小麦种子繁殖与节节麦的防治

近年来节节麦对小麦生产的危害呈现增长趋势,种子生产流通环节也成为节节麦扩散的一种主要途径。加强种子繁育各环节的防治与管控,是减少扩散、降低节节麦发展危害的有效途径。在小麦种子繁育过程中,加强繁种基地的严选、原始繁材的把控、扩繁过程中的防控、加工储存流通等环节的检验,是提高种子质量、断绝种子生产流通中节节麦扩散的主要方法。田间综合防治技术结合优质良种的持续使用,能够切断节节麦的传播,减少其对小麦生产所造成的危害。     

小麦化感作用及其应用

小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用，它能克服除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题，具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力。本文对小麦化感作用及其应用作了简要概述。小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质。小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景，促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高。     

山西省临汾市2006年节节麦发生原因浅析

2006年山西省临汾市小麦田节节麦发生普遍,一些乡镇小麦产量损失严重。本文分析了节节麦发病原因,给出了防治节节麦发病的策略,为今后节节麦防治提供依据。     

不同辣椒品种的化感作用研究

以莴苣为受体材料，通过生物测定法，研究了17份辣椒品种的化感作用。结果表明，不同品种的辣椒浸提液均抑制了莴苣种子的发芽，但对莴苣幼苗生长的影响不同；不同辣椒品种间化感作用差异较为明显，并通过隶属函数值的大小，筛选出化感作用最大的辣椒品种为G26，化感作用最小的辣椒品种为G15。     

小麦秸杆浸提物的化感作用研究

以大豆、小麦、黄瓜3种作物为受体，对皖麦19品种的小麦秸杆的化感作用进行了研究。结果表明，小麦秸杆的浸提物对3种作物的种子萌发率有一定的抑制作用，与对照相比，0．10g／ml浓度下的抑制作用显著；0．05g／ml、0．075g／ml两个浓度下的抑制作用不显著；小麦秸杆浸提物对3种受体作物的苗高、根长和干物质积累均表现出低促高抑的浓度效应，小麦、黄瓜为0．05g／ml的秸杆浸提效果最好，大豆以0．075g／ml效果最好。     

伴生杂草对小麦化感作用的研究初报

通过用播娘蒿、荠菜、野燕麦、婆婆纳、泽漆5种麦田杂草不同浓度梯度(0.01～0.10gDW/ml)的水提液对小麦进行室内滤纸培养试验,并对小麦的发芽率,根长,苗高,鲜重及干重五项指标进行了全面测试,初步研究了5种麦田杂草对小麦的化感作用。统计结果表明:5种麦田杂草的水提液对小麦的发芽均有明显抑制,其中当浓度为0.10gDW/ml时RI值在-0.516～-0.846之间;而对小麦幼苗的生长影响因种类有差异,其中荠菜、播娘蒿、泽漆对小麦有明显抑制作用,荠菜对小麦苗高的抑制不明显,而对根长、鲜重和干重有明显抑制,最大强度RI值在-0.168～-0.582之间,播娘蒿对小麦苗高的抑制也不明显,而对根长、鲜重和干重有明显抑制,最大强度RI值在-0.170～-0.756之间,泽漆对小麦苗高、根长、鲜重和干重有明显抑制,最大强度RI值在-0.182～-0.779之间;婆婆纳则表现出一定促进作用,尤其对小麦的鲜重和干重的促进作用较明显,最大强度RI在0.012～0.173之间,野燕麦对小麦幼苗影响在供试浓度内不明显。     

不同品种棉花发芽对小麦化感物质反应的研究

以百棉2号、中四5号、开棉5号、99B四个棉花品种为小麦植株化感物质的受体材料，比较小麦化感物质对这些品种种子发芽指标如发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗长以及POD（过氧化物酶）比活力的影响，通过对各品种间被测指标的差异显著性分析，结果表明：不同棉花品种种子发芽对小麦化感物质的反应不同，其中百棉2号对小麦化感效应反应最佳，其次分别为中四5号、开棉5号、99B。     

麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响

设置麦棉改良3∶1式套作试验,在棉花苗期取小麦根区土壤,采用1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液振荡提取法收集小麦根区化感物质。在1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液中分别添加相当于0.36,1.44 mg.L-1的上述化感提取物质(CL1、CL2),以含0.4%无水乙醇同等浓度的1/2Hoagland-Aron营养液为对照(CK)。在砂培条件下研究了麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响。结果表明:CL1对棉苗的生长影响较小,CL2对棉苗的生长有显著的抑制作用,表现在棉苗物质积累降低,根系内源保护酶活性显著下降,MDA含量上升,电解质渗出率升高。砂培小麦后,以小麦近根系石英砂移栽棉花,小麦残留的根系分泌物导致棉苗鲜重下降,叶片的生长受到抑制,棉苗叶面积降低。因此,小麦根系分泌物产生的化感作用影响了棉苗的生长,从而导致了麦套棉弱苗晚发。     

Aegilops kotschyi and Aegilops tauschii as sources for higher levels of grain Iron and Zinc

Micronutrient malnutrition affects a very large proportion of the world's population. For combating micronutrient malnutrition, biofortification through genetic manipulation has been proposed as an alternative to traditional fortification for increasing the bioavailable nutrient content of food crops. Wheat, being a staple food for a large section of the world's population, is targeted for increasing the Fe and Zn content in the grains. The cultivated germplasm of wheat does not have sufficient variability for grain Fe and Zn content but the wild species of wheat do show wider variation for grain micronutrient density. The analysis of Aegilops kotschyi and A. tauschii for Fe and Zn content in the grains using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) indicated that the S and D genome species accumulate significantly higher iron and zinc in the grains than the cultivated wheats. One of the CIMMYT synthetics also had significantly higher Fe and Zn in the grains as compared with the cultivated wheats. Aegilops kotschyi as a promising source for Fe and Zn, is reported for the first time. A systematic programme to identify and utilize the additional sources for high Fe and Zn has been initiated.     

Expression of morphological and flowering time variation through allopolyploidization: an empirical study with 27 wheat synthetics and their parental Aegilops tauschii accessions

It was recently shown that allopolyploidy brings novel epistatic interactions to genes belonging to different genomes. However, systematic studies of the phenotypic relationships between synthetic hexaploid wheats and their parental lines have not been conducted. In this study, 27 synthetic hexaploid wheats were produced by crossing the tetraploid wheat cultivar ‘Langdon’ with 27 accessions of Aegilops tauschii. Variations in 20 morphological and flowering traits were analysed in both the synthetic wheat lines and the parental Ae. tauschii accessions. The 20 traits exhibited large variations in the wheat lines. For many of the traits, the degree of variation in the parental accessions was reduced in the hexaploid derivatives. Principal component analysis of floret‐related traits divided the Ae. tauschii accessions into two subspecies, ssp. tauschii and ssp. strangulata, but this parental pattern of subspecific division was not detectable in the hexaploids. Our results suggest that the ‘Langdon’ genome may have an alleviating effect on the expression of D‐genome‐derived variations in derived synthetics.     

Genetic mapping of the Acph1 locus in Aegilops tauschii

The Acph1 locus of Aegilops tauschii encodes a new electrophoretically ‘fast’ acid phosphatase, whose allelic variation could well be involved in intraspecies differentiation. Genetic mapping via microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) analysis revealed that Acph1 is tightly linked with the marker Xgwm157 near the centromere region of chromosome 2.     

Inheritance in synthetic hexaploid wheat ‘RSP’ of sprouting tolerance derived from Aegilops tauschii Cosson

An artificial amphiploid ‘RSP’ (2n = 42, AABBDD) between tetraploid landrace Ailanmai (Triticum turgidum L., 2 = 28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (DD, 2n = 14) expressed high tolerance to preharvest sprouting which derived from Aegilops tauschii. To determine the inheritance of sprouting tolerance in ‘RSP’, it was crossed with six cultivars which vary in susceptibility to preharvest sprouting. Preharvest sprouting tolerance was assessed on F₂ plants using germination towels. Preharvest sprouting tolerance was inherited as a recessive trait which was controlled by one gene. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

普通小麦及近缘粗山羊草α-醇溶蛋白基因的克降、定位与进化分析

通过特异PCR引物设计,从普通小麦品种(豫麦34和烟农19)和粗山羊草(T9、T197、T48、T176和T17)中扩增、克隆了7个新的α-醇溶蛋白基因,分别命名为Gli-YM34、Gli-YN19、Gli-T9、Gli-T197、Gli-T48、Gli-T176和Gli-T17,基因序列长度为846~891 bp,编码282~297个氨基酸残基,都具有α-醇溶蛋白的典型结构特点。其中Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19基因推导的醇溶蛋白都含有一个额外的半胱氨酸残基,可能对面筋品质有正向作用。根据α-醇溶蛋白氨基酸序列所具有的4种T细胞抗原表位和多聚谷氨酰胺重复区的平均长度以及中国春缺体四体分析,将来自普通小麦品种的Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19基因定位在6D染色体上的Gli-D2位点,而且Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19与来自粗山羊草的α-醇溶蛋白基因具有很高的序列相似性,进一步证明粗山羊草是普通小麦D基因组的供体。在克隆的4个典型α-醇溶蛋白基因中检测到21个SNP和1个9 bp的缺失。系统进化分析表明,α-醇溶蛋白基因与低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因关系较近,在大约43.69百万年时分化,与ω-醇溶蛋白和HMW-GS基因亲缘关系较远,它们的分化时间大约为79.39百万年。     

抗条锈、抗穗发芽六倍体人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783的SSR标记分析

Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783是由CIMMYT引进的硬粒小麦/节节麦人工合成种,具有高抗条锈和高抗穗发芽等优良特性.本文选用小麦A、B、D染色体组的91对SSR引物将人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26在分子水平上进行了比较分析,结果表明：91对引物中有88对引物能扩增出清晰条带;88对引物中除3对引物外,86对引物（96.59%）均能揭示出Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26之间的差异.人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与育成小麦品种遗传差异很大,是丰富现代小麦遗传多样性的优异基因源;利用人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26构建SSR标记群体,可有效标记双亲优良基因.     

黄河中游地区粗山羊草高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄河中游地区粗山羊草的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)遗传多样性,应用SDS-PAGE技术分析了56份粗山羊草Glu-Dt1位点的HMW-GS组成,检测到3种x-型亚基(5t,6.2t,null)和3种y-型亚基(10.5t,10.4t,10.3t)。其中6.2t类型是新的x-型亚基。供试粗山羊草共发现3种HMW-GS组合类型5t 10.5t,6.2t 10.4t,null 10.3t,它们的比例分别是91.07%,7.14%,1.79%。表明该地区粗山羊草的高分子量谷蛋白亚基有一定变异。     

山羊草谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶是一种多功能蛋白酶,在植物体内参与干旱、盐、低温、重金属等多种非生物胁迫的调节;山羊草是普通小麦D染色体组的供体物种,深入挖掘山羊草中GST基因,对进一步分析六倍体小麦GST基因的功能具有重要意义。本研究利用信息生物学手段,在山羊草中共发现114条GST基因序列,分属于6个亚族;基因复制分析发现共4对基因发生了基因复制,且均为纯化选择;采用荧光定量PCR对部分GST基因在非生物胁迫下的表达分析发现,8个GST基因在响应干旱和盐胁迫时,主要在根部显著上调表达,3个GST基因在响应低温胁迫时,在根和叶中均显著上调表达,说明山羊草中的GST基因在应答非生物胁迫时,在不同组织中的表达存在着差异。     

波斯小麦×节节麦杂种F_1直接形成双二倍体的细胞遗传学研究

波斯小麦(Triticum carthlicum,AABB)与节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)杂交,杂种 F_1出现可育性。不同组合的自交结实率21.25—39.72%。细胞学研究表明,可育性是由于杂种 F_1通过两种途径形成了未减数配子:第一,一部分花粉母细胞第一次分裂消失,只发生第二次分裂。即21条染色体集中到赤道面上之后,姊妹染色单体均等分离并移向     

Identification and isolation of a new x-type HMW glutenin subunit 1Dx1.6t gene from Aegilops tauschii

A new x-type HMW glutenin subunit, designated as 1Dx1.6^t from Aegilops tauschii was identified and characterized by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. This subunit is located between 1Dx2 and 1Dx1.5^t and possesses a molecular mass ( M _r) of 88565.8 Da. Its complete coding sequence was amplified via allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and the amplified product was cloned and sequenced. The authenticity of the cloned 1Dx1.6 ^t gene was confirmed by successful expression of its open reading frame in Escherichia coli. The molecular characterization of 1Dx1.6 ^t gene showed that its coding region consisted of 2541 bp encoding a polypeptide of 845 amino acid residues. Sequence comparison to previously characterized 1Dx1.5^t subunit which is related to good dough quality of bread wheat indicated that the 1Dx1.6^t subunit displayed high homology, but possesses 14 residue substitutions and a nonapeptide insertion. A total of 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (1 per 212 bp) was identified in the 1Dx1.6 ^t allele (11 in repetitive domain and 1 in the C-terminal domain), which could facilitate the design of AS-PCR markers.