小菜蛾对苏云金芽胞杆菌抗性研究进展

自１９９０年Ｔａｂａｓｈｎｉｋ首次报道小菜蛾田间种群对苏云金芽胞杆菌产生抗药性以来,国内外学者在小菜蛾对苏云金芽胞杆菌的抗性监测和抗性筛选、交互抗性、抗性遗传以及抗性机制等方面作了大量,深入的研究。本文对这些方面的研究进展作一综述。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌WG-001可湿性粉剂的增效化合物筛选

为了筛选出对苏云金芽胞杆菌具有增效作用的无机化合物,并确定其最佳使用浓度,于苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌WG-001可湿性粉剂(Bt WG-001 WP)中添加MgCl2、CaCl2、NaHCO3、MgSO4、NaH2PO4、Na2CO3、Na2HPO4、KH2PO4等8种化合物,测定其对小菜蛾的毒力.结果显示,添加0.4％MgCl2、0.2％CaCl2、0.4％MgSO4、0.2％Na2CO3时,共毒因子分别为46.75、36.27、41.51、31.03,均大于20,而添加另外4种化合物,共毒因子均低于20;添加0.4％MgCl2、0.2％CaCl2、0.4％MgSO4、0.2％Na2CO3,增效比最大,分别为1.46、1.33、1.34、1.29.田间试验结果显示,Bt WG-001 WP中添加0.4％MgSO4稀释500倍施用时,药后7天对小菜蛾的田间平均防效最高,为80.51％,且与其它处理差异显著.表明添加0.4％MgSO4可显著提高Bt对小菜蛾的田间防效.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素的多样性

苏云金芽胞杆菌是生物防治中应用最为广泛的一种杀虫剂,它对多种昆虫和其他一些无脊椎动物具有特异的毒杀活性。苏云金芽胞杆菌的杀虫活性主要来自于菌体在形成芽胞期间生成的伴胞晶体毒素,这些晶体毒素在结构和生物学功能方面表现高度的多样性。本文介绍了苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素的分类、命名方法,深入讨论了晶体毒素的氨基酸序列、三维结构、靶标生物和杀虫机理的多样性。评价了各种分类方法的特点,并展望了晶体毒素作用机制研究和未来晶体毒素新基因的发掘。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌分离过程中无晶体芽胞杆菌的分析

本研究选择了在苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)分离过程中发现的与Bt芽胞相似、没有伴胞晶体的8株芽胞杆菌,对其种属、质粒等生物学特性和杀虫活性进行了初步研究.对分离菌株所产芽胞进行形态观察及质粒图谱分析,发现其与Bt相似;但肽指纹图谱分析和16S rDNA聚类研究表明所分离菌株与蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus(Bc)匹配最高;杀虫活性测定表明这8株菌对猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi幼虫均无毒杀作用,而15-3、W23-1和W25-3 3个菌株及其培养上清液对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫有一定的杀虫活性,说明它们能产生活性物质.这些结果说明在Bt菌株的分离过程中要对无晶体菌株加以重视,其含有的活性物质具有潜在的研究和利用价值.     

利用双亲灭活原生质体融合技术选育高效苏云金芽胞杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌融合菌株

苏云金芽胞杆菌B7发酵液在药后96 h对小菜蛾2龄幼虫致死率高达85.06%;枯草芽胞杆菌TL2对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫霉病有显著拮抗活性(对峙培养5 d对病原菌的平均抑制率在60%以上)。本文对菌株B7和TL2的原生质体形成、完全灭活及融合的最佳条件分别进行了筛选,研究结果表明菌株B7在溶菌酶1.0 mg/m L、酶解70 min的条件下,原生质体形成率和再生率最佳,分别为85.0%和29.41%;菌株TL2在溶菌酶1.25 mg/m L、酶解50 min的条件下,原生质体形成率和再生率最佳,分别为80.00%和25.00%。菌株TL2原生质体完全灭活的最佳条件为60℃水浴35 min,菌株B7原生质体完全灭活的最佳条件为紫外照射25 min。灭活后的两亲本融合最佳条件为30℃水浴融合20 min后涂布再生培养基,用影印法连续传代10次以上,最后筛选出17株稳定的融合子,经过杀虫防病检测最后筛选到一株兼具两亲本特性的高效融合子TLB15。TLB15发酵液在药后96 h对小菜蛾2龄幼虫校正死亡率为93.44%,TLB15发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫霉病(对峙培养5 d)的平均抑制率分别为60.00%和62.79%。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌安全性的研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）是目前应用最为广泛的一类微生物农药。本文分析比较了我国及美国Bt产品登记和安全评价等情况,并对Bt制剂的风险评价进行了分析。Bt菌株不是人或其他哺乳动物的已知病原体,对哺乳动物无毒性、感染性和致病性;其种群数量在环境中呈逐渐减少趋势,无残留风险;对非靶标昆虫的生存和繁殖及土壤微生物群落结构无显著影响。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt),属于蜡样芽胞杆菌族,芽胞杆菌属的革兰氏阳性细菌,与其它芽胞杆菌的区别是在形成芽胞的同时,伴随有杀虫晶体蛋白(Cry蛋白)的产生。Cry蛋白对鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目和双翅目等多种害虫具有特异的杀虫作用,因此,Cry蛋白以微生物杀虫剂或转Bt基因植物的形式而被广泛应用于害虫生物防治中。本文从Bt菌株的发掘、cry基因的转录调控机制、Cry蛋白的结构功能及作用机制等方面进行综述,为Bt杀虫蛋白的推广应用、Bt蛋白的定向改造和构建高效广谱的工程菌提供参考。     

北京植物园苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

[目的]从北京植物园采集的土壤样品中分离高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌.[方法]采用温度法筛选Bt菌株,比对大质粒DNA图谱,区分不同类型的Bt菌株,PCR-RFLP方法对cry1～cry40类基因型进行鉴定,SDS-PAGE分析杀虫晶体蛋白,测定Bt分离株对大猿叶甲、小菜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性,筛选出高毒力的菌株.[结果]从149份土壤样品中分离出147株Bt,分为12种类型,含有菱形、方形、球形和不规则等晶体类型;6株菌中分别含有fry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cy1Ah、cry1Ba、cry1Be、cry1Ia、cry1La、cry2Ab和cry7Aa等基因类型,其余6株中不含有已知基因.有9株表达约130 ku蛋白,1株表达约70 ku蛋白,2株表达约150 ku蛋白,有3株既表达130 ku蛋白又表达60 ku蛋白;发现一株对大猿叶甲具有较高毒力的菌株ZWY-7,1株对小菜蛾有高毒力的菌株ZWY-9,2株菌都没有检测到已知基因型.[结论]北京植物园中Bt分布广泛,类型多样,其中发现两株高毒力的菌株,有望获得新的杀虫基因.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌防治植物寄生线虫的研究进展

植物寄生线虫是一类重要的植物病原生物,给农业生产造成巨大的损失.传统方法防治植物寄生线虫都存在一定的局限性.研究发现苏云金芽胞杆菌对线虫有毒杀活性,为防治植物寄生线虫寻找到了一条新途径.文章介绍了苏云金芽胞杆菌防治植物寄生线虫的研究现状,着重阐述了苏云金芽胞杆菌的杀线虫晶体蛋白及其基因、杀线虫机制等方面的研究进展,并探讨了其中存在的问题及其对策.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌在防治夜蛾科害虫中的应用

根据苏云金杆菌的作用机理,对夜蛾科害虫的杀虫活怀、防治效果、对取食行为和生长发育的影响增铲作用等以及苏云金力防治夜蛾科害虫的应用现状进行了综述。     

云南小菜蛾对Bt的抗药性及盆栽药效评价

2008-2012年, 采用浸叶法连续5年测定了云南省2个主要蔬菜种植区通海县和弥渡县的小菜蛾田间种群对Bt制剂的抗药性,并进行了盆栽药效评价。结果表明,两地区小菜蛾对Bt制剂均表现为低抗或无抗性,抗药性无明显上升趋势。比较了在光照培养箱和自然条件下3种不同Bt制剂对通海和弥渡县小菜蛾盆栽药效,药后第5天通海和弥渡小菜蛾种群在恒温（25±1 ℃,RH65%~70%）和自然条件下(12~28 ℃,RH50%~75%)的校正死亡率分别为88.3%~95.5%和80.2%~90.6%、78.8%~89.1%和73.4%~85.7%,两者差异不显著。云南小菜蛾种群对Bt制剂均有较高的敏感性,可在十字花科蔬菜生产中有选择地使用。     

苏云金杆菌高毒力菌株4．0718的快速选育

从湖南省不同生态区域的旱作地，果园和稻园采集的858份土样中，分离筛选出苏云金杆菌30株。选取一株具典型苏云金杆菌菌落特征和较高杀虫毒力的菌株701^2c为出发菌株，经紫外线和两次亚硝基胍的交替复合诱变，显微涂片染色镜检，发现菌体的伴孢晶体的形状、大小、数量及芽孢与伴孢晶体的比例与杀虫菌株4．0718。该突变株杀虫毒力与原始菌株相比提高了7．5倍，在6、12和24h内供试小菜蛾三龄幼虫死亡率分别高达20％、97％和100％。此菌株的高效速效杀虫毒力经连续10代培养能稳定遗传。     

Inheritance of resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a field population of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Inheritance of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. CryIA(b) crystal protein was studied in Plutella xylostella L. (diamondback moth). A field population 50-fold more resistant to CryIA(b) than a control susceptible strain was used. Dose-mortality curves of the resistant population, the susceptible strain and the F₁ from the two reciprocal crosses were compared. Resistance transmission to the F₁ was dependent on the sex of the resistant progenitor. Sex ratio of the survivors to high doses of CryIA(b) in the F₁ of the two reciprocal crosses did not corroborate the preliminary hypothesis of resistance being due to a recessive sex-linked allele. Since, in a previous work, the loss of CryIA(b) binding capacity of resistant insects had been demonstrated, binding to midgut tissue sections from F₁ individuals was also analysed. The presence of binding in all of the F₁ preparations showed that, at least, a recessive autosomal allele was responsible for the loss of binding capacity in the resistant population.     

Differential toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and their crystal toxins against high-altitude Himalayan populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L

BACKGROUND: Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a major insect pest of crucifers in the biodiversity‐rich north‐western Indian Himalayan hills. The present investigation was aimed at determining the susceptibility pattern of P. xylostella populations collected from different locations of this region to autochthonous and standard Bacillus thuringiensis strains. RESULTS: Among the reference as well as indigenous B. thuringiensis strains tested, sub spp. kurstaki HD‐1, kurstaki HD‐73, galleriae HD‐8, local galleriae/colmeri strain BtOa1 and some of their Cry1 class toxins were found to be highly toxic. Surprisingly, the sub sp. tolworthi HD‐125, local tolworthi strain BtHa1 and Cry9 class toxins were found to be non‐toxic. Midgut homogenate from fourth‐instar larvae was found to activate 130 kDa protoxin from the local tolworthi strain BtHa1 into 68 kDa toxin, but failed to exert any larval mortality, probably owing to lack of receptor binding. CONCLUSION: The present study provides valuable baseline susceptibility data for the deployment of B. thuringiensis‐based control methods, as well as for future monitoring of development of resistance in P. xylostella to B. thuringiensis in this ecologically sensitive region. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bt菌株FB的生物学特性及其cry、vip基因型鉴定

菌株FB是1株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）。本研究通过扫描电子显微镜、大质粒电泳、总蛋白SDS-PAGE及菌株生长特征观察的方式研究了菌株FB特征,克隆得到了基因cry1Ia、cry1Ea、cry1Ab、cry2Ab和vip3Aa全长,依据全基因组测序结果得到了1个cry8基因部分片段,首次在Bt菌株中同时发现基因cry1类和cry8类,这五种基因推导的氨基酸序列与已知基因序列相比,最高相似性分别为99%、98%、99%、100%、99%,而cry8半长基因与已知基因仅为63%。生测结果表明,蛋白Cry1Ia、Cry1Ea和Cry1Ab对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高杀虫活性。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ie1蛋白末端缺失的研究

通过PCR扩增法 ,以cry1Ie1全长基因为模板 ,分别得到不同末端缺失的基因片段 ,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达 ,得到 6种末端缺失蛋白。对小菜蛾生物测定结果表明 ,缺失蛋白IE659、IE656分别缺失了C末端60个和63个氨基酸残基 ,对小菜蛾的杀虫活性与Cry1Ie1全长蛋白相当 ;IE648、IE045分别缺失了C末端 71个氨基酸残基和N末端缺失44个、C末端缺失63个氨基酸残基 ,对小菜蛾的活性提高了50% ;IE633、IE105分别缺失了C末端 86个氨基酸残基和N末端缺失 104个、C末端63个氨基酸残基 ,丧失了对小菜蛾的活性。试验明确Cry1Ie1蛋白的最小活性区N端在45～104氨基酸位点之间 ,C端在633～648氨基酸位点之间。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌昆明菌株可湿性粉剂的发酵培养条件及其毒力测定

采用价格低廉的农副产品结合液固两相培养的方法进行发酵培养,干燥后的固体培养基经粉碎后人工过300目筛,取菌粉(55%),加过300目筛的填料硅藻土(42%)、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(3%)及稳定剂混匀制得55%蜡蚧轮枝菌可湿性粉剂。该制剂有效孢子浓度3.0×109个/g;细度:97%以上过300目筛;润湿时间:2′57″;悬浮率:75.6%;含水量<3.0%;pH值6~7。该制剂对小菜蛾的LC50到8d时为1.51×104孢子/ml;在田间试验中,施用3次该可湿性粉剂2.1×107孢子/ml对萝卜蚜的15~25d防治效果为64.9%~70.7%。     

苏云金杆菌对抗性及敏感小菜蛾的拒食活性

调查了苏云金杆菌对抗性和敏感小菜蛾的拒食活性。选择性和完全拒食试验表明,Bt对抗性和敏感小菜蛾种群都有一定的拒食作用,且拒食活性随Bt浓度的增加而显著增强。相对于抗性种群,小菜蛾敏感种群对Bt杀虫剂表现了更强的拒食趋势,其拒食中浓度AFC50(0.089 3 μg/mL)显著低于抗性种群(0.148 1 μg/mL)。试验结果表明,抗性种群对有毒叶片的行为避害能力弱于敏感种群,小菜蛾对Bt杀虫剂的抗性产生应与其行为机制无关。     

Mode of inheritance and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki in a diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) population from Malaysia

Genetic inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (BTK) was examined in a diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) population collected from the Melaka region of Malaysia. A BTK‐selected sub‐population (BTK‐SEL) which was more than 100‐fold resistant to BTK compared with a susceptible (ROTH) population of P xylostella was used with standard reciprocal crosses and back‐crosses between ROTH and BTK‐SEL. Logit regression analysis of F ₁ reciprocal crosses indicated that BTK resistance was inherited as an incompletely recessive autosomal trait and controlled by a single locus. In contrast, other studies have shown that resistance to Cry1Ac is inherited as an incompletely dominant autosomal trait in a Cry1Ac‐selected sub‐population of the same Melaka population. The frequency of the allele responsible for resistance decreased without exposure to insecticide in the laboratory. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cross-resistance and inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac in diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L) from lowland Malaysia

A field population of Plutella xylostella from Malaysia (SERD4) was divided into five sub-populations and four were selected (G2-G5) with the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal (Cry) toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ca and Cry1Da. Bioassay at G6 gave resistance ratios of 88, 5, 2 and 3 for Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ca and Cry1Da respectively compared with the unselected sub-population (UNSEL-SERD4). The Cry1Ac-selected population showed little cross-resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry1Ca and Cry1Da, (3-, 2- and 3-fold compared with UNSEL-SERD4), whereas the Cry1Ab-SEL sub-population showed marked cross-resistance to Cry1Ac (40-fold), much greater than Cry1Ab itself. In contrast, the Cry1Ca- and Cry1Da-SEL sub-population showed little if any cross-resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab. The mode of inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ac was examined in Cry1Ac-selected SERD4 by standard reciprocal crosses and back-crosses using a laboratory insecticide-susceptible population (ROTH). Logit regression analysis of F1 reciprocal crosses indicated that resistance to Cry1Ac was inherited as an incompletely dominant trait. At the highest dose of Cry1Ac tested, resistance was recessive, while at the lowest dose it was almost completely dominant. The F2 progeny from a back-cross of F1 progeny with ROTH were tested with a concentration of Cry1Ac that would kill 100% of ROTH. The mortality ranged between 50 and 95% in seven families of back-cross progeny, which indicated that more than one allele on separate loci were responsible for resistance to Cry1Ac.