0.3%印楝素乳油防治烟青虫田间药效试验

采用植物源杀虫剂印楝素对烟草烟青虫进行田间药效试验,结果表明,0.3%印楝素EC80ml/667m2和100ml/667m2对烟青虫幼虫有较好的防治效果,药后7d防效分别达93%和89.6%,且对烟草生长安全。建议在烟田烟青虫防治中推广应用,在低龄幼虫期施药。     

玉米素对甘蓝生长、增产影响的研究

玉米素作为一种新型植物生长调节剂,在甘蓝莲座期喷施3次,能有效地加快甘蓝叶球的增长幅度,增加甘蓝单株鲜重和产量,且有7.13%～16.19%的增产效果,还能提升甘蓝品质。     

玉水素对甘蓝生长、增产影响的研究

玉米素作为一种新型植物生长调节剂,在甘蓝莲座期喷施3次,能有效地加快甘蓝叶球的增长幅度,增加甘蓝单株鲜重和产量,且有7.13%～16.19%的增产效果,还能提升甘蓝品质.     

东亚飞蝗生物防治技术研究

为有效控制东亚飞蝗的发生危害,维护白洋淀及其周边生态环境,我们选择了苦参碱0.5%水剂;苦皮藤素1%乳油;天然除虫菊素5%乳油等几种植物源杀虫剂,进行了田间药效对比试验。试验结果表明以上植物源杀虫剂对东亚飞蝗均具有较好的防治效果,且对天敌无明显影响,由以苦皮藤素1%乳油600mL/hm2处理最好,药后1d防效为85.4%,7d后达最高值93.3%。     

5种杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜的毒杀作用及对蚜茧蜂的影响

在室内分别测定了5%天然除虫菊素乳油、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、3%啶虫脒乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油5种杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜的毒杀作用及对蚜茧蜂的影响。结果表明:用浸渍法处理叶片上甘蓝蚜48 h以后,5%天然除虫菊素1、0%吡虫啉对甘蓝蚜虫的毒杀效果优于其他3种杀虫剂;用浸渍法处理蚜茧蜂蛹,除40%毒死蜱对其影响较大以外,其他4种杀虫剂处理的蚜茧蜂蛹羽化率与空白对照相比差异不显著;用药膜法处理蚜茧蜂成虫,5%天然除虫菊素、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯对其影响较大,处理后12 h,死亡率达100%;40%毒死蜱次之;3%啶虫脒1、0%吡虫啉影响较小。     

除虫菊素的杀虫特性与作用机理

除虫菊素属于植物源杀虫剂，通过作用于害虫的神经系统而达到对害虫的快速击倒作用，具有高效，广谱，低毒，对害虫有拒食和驱避作用，杀虫效果受温度影响等特性。     

5种植物源杀虫剂防治烟蚜效果研究

选用5种不同的植物源杀虫剂3%苦参碱水剂,0.2%苦皮藤素乳油,0.3%印楝素乳油,0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂,4%鱼藤酮乳油对烟蚜进行田间防治试验。结果表明,3%苦参碱水剂和0.2%苦皮藤素乳油对烟蚜防效皆达到90%以上,药效期可持续20 d。因此,3%苦参碱水剂和0.2%苦皮藤素乳油这两种植物源杀虫剂可作为无公害烟叶和有机烟叶生产中防治烟蚜的推荐药剂。     

几种植物源杀虫剂对香蕉褐足角胸叶甲的防效试验

为筛选出防治香蕉褐足角胸叶甲高效、安全、低毒的植物源药剂,选用3种植物源杀虫剂单剂及其2种复配药剂进行防效试验。结果表明,药后1～10d,植物源杀虫剂复配药剂3％多杀·苦参碱SC600倍液和1％苦参碱·印楝素EC2000倍液防效达70．10％-95．70％,具有良好的速效性防效和持续性防效,总体防效均优于单一药剂防效。单一药剂以5％多杀霉素SC液的速效性防效最好,以1％印楝素ME的持续性防效表现较好,0．5％苦参碱AS速效性防效和持续性防效均表现较差。     

印楝素对马铃薯甲虫的控制作用

为探讨植物源杀虫剂印楝素对马铃薯甲虫的防治作用,采用叶碟法测定印楝素乳油对其成虫的拒食作用,并通过药效试验测定印楝素乳油对马铃薯甲虫的控制效果。结果显示,印楝素对马铃薯甲虫成虫有较强的非选择性拒食作用,且拒食率随取食时间的增加而升高。在取食36 h后,浓度为6、7.5、10、15和30 mg/L印楝素的拒食率分别为55.5%、59.1%、53.4%、76.1%和63.3%,拒食率与浓度无显著相关性;但印楝素对马铃薯甲虫的选择性拒食率较低,各浓度处理间均无显著差异,取食36 h时,选择拒食率约20%;在田间10 mg/L印楝素溶液施药1 d和3 d后,虫口减退率分别为26.52%和50.76%,显著高于对照组,施药9 d后,马铃薯甲虫的校正防治效果为48.86%。表明印楝素对马铃薯甲虫有一定的控制效果。     

植物源杀虫剂研究进展

从植物源杀虫剂作用的特异性、作用机理、对非靶标生物的安全性以及害虫对植物源杀虫剂的抗性等方面介绍了植物源杀虫剂领域新的研究进展,并对该领域新的研究方向做了介绍,对植物源杀虫剂在未来的发展做了展望。     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.     

6种植物源药剂对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力测定和防效评价

为筛选防治胡萝卜微管蚜的高效植物源药剂,采用浸虫浸叶法、盆栽试验及田间试验评价了6种植物源药剂对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力和防治效果。室内和田间试验结果表明,1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对胡萝卜微管蚜毒力和防效最高,可在生产上推广使用。     

微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用研究进展

对微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用进行总结,采用微胶囊技术制备植物源杀虫剂可提高其稳定性,通过控制释放时间及释放速度来提高其活性。微胶囊技术也是植物源杀虫剂在实际应用中最能模仿自然植物灭虫过程的技术。     

稻飞虱靶标杀虫剂亚致死剂量多代处理对两种赤眼蜂的影响

实验室条件下测定了四种稻飞虱杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺对稻螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂和蛹的毒性,以及亚致死剂量对两种赤眼蜂多代的影响。结果表明,四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险;噻虫嗪对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险,其他均安全。四种杀虫剂对两种赤眼蜂蛹均安全。亚致死剂量的噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺处理可以刺激两种赤眼蜂的寄生力,该刺激作用并不会随着处理次数的增加而衰减。而吡虫啉和噻嗪酮显著降低螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力,其中随着吡虫啉处理次数的增加,螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力逐步降低。四种杀虫剂对子代羽化率无显著影响。四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂的子代雌性比无显著影响;除吡虫啉外,在噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺多代处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂的子代雌性比均有一定程度的下降。综上所述,如果在放蜂期间必须喷洒杀虫剂防治稻飞虱,建议要避开赤眼蜂成虫期,在放蜂4～6 d后优先选择噻嗪酮或烯啶虫胺。     

植物提取物对油茶炭疽菌的抑菌活性筛选

为开发新型植物源农药,探究油茶炭疽病的生物防治方法,以油茶炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)为供试病原菌,采用生长速率法测定了49种植物的70种提取物对油茶炭疽病菌的抑制作用,筛选出活性较好的提取物,并通过浓度梯度试验测定其抑菌毒力。结果表明,在提取物浓度为1 mg/mL时,臭灵丹石油醚萃取物和益母草乙酸乙酯萃取物对油茶炭疽菌抑菌效果最好,抑制率分别为54.48%和50.75%,经毒力测定其有效中浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.7013和0.6246 mg/mL。本研究为进一步利用臭灵丹、益母草开发植物源抑菌剂提供了一定的理论依据。     

Neem and other Botanical insecticides: Barriers to commercialization

In spite of the wide recognition that many plants possess insecticidal properties, only a handful of pest control products directly obtained from plants,i. e., botanical insecticides, are in use in developed countries. The demonstrated efficacy of the botanical neem (based on seed kernel extracts ofAzadirachta indica), and its recent approval for use in the United States, has stimulated research and development of other botanical insecticides. However, the commercialization of new botanical insecticides can be hindered by a number of issues. The principal barriers to commercialization of new botanicals are (i) scarcity of the natural resource; (ii) standardization and quality control; and (iii) registration. These issues are no problem (i) or considerably less of a problem (ii, iii) with conventional insecticides. In this review I discuss these issues and suggest how the problems may be overcome in the future. Based on a paper presented at the symposiumBiopesticides for Crop Protection, Seoul National University Suwon, South Korea, 22 August 1996.     

Toxicity of botanical insecticides on Diaphania hyalinata,their selectivity for the predatory ant Paratrechina sp., and their potential phytotoxicity on pumpkin

The use of botanical insecticides could be an alternative efficient pest management in Cucurbitaceae against melonworm Diaphania hyalinata and less harmful to its predator. Few studies jointly assess the efficiency of botanical insecticides, their effects on pest, and their effect on the natural enemy and target crop. Here we examine (1) their impact against the melonworm D. hyalinata, a key pest of Cucurbitaceae, (2) their toxicity to the predatory ant Paratrechina sp., and (3) their phytotoxicity to pumpkin plants. The botanical insecticides citronella oil and eucalyptus oil were highly toxic to D. hyalinata and they exhibited to be less harmful for the predatory ant Paratrechina sp. Andiroba oil, eucalyptus oil, garlic extract, and citronella oil caused feeding inhibition of the D. hyalinata larvae. Eucalyptus oil, andiroba oil, garlic extract, and rotenone inhibited the oviposition of D. hyalinata. None of the insecticides was phytotoxic to pumpkin plants. Eucalyptus oil and citronella oil have induced high mortality and altered the behavior of target pests. In addition, they were selective for the predator Paratrechina sp. and not exhibited phytotoxicity on pumpkin plants. Eucalyptus oil and citronella oil seem the most promising compounds for incorporation into melonworm management programs, because they induced high mortality and altered the behavior of target pests and were selective for the predator Paratrechina sp.     

常用杀虫剂对块耳霉菌落生长和产孢的影响

为探讨杀虫剂与虫生真菌的相容性，并为在蚜霉菌流行期间合理施用化学农药提供参考依据，采用测量菌落直径法和培养皿计数法，研究了20种常用杀虫剂对块耳霉菌落生长和产孢的影响。供试验的20种杀虫剂对块耳霉菌落生长均有显著影响(P＜0．01)，其中有12种杀虫剂的押茁率达到60％以上，对块耳霉生长起到强烈的抑制作用。6．8—7．0天统计各杀虫剂处理平板2．5h产孢量的结果表明，除经植物性杀虫剂苦参碱处理的菌落的产孢量高于对照外，其余19种杀虫剂处理平板上菌落的产孢量均不同程度地低于对照。