著的互作效应。12个点次(3年4个地点)中有10个点次精量播种保苗方式的收获密度达到4.5~8.5株 m–2,铃数和籽棉产量与常规播种保苗方式相当;2011年东营点和2012年惠民点精量播种保苗方式的密度分别只有3.53株 m–2和3.63株 m–2, 铃数比常规播种分别减少13.8%和9.7%,单铃重与各自的对照无显著差异,籽棉产量分别减少14.2%和5.5%。精量播种处理中2个点次减产的主要原因在于收获密度过低,导致铃数降低。通过提高播种质量确保较高的收获密度,精量播种减免间定苗能够实现省工节本不减产,可作为一项重要的简化栽培措施在黄河流域棉区推行。     

化学打顶剂复配对棉花品种塔河 2 号产量和品质的影响

通过研究不同化学打顶剂组合对高产棉花新品种塔河 2 号的打顶效果,为其高产栽培筛选出最适宜的化学打顶剂。试验将 7 个不同化学打顶剂组合分别在 7 月 4 日和 7 月 10 日分 2 次进行叶面喷施,并以人工打顶作为对照组（CK）,成熟期对塔河 2 号的产量构成和纤维品质特征进行分析。结果表明,T5 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 塑控 75g/hm2,塑控 150g/hm2）、T7 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 矮壮素 30g/hm2,矮壮素 150g/hm2）株高降低,T1 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2,向铃转 150mL/hm2）、T2 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2,塑控 150g/hm2）、T3 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2,矮壮素 150g/hm 2）、T4 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 向铃转 75mL/hm2,向铃转 150mL/hm2）、T6 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 矮壮素 15g/hm2,矮壮素 150g/hm2）株高增加;化学打顶后衣分增加1.21%~9.53%,籽棉产量增加 7.69%~21.92%;籽棉产量的增加主要是单株果枝数、单株结铃数和单铃重共同增加的结果;增产最显著的 T2 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2,塑控 150g/hm2）单株果枝数、单株结铃数和单铃重较 CK 分别增加 7.94%、23.08% 和 6.03%,但品质等级由 B 下降为 C;T4 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 向铃转 75mL/hm2,向铃转 150mL/hm2）品质等级不下降,且籽棉产量增加相对较高（15.85%）。综合来看,T4 处理（缩节胺 75g/hm2+ 向铃转 75mL/hm2,向铃转 150mL/hm2）可作为塔河 2 号目前最适化学打顶剂组合进行大田应用。     

陆地棉基因型间竞争对产量及构成因素的影响

利用陆地棉色素腺体作为指示性状，采用４个遗传差异较大的品种研究了在基因型竞争条件下陆地棉植株性状的变化。结果表明，纯型种植时高产的基因型，在品种混合体中不同基因型竞争下生产力下降，而低产基因型的生产力则有所提高。品种产量越高，由其组成的混合体比预期值减产越多。品种混合体的产量均未超过其组成中的高产品种，多数品种混合体的产量均低于预期值。籽棉产量、皮棉产量、单株结铃数均具有明显的竞争效应和趋势，单铃重、衣分无明显的竞争趋势。     

枯萎病对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响

对2002年长江流域棉花区试的10个新品种进行了抗枯萎病(Fusariumwilt)鉴定,并从每个品种中各选择30个单株,分株计产,按株取样检验其纤维品质。分析棉株不同的枯萎病级别对棉花产量和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)有2个品种抗枯萎病;6个耐病;2个感病。(2)枯萎病株的皮棉产量比健株减产的百分率分别为:Ⅰ级26.48%,Ⅱ级45.50%,Ⅲ级54.57%,Ⅳ级77.76%,减产极显著。(3)病株纤维的长度、整齐度、比强度和伸长率也均显著或极显著低于健株。棉株枯萎病级别与纤维长度呈极显著负相关,与比强度和麦克隆值呈显著负相关。     

不同黄萎病级对棉花产量及纤维品质的影响

利用３个抗枯耐黄棉花品种（系），在病圃研究了不同黄萎病级对棉花产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明，不同病级的棉花黄萎病株使单株子棉产量降低４．８２％～８５．６６％，单株结铃数减少３．３８％～８４．０１％，单铃重减轻２．６７％～１６．７４％，在分损失０．８２％～７．５７％。在产量各因素中，单株结铃数受病级影响最大，其次是铃重，再次是衣分。同时建立了各品种病级与单株子棉产量和单株结铃数的直线回归方程。黄萎病主要是对纤维的细度、强力、主体长度及成熟度有明显影响。病株与健株比较，病株纤维细度变细，强力降低，主体长度明显变短。     

栽培方式对棉花生长、产量和品质的影响

以营养钵育苗移栽栽培方式作为生产对照(T0),于2004年在江苏省的东台、射阳分别对移栽地膜棉改进栽培方式(T1)和"工厂化育苗 无土移栽 地膜覆盖"栽培方式(T2)2种棉花栽培方式进行大田试验.结果表明:随着生育进程的推移,棉花单位面积干物质累积及氮素吸收量表现为T2＞T1＞T0,由于苗期受小麦的胁迫作用,射阳试点苗期的干物重和氮累积量均低于东台试点.方差分析表明,栽培方式对棉花衣分、产量、单位面积的铃数及各项纤维品质指标的影响达到显著水平,并以T2生产成本最低、产量最高,且纤维品质较优,其公顷铃数、皮棉产量较对照明显提高,分别为:东台36%和26%,射阳32%和28%;施氮量较对照减少38%.     

打叶时间对两个棉花品种产量和品质的影响

某些棉花栽培管理措施的实施时间因与品种相关的产量潜力和品质性状而异。本研究旨在(1)弄清某些品种对打叶时间的反应是否不同；(2)比较打叶时吐絮率(OBPD)、裂铃以上节数(NACB)和打叶时麦克隆读数的应用及其在打叶时问选择方面的有效性。试验时间为1999、2000和2001年。     

整枝方式与种植密度对蒜套棉产量和品质的效应

以棉花抗虫杂交种鲁棉研15号(F1)为材料,在鲁西南3个不同的地点,研究了整枝方式(去叶枝、留叶枝)与种植密度(2.7、3.3、3.9、4.5万株·hm-2)对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,整枝方式和种植密度对棉花纤维品质的影响不显著,但对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,3.3万株·hm-2×留叶枝、2.7万株·hm-2×留叶枝和3.3万株·hm-2×去叶枝的组合比传统栽培(2.7万株·hm-2×去叶枝)分别增产20.4%、9.2%和10%,也显著高于其他处理组合;生物产量分别提高了13.7%、27.8%和11.6%,而经济系数只降低了5.3%、11.5%和4.5%。在维持较高经济系数和铃重的基础上增加生物产量和铃数是该3个处理组合显著增产的原因,适当提高密度并配合简化整枝是实现蒜套棉高产高效的重要技术途径。     

紫色土壤施氮对棉花产量品质的效应

通过盆栽试验、田间试验研究了紫色土壤施氮对棉花产量品质的效应。结果表明，施氮对棉花产量有极显著的增产效应，氮与产量的效应模型呈二次抛物线型，施氮量２５０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２时，棉花产量最高；氮对纤维品质有一定影响，能提高比强度，并有降低麦克隆值、增加细度的趋势，纤维品质受氮磷钾影响顺序为伸长度＞麦克隆值＞比强度＞整齐度＞２．５％跨距长度；施氮能增加棉花叶片中叶绿素含量，但对叶绿素ａ和叶绿素ｂ的含量比例无明显影响；土壤中氮的含量与棉株对氮的吸收和棉株体对氮的积累量呈显著和极显著的正相关。     

Effects of Different AFD Treatments on Yield Formation and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] We examined the effects of spraying AFD (Agent of flower bud differentiation), a new plant growth regulator, on cotton yield formation and fiber quality. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis for chemical regulation. [Method] Six treatments of different AFD concentrations were used for this experiment. Cotton plant height, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and fiber quality were assessed to clarify the effects of chemical regulation on cotton at different concentrations. [Result] The results showed that cotton plant height was associated with AFD concentration while AFD was effective in inhibiting the cotton boll shedding ratio and significantly increasing the boll opening ratio. Furthermore, the boll number per plant and boll weight were significantly higher in plants sprayed with AFD at concentrations of 1 350^-1 800 mL·hm^－2 than in the control group and higher seed cotton yields were obtained. Different concentrations of AFD had no significant effect on cotton breaking strength, micronaire value, and breaking elongation. However, the highest AFD concentration had certain inhibiting effects on fiber length and uniformity index. [Conclusion] The use of chemical control via a suitable concentration of AFD had a significant effect on increasing cotton yield and little effect on fiber quality. The study of the mechanism by which AFD affects cotton traits is of great significance for cotton production.     

Effects of Removal of Redundant Buds and Topping of Fruiting Branches on Source-Sink Activity,Yield, and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] Removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches are important pruning measures for cotton production. The effects of the two procedures on source–sink activity, yield, and fiber quality were studied to provide a scientific basis for a simplified pruning method. [Method] A field trial was carried out in bottomland of the Yellow River valley, Zhengzhou, Henan Province in 2014–2015 using cotton ‘Lumianyan 28’. Treatments consisted of removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination (RDR treatments). Redundant buds and tops of fruiting branches were retained in the control (CK). The source–sink size and activity, yield traits, fiber quality, and economic return were recorded. [Result] The RDR treatments increased the leaf area index and total dry matter accumulation, and increased the sink-source ratio at advanced growth stages compared with CK. In the middle growth period, the RDR treatments increased indoleacetic acid (IAA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaf. Moreover, the RDR treatments increased IAA content and SOD activity, and decreased ABA content in seeds of pre-summer bolls and summer bolls, whereas the IAA and ABA contents and SOD activity in fibers showed the opposite trend to that of seeds. The lint yield following removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and combined removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches was increased by 4.43%, 5.17%, and 9.31%, respectively, but no significant difference was observed among these treatments. Decapitation of fruiting branches had amore marked effect on yield than removal of redundant buds, and these two treatments applied in combination had a cumulative effect on yield. The RDR treatments had no significant effect on fiber quality. Decapitation of fruiting branches increased economic return, but removal of redundant buds reduced economic return, and the effect on economic return of removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination was inconsistent. [Conclusion] The RDR treatments generally improved the source–sink relationship, enhanced source and sink activity, and increased cotton yield. However, the increase in yield and economic benefits were less marked. We recommend simplified pruning techniques without removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches for large-scale cultivation of cotton.     

绿色棉遗传规律分析及其对产量和纤维品质的影响

 通过天然红叶绿色棉和绿叶白色棉的杂交,统计分析F₁,F₂代叶与纤维色泽的遗传分离规律,以及色素对纤维生长的影响。验证了红叶色素和绿色长绒色素性状是由两对位于两条染色体上,由独立遗传的不完全显性基因控制;而绿短绒为完全显性遗传,并且与绿长绒性状位于同一染色体上,由两对非等位基因控制,其遗传距离为1.26 cM。同时, t测验统计分析结果显示,绿纤维棉株的衣分和绒长极显著低于白色棉,说明纤维中绿色色泽有阻碍棉花纤维生长发育作用;红叶对铃重与铃数以及纤维长度和衣分都没有显著影响。因此,在改良彩棉纤维色泽的同时要与提高纤维品质研究相结合,达到共同提高的目的。     

20年来我国自育棉花品种纤维品质分析

从“六五”到“九五”期间 ,我国自育陆地棉品种的纤维主体长度或 2 .5 %跨距长度主要集中在2 7～ 30 mm,断裂比强度集中在 1 7～ 2 3c N· tex- 1,麦克隆值集中在 3.7～ 4.9。总体来讲 ,品种品质在纤维长度的阈值、比强度平均值和上限值几个指标上在不断进步 ,麦克隆的阈值呈加宽趋势。与美国棉花品种相比 ,我国品种的纤维长度占有优势 ,比强度略有逊色 ,麦克隆值分布较宽。我们的最大缺陷在于缺少长度在 31 mm以上 ,比强度在2 5 c N· tex- 1以上的陆地棉品种。为满足纺织工业的多种需求 ,迎接日益激烈的国际竞争 ,我们必须及时地调整我们的品种与种植结构 ,尤其要重点培育和推广一批 2 .5 %跨长在 31 mm以上 ,比强度在 2 5 c N· tex- 1以上 ,麦克隆值在 3.7～ 4.2之间的特优质品种     

滴灌条件下不同供水模式对棉花产量及品质的影响

为了研究滴灌条件下不同供水模式对棉花生长发育、耗水规律、产量及纤维品质的影响,1997～1998设置了4种供水模式,即以当地畦灌条件下棉花多年平均逐月需水量(ET)为基础,各月灌水量分别设置为需水量的85%、70%、55%和40%.试验结果表明,棉花的株高、叶面积指数、果枝数、蕾铃数、铃重、耗水量和皮棉产量随供水量的增加而增加,衣分、整齐度、麦克隆值随供水量的增加有一定的递减趋势,但对其它纤维品质项无明显影响.通过综合评价认为,大田滴灌棉花供水量以需水量的70%为宜.在不考虑降雨的条件下,其供水模式为6月份5d灌1次、7月份4d灌1次、8月份5d灌1次、9月份7d灌1次,每次灌水定额为150m3@hm-2.     

不同年代棉花品种产量构成、纤维品质及其系谱分析

对５０年来我国自育的有代表性的棉花品种２０份进行了比较研究，结果表明，棉花单产呈递增趋势，９０年代棉花品种比５０年代品种皮棉增产１７．７３％，平均每年增产皮棉３．３８４ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２，产量增加主要是衣分和单株结铃数增加所致，衣分呈递增趋势，年均递增０．１００２个百分点；单株结铃数增加１．６个。新品种的子指变小，衣指变大；棉花衣分与皮棉产量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７００３＊＊），衣分对棉花产量贡献最大（ Ｐ３ｙ＝０．５８１０），单株铃数次之（Ｐ１ｙ＝０．２８５８），铃重最低（Ｐ２ｙ＝０．１３２６）。棉花纤维品质逐步得到改良，绒长变长，纤维强度变大；棉花遗传基础狭窄。     

Effects of Planting Date on Sucrose Metabolism in the Leaf Subtending to Cotton Boll,Within-boll Yield Components and Fiber Quality

[Objective] The present study aimed to investigate how sucrose metabolism in the leaf subtending to cotton boll, within-boll yield components and fiber quality respond to varying planting dates. [Method] Two upland cotton lines A705 and A201 differing in cotton boll traits were field tested in 2016-2017. Two different planting dates were designed with early planting on April 12, 2016, and April 15, 2017, and late planting on May 6, 2016, and May 28, 2017, respectively. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (sucrose, hexose, starch) and key sucrose metabolism enzymes in the leaf subtending to cotton boll were examined including vacuolar acid invertase, cell wall acid invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase. The differences between two planting dates were compared for within- boll yield components, fiber quality and sucrose metabolism related characteristics. [Result] Late planting lengthened the period of cotton boll maturation relative to early planting. Boll weight, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage and micronaire were decreased. Late planting reduced the activities of cell wall acid invertase and sucrose synthase responsible for sucrose degradation, and in turn led to the increment of sucrose concentration in the subtending leaves which might enhance the carbon supply to the opposite bolls. [Conclusion] Lower temperature due to late planting could contribute to the more full development of cotton bolls. Late planting is an alternative consideration in improvement of fiber quality in cotton cultural practices.