不同脂肪含量驴乳产能营养素能量组成分析

分析不同脂肪含量驴乳产能营养素占总能量的比例及其营养价值。结果表明,平均脂肪含量0.89%~1.24%的驴乳,脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物(乳糖)产能占总能量的比例分别为20.25%~25.41%、12.99%~18.24%、57.46%~65.03%,符合中国营养学会推荐的我国成年人膳食中各种产能营养素能量比例的要求;脂肪含量较高的驴乳,总能量、人体必需脂肪酸和脂溶性维生素含量较高,各种产能营养素占总能量的比例更适合人体代谢和健康需要,具有较高的营养价值。     

驴乳的化学成分和营养价值

驴乳含水分90.02%,脂肪1.47%,蛋白质1.84%,乳糖6.26%,灰分0.42%.氨基酸种类齐全,数量充足,比例合理;9种人体必需氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的42.52%.矿物质和维生素含量丰富,钙磷比1.7：1,硒含量是牛乳的5.16倍,维生素C含量是牛乳的4.75倍.驴乳属乳清蛋白性乳类,乳白蛋白和乳球蛋白的含量占蛋白质总量的60%以上;不饱和脂肪酸含量高,人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量占脂肪酸总量的30.7%,比牛乳高27.2个百分点;胆固醇含量为2.2mg/100g,是牛乳的14.7%.在各种家畜乳中,驴乳的成分和人乳最为接近,可作为婴幼儿代乳品或代乳品基料.驴乳的化学成分和营养特点决定其在乳制品和保健食品的开发中具有较大的潜力.     

驴乳及驴乳制品地方标准中脂肪指标的商榷

收集国内外有关驴乳化学成分的研究文献,通过对驴乳中脂肪含量及其影响因素的分析,结合新疆养驴业现状,对2017版新疆食品安全地方标准生驴乳、巴氏杀菌驴乳和驴乳粉3种产品标准中的"范围"描述、术语和定义以及脂肪含量指标要求,提出修改建议.     

北疆3家养驴场驴乳质量指标测定和分析

本试验对北疆地区3家养驴场248头泌乳驴驴乳质量指标进行检测。结果表明:驴乳平均含脂肪0.28%、蛋白质1.71%、乳糖6.84%、总固体8.94%,体细胞数162.5千个/ml,尿素氮15.59mg/dl。对照新疆《食品安全地方标准生驴乳》(DBS 65/017-2017)相关理化指标,蛋白质、乳糖、非脂乳固体均符合指标要求,脂肪含量仅为地标要求下限值的56%。驴乳脂肪含量个体差异大,范围广,现行生驴乳地方标准中脂肪含量要求偏高,为充分利用驴乳资源,建议取消脂肪项目,其他项目指标保持不变。     

新疆岳普湖县疆岳驴驴乳质量分析

对新疆岳普湖县奶驴养殖户2020年向企业交售驴乳的理化指标进行统计分析,结果表明:生驴乳蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖含量分别为1.71%～1.84%、0.75%～0.93%、5.92～6.07%,全部符合DBS 65/017-2017新疆维吾尔自治区《食品安全地方标准生驴乳》的指标要求;季节因素对驴乳化学成分的影响不显著;交奶量(挤奶量)较高者,驴乳的化学成分和总干物质含量较低。通过不同年份驴乳化学成分对比,发现疆岳驴驴乳脂肪、乳糖、总干物质含量有下降趋势,对此应予高度重视。     

驴乳中的脂肪含量

在驴乳的基本化学成分中,脂肪的变异幅度最大而且分散度较高,这一情况给驴乳的收购以及制定相关标准造成一定困难。本文根据对新疆岳普湖县生驴乳成分的实际测定和分析,提出在当前的生驴乳收购标准（企业标准）中暂不列脂肪含量的下限,而是将脂肪含量分为3～4个等级,并结合蛋白质指标实行按质论价。     

关于在驴乳粉标准中增设“低脂驴乳粉”品种的建议

驴乳脂肪含量低,变异幅度大,分散度高。本文根据对新疆岳普湖县、巴里坤县全舍饲和放牧加补饲条件下驴乳化学成分的测定结果以及对加工企业收购驴乳的大量数据进行统计分析,发现约有20%的生驴乳乳脂率低于0.5%。为了充分利用驴乳资源,保证主产品"驴乳粉"的质量,并顺应特殊消费人群(心脑血管病、肥胖症、胆石症等患者)对低脂食品/饮品的需求,建议在《新疆食品安全地方标准驴乳粉》中,对"驴乳粉"的脂肪指标要求仍维持≥8%;增设"低脂驴乳粉"品种,其脂肪指标要求为3%~5%,蛋白质指标要求为≥非脂乳固体的16%,其它指标项目及要求和"驴乳粉"相同。     

关于修订驴乳粉地方标准的建议

本文根据《食品安全国家标准乳粉》（GB19644—2010）,结合新疆驴乳和驴乳粉生产实际以及驴乳研究新进展,对2007版新疆地方标准《驴乳粉和调味驴乳粉》（DB65／T2800—2007）提出了修改意见和建议。文章建议：将标准名称修改为《新疆维吾尔自治区食品安全地方标准驴乳粉》;将原标准“驴乳粉”中脂肪含量指标从≥8％提升至≥10％;将蛋白质指标从≥15％修改为≥占非脂乳固体的18％;按国家相关标准和规定对污染物、真菌毒素及微生物限量进行修改,增设了对铬和硒的限量以及对六六六、滴滴涕的再残留限量,把致病菌限量直接改为金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏茵限量。旨在通过修订标准,提高驴乳粉产品质量和安全水平,促进驴乳产业健康稳定发展。     

新疆全脂牛奶粉营养素含量分析

收集新疆5家企业生产的全脂牛奶粉营养标签,对其营养成分表标示的核心营养素含量进行统计计算,并随机对其中1家企业生产的16批次全脂牛奶粉质量检验数据进行统计分析。结果表明：全脂牛奶粉营养成分表标示的能量值及核心营养素含量和实测数据基本相符;某企业生产的全脂牛奶粉蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、灰分的平均含量分别为24.45、30.84、35.89、5.70 g/100g,蛋白质占非脂乳固体（37.04%）和脂肪值分别高出GB 19644-2010《食品安全国家标准乳粉》下限值3.04和4.84个百分点,超过国标下限值8.94%和18.61%。     

驴乳营养成分研究进展

驴乳因其乳清蛋白、乳糖、溶菌酶、不饱和脂肪酸和VC含量较高而酪蛋白及脂肪含量较低的特点，被誉为人乳的理想替代品，同时具有低致敏性、抑菌性和抗癌活性等多种生理功能。本文介绍驴乳的营养成分特点，包括蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、矿物质、维生素等，并与人乳、牛乳、水牛乳、羊乳和骆驼乳进行比较，以期为驴乳的综合加工与利用提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.