不同激活方法对猪卵胞质内单精子注射（ICSI）效果的影响

采用不同的注射方式结合人工激活方法处理猪卵母细胞,旨在探讨各处理方法对猪ICSI效果的影响。结果表明：假性注射＋未激活处理组卵母细胞的激活率虽然高于无机械刺激＋无激活处理对照组,但明显低于假性注射＋人工激活处理组;精子注射卵母细胞经CaCl2（1.8pL,30mmol/L）、离子霉素（15μmol/L,40min）和电脉冲（场强0.4kV/cm、脉冲时程90μs、1次脉冲）激活处理后,其激活率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,CaCl2处理组的受精率显著高于离子霉素处理组（P〈0.05）,并与电激活处理组无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;但是,在假性注射组和对照组中,CaCl2处理组的孤雌发育率极显著地低于离子霉素和电激活处理组（P〈0.01）;CaCl2处理组的卵裂率（P〈0.01）和囊胚总细胞数（P〈0.05）显著高于对照组。因此,单纯注射性机械刺激对猪卵母细胞的激活效果较差,有必要进行人工激活;ICSI卵母细胞经CaCl2溶液激活处理后,能够取得较好的ICSI效果,而不显著增加其孤雌发育率。     

An intracytoplasmic injection of deionized bovine serum albumin immediately after somatic cell nuclear transfer enhances full-term development of cloned mouse embryos

In mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is typically included in the nuclear donor injection medium. However, the cytotoxicity of PVP, which is injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes, has recently become a cause of concern. In the present study, we determined whether bovine serum albumin deionized with an ion-exchange resin treatment (d-BSA) was applicable to the nuclear donor injection medium in SCNT as an alternative to PVP. The results obtained showed that d-BSA introduced into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte together with a donor nucleus significantly enhanced the rate of in vitro development of cloned embryos to the blastocyst stage compared with that of a conventional nuclear injection with PVP in SCNT. We also defined the enhancing effects of d-BSA on the blastocyst formation rate when d-BSA was injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes reconstructed using the fusion method with a hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope before oocyte activation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the injected d-BSA increased the acetylation levels of histone H3 lysine 9 and histone H4 lysine 12 in cloned pronuclear (PN) and 2-cell embryos. The injection of d-BSA before oocyte activation also increased the production of cloned mouse offspring. These results suggested that intracytoplasmic injection of d-BSA into SCNT oocytes before oocyte activation was beneficial for enhancing the in vitro and in vivo development of mouse cloned embryos through epigenetic modifications to nuclear reprogramming.     

Embryo development of porcine oocytes after injection with miniature pig sperm and their extracts

This study examined embryo development of porcine oocytes after microinjection of sperm extracts (SE) in porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). SE was prepared from miniature pig sperm by a nonionic surfactant, and various concentrations (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/mL) of SE were injected into the matured oocytes with a first polar body. In the pronuclear stage, the rate of oocytes with two pronuclei and a second polar body (21.4%) in the sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The rate of 2–4‐cell stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 38.1%, and it was significantly higher than that in the sperm injection group (22.9%). The rate of blastocyst stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 21.4%, the value was significantly higher than those in SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (0%), sperm injection group (5.7%), and sperm and SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (2.6%). These results suggest that SE induces activation of porcine oocytes and their further embryonic development, and that SE is effective for porcine ICSI.     

Effect of Pre‐Treatment of Ovine Sperm on Male Pronuclear Formation and Subsequent Embryo Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various methods of sperm pre‐treatment on male pronuclear (MPN) formation and subsequent development of ovine embryos derived from in vitro‐matured oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The effect of treatment of injected oocytes with dithiothreitol (DTT) on embryo development was also assessed. In Exp. 1, the injected oocytes with non‐treated sperm were activated with three different procedures. The cleavage and blastocyst rates in those activated with DTT was lower (p < 0.05) than those activated with either ionomycin (Io) + 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) or DTT + I + 6‐DMAP. In Exp. 2, the effects of sperm pre‐incubated with DTT, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or DTT + SDS as well as two‐time frozen/thawed sperm (without cryoprotectant) on MPN formation and oocyte activation were examined. The non‐treated sperm served as controls. The MPN formation in DTT + SDS group was higher (p < 0.05) than other groups except for freeze–thaw group. No difference in the rate of activated ICSI oocytes was observed among groups. In Exp. 3, the effect of pre‐treatment of sperm on subsequent development of ICSI embryos and blastocyst cell numbers were examined. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation as well as the blastocyst cell numbers were similar among the pre‐treated and control groups. In conclusion, pre‐treatment of sperm with DTT + SDS positively affected MPN formation, although the subsequent development capacity of the resulting embryos remained limited. Moreover, DTT was not effective on oocyte activation compared with Io + 6‐DMAP after ICSI.     

Use of a Piezo Drill for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection into Cattle Oocytes Activated with Ionomycin Associated with Roscovitine

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) consists of the introduction, by micromanipulation, of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg. This technique is particularly advantageous when only a few sperm are available for fertilization, representing an important tool in preserving genetic material, especially from poorly fertile males. The results from ICSI in cattle are very often unsatisfactory and difficult to reproduce. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of a Piezo drill (PD) and oocyte activation with ionomycin + roscovitine (I + R) during ICSI in cattle oocytes. After in vitro maturation (24 h), cumulus complex oocytes were divided into four groups: G1 – the ICSI was performed without the use of a PD and the oocyte was activated with I + R; G2 – the ICSI was performed with the use of the PD and activation with I + R; G3 – the ICSI was performed with the use of the PD, but without activation and G4 – parthenogenetic control, treated with I + R, but without sperm injection. The presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days and evaluated on day 3 for cleavage rate and on day 7 for blastocyst formation. Embryo production by standard in vitro fertilization in the laboratory was 78% for cleavage (117/150) and 35% for blastocyst formation (41/150). The cleavage rates obtained in G1, G2 and G4 were similar (66.7%, 71.6% and 66.3%, respectively), demonstrating the beneficial effect of oocyte activation. However, in G3, despite the presence of the sperm and the electric stimulation of a PD, the cleavage rates were significantly lower (17.5%) compared with the groups that used chemical activation, even in the absence of sperm (G4). Despite the beneficial effects of activation, this stimulus alone, or in the absence of the PD, was not sufficient for adequate morulae formation (13.4%, 37.9%, 0.0% and 13.5% for G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively). Only in G2, when the PD was used followed by artificial activation, blastocysts were obtained (14.7%). These results indicate that cattle oocytes must be activated after ICSI to produce viable embryos.     

Effect of Ca Ionophore On Blastocyst Production Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Caprine Oocytes

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of calcium ionophore activation on blastocyst production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in in vitro‐matured Caprine oocytes. A total of 470 in vitro‐matured oocytes were selected and randomly divided in to three groups. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered by slicing the Caprine ovaries were matured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) + 10% follicular fluid + FSH (5 μg/ml) + LH (10 μg/ml) + estradiol (1 μg/ml) + EGF (10 ng/ml) + BSA (3 mg/ml) for 27 h in humidified atmosphere at 38.5°C with 5% CO₂ in CO₂ incubator. After 27 h of culture, selected COCs (n = 470) were separated from cumulus cells by treating with 0.1% hyaluronidase enzyme and passing repeatedly through a fine pipette and randomly divided into three groups. In group 1, (n = 168) matured oocytes were injected with injection micropipette without sperm as control. In group 2, (n = 152) capacitated spermatozoa were injected into cytoplasm of in vitro‐matured oocytes through injection micropipette. In group 3, (n = 150) capacitated spermatozoa were injected into cytoplasm of in vitro‐matured oocytes through injection micropipette and then activated with 5 μm Ca ionophore for 5 min. The oocytes of all groups were then culture in RVCL media for embryo development. The cleavage rate was observed after 48–72 h of injection. The cleavage rate and blastocyst production in group 1, 2 and 3 were 0.00 and 0.00, 18.42 and 3.57 and 61.33% and 16.30%, respectively. The result indicated that mechanical activation failed to induce cleavage in in vitro‐matured Caprine oocytes, whereas chemical activation of intracytoplasmic sperm‐injected in vitro‐matured Caprine oocytes showed significantly higher cleavage rate and blastocyst production as compare to non‐activated oocytes.     

Factors affecting premature chromosome condensation of cumulus cell nuclei injected into rat oocytes

To date, production of cloned rats by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) has not yet been successful. Inducing premature chromosome condensation (PCC) of injected cell nuclei in recipient cytoplasm is considered essential for successful mouse cloning by the Honolulu method. In the present study, some factors affecting PCC of rat cumulus cell nuclei injected into rat oocytes were examined. Wistar female rats (young: 4 to 5-week-old, mature: > or =10-week-old) were superovulated by injections of eCG and hCG, and oocytes recovered 14 or 17 h after hCG injection were received with cumulus cell nuclei using piezo-driven micromanipulator. When the oocytes were recovered 14 h post-hCG injection from young rats and the nuclear injection into oocytes was completed within 45 min, PCC was observed in 44-49% of NT oocytes. In the case of oocytes from mature rats, PCC occurred in 11-19% of the NT oocytes. Oocytes recovered 17 h post-hCG injection did not support PCC of the injected nuclei (0-7%) regardless of the donor age. Treatment of oocytes with a neutral cysteine protease inhibitor, N-acetylleucylleucylnorleucinal, slightly increased the incidence of PCC (48 vs 37%). Comparison of rat strains for oocyte donors indicated that proportions of NT oocytes undergoing PCC in Wistar and LEW oocytes (41-46%) were higher than those in Donryu and F344 oocytes (17-25%). Thus, ability of rat oocytes to promote PCC of the injected nuclei is dependent on the characteristics of oocytes, such as age or strain of donor rats, and timing of oocyte recovery.     

小鼠卵母细胞氯化锶激活条件

以昆明小鼠为试验对象，研究了氯化锶（SrCl2)浓度，激尖处理时间以及卵龄对卵母细胞SrCl2孤雌活化的影响。hCG注射后18h的小鼠卵母细胞在1.6,5.0,10,20mmol/L SrCl2的激活液中处理10min，各组间的激活率（原核期卵母细胞的比例）无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。10，20mmol/L SrCl2组发育至2－，4－细胞期比率（59．26％，20．37％，63．79％，20．69％）同于1．6，5．0mmol/L 组（20．63％，9．26％，47．06％，7．84）（P＜05）。只有20mmol/L组的少数激活卵母细胞（3．45％）发育至桑椹胚阶段。10，20mmol/L SrCl2组处理20，40，60min，2组间的活化率无显著性差异。处理40min,20mmol/L组的桑椹胚和囊胚发育率（64．44％，22．22％）均显著高于10mmol/L组（30．36％，11．61％），处理60min,10mmol/L组的桑椹胚和囊胚发育率（84．68％，46．77％）均显著高于20mmol/L组（67．46％，28．57％），10mmol/L SrCl2处理，20，40，60，180，360min，其活化率和2－细胞的发育率无显著性差异。60，180min处理组的囊胚发育率（49．58％，47．59％）差异不显著，但2者均显著高于20，40，360min组（4．50％，12．24％和35．53％），后3者组间差异显著。随卵龄的增加，活化率显著增加。hCG注射后16h卵母细胞的活化率（77．78％）显著高于14h的卵母细胞（29．63％），而hCG注射后18h卵母细胞的活化率（49．19％）又显著高于16h的卵母细胞，hCG注射后18，20h卵母细胞的活化率差异不显著（94．19％，85．90％）。hCG注射后14，16，18h卵母细胞激活后的囊胚发育率（6．71％，27．78％，47．67％），各组间差异显著。但hCG注射后20h卵母细胞激活后的囊胚发育率（39．74％）显著低于18h的卵母细胞。     

The developmental ability of vitrified oocytes from different mouse strains assessed by parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Assessment of the developmental ability of oocytes following freezing and thawing is an important step for optimizing oocyte cryopreservation techniques. However, the in vitro fertilization of frozen-thawed mouse oocytes is often inefficient because of incomplete capacitation of spermatozoa in the absence of surrounding cumulus cells. This study was undertaken to determine whether the oocyte cryopreservation efficiency of different strains of mice could be assessed from the development of oocytes following parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Oocytes were collected from hybrid (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F1 or inbred (C57BL/6J, C3H/HeN, DBA/2J and BALB/cA) strains and were vitrified in a solution containing ethylene glycol, DMSO, Ficoll and sucrose. In the first series of experiments, oocytes were activated parthenogenetically by Sr(2+) treatment after warming. The oocytes from the inbred strains, but not those of the F1 hybrid, were diploidized by cytochalasin treatment to obtain a sufficient number of blastocysts. In all strains tested, parthenogenetic embryos derived from vitrified oocytes developed into blastocysts at rates between 23 and 68%. In the second series of experiments, vitrified oocytes from each strain were injected with homologous spermatozoa after warming. Normal offspring were obtained from all strains at rates between 5 and 26% per embryo transferred. Thus, the feasibility of oocyte cryopreservation protocols can be assessed easily by in vitro development of parthenogenetic embryos or by in vivo development of ICSI embryos. Moreover, the oocytes of these four major inbred strains of mice can be cryopreserved safely for production of offspring.     

Efficient strontium-induced activation of mouse oocytes in standard culture media by chelating calcium

Without using sperm, artificial oocyte activation is essential for current assisted reproductive technologies, particularly somatic cell nuclear transfer and round spermatid injection. Strontium has been widely used as an activator of oocytes especially in the mouse, by which efficient oocyte activation requires Ca(2+)-free medium. In this study, we examined whether Sr(2+) can efficiently activate oocytes in Ca(2+)-containing culture media when calcium is chelated. Ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether) -N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was added to three standard culture media (CZB, M16 and KSOM) for mouse embryos because it preferentially binds Ca(2+) rather than Sr(2+). We found that treatment with 5 mM Sr(2+) and 2 mM EGTA left fewer than 1% of oocytes at the MII stage, which is comparable to that of Ca(2+)-free medium. As a result, addition of 2 mM EGTA along with 5 mM Sr(2+) in either CZB, M16 or KSOM made more than 80% of available activated oocytes, which was comparable to or better than 72% in a Ca(2+)-free Sr(2+) medium, since EGTA-Sr(2+) activation led to significantly less oocyte degeneration than Ca(2+)-free Sr(2+) activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this activation method can support the birth of cloned embryos. Thus, addition of EGTA to typical Ca(2+)-containing culture media can easily produce activation media that does not interfere with embryonic development.     

冷冻后小鼠卵母细胞的透明带和质膜对体外受精的影响

以冷冻保存后的小鼠卵母细胞为实验材料,研究其膜对体外受精效果的影响。在室温(25±0.5)℃条件下,以10%乙二醇(EG)+10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为预处理液,EDFS30为玻璃化溶液。将卵母细胞于10%EG+10%DMSO溶液中预处理30s,然后再移入EDFS30中处理25s,以开放式拉长细管(OPS)为承载器投入液氮中,即两步法玻璃化冷冻保存。结果表明:冷冻卵母细胞受精后的卵裂率(46.67%)显著低于新鲜组的(86.06%)(P<0.05)。冷冻卵母细胞去透明带后质膜上的平均精子结合数(10.70)与对照组(10.81)无显著性差异(P>0.05),形成雌雄原核数也无显著性差异(2.49vs.2.59)(P>0.05)。冷冻卵母细胞透明带打孔后,其体外受精后卵裂率与新鲜组差异不显著(84.73%vs.91.19%)(P>0.05)。因此玻璃化冷冻保存小鼠卵母细胞透明带的变化是影响体外受精效果的主要因素之一。     

Prolonged exposure to hyaluronidase decreases the fertilization and development rates of fresh and cryopreserved mouse oocytes

Hyaluronidase is generally used to remove cumulus cells from mouse oocytes before oocyte cryopreservation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection or DNA injection. In general, use of cumulus-free mouse oocytes decreases in vitro fertilizing ability compared with cumulus-surrounded oocytes. The effect of hyaluronidase exposure on the quality of mouse oocytes is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of hyaluronidase exposure time on the fertilization rate of fresh and vitrified mouse oocytes and their subsequent developmental ability in vitro. We found that the fertilization rate decreased with hyaluronidase treatments. This reduction in the fertilization rate following treatment with hyaluronidase was fully reversed by removal of the zona pellucida. In addition, oocytes treated with hyaluronidase for 5 min or longer had a reduced capacity to develop to the morula and blastocyst stage. The survival, fertilization, and developmental rates of vitrified-warmed oocytes were also reduced by longer exposure to hyaluronidase. In conclusion, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to hyaluronidase decreases the quality of mouse oocytes and shorter hyaluronidase treatment times may help achieve a stable and high fertilization rate in fresh and cryopreserved oocytes.     

Aging of recipient oocytes reduces the development of cloned embryos receiving cumulus cells

Parthenogenetic activation is an important factor in successful production of cloned mammals. Because it has been reported that aged oocytes are more sensitive to parthenogenetic activation than young oocytes, the present study examined the effects of oocyte aging on the in vitro and in vivo developmental potential of nuclear-transferred (NT) mouse oocytes receiving cumulus cells. The potentials of young NT oocytes (14 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin [hCG] injection) to develop into blastocysts was, however, significantly higher than that of aged oocytes (20 h after hCG injection; 16% vs 6%). When the nuclei of NT oocytes at the 2-cell stage were fused with enucleated fertilized 2-cell embryos, the potentials of the serial NT embryos to develop into blastocysts were no different for both young and aged oocytes (74% vs 74%). Live young, however, were obtained only after transfer of serial NT blastocysts developed from young NT oocytes (2%). In contrast to a report using embryonic nuclei as the nuclear donors, the results of the present study indicate that young oocytes are superior to aged oocytes as a source of recipient cytoplasm for mouse somatic cell cloning.     

Effect of time of oocyte collection and site of insemination on oocyte transfer in mares

The objective of the study was to compare embryo development rates after transfer of oocytes collected 22 or 33 h after hCG injection into recipients inseminated within the uterus or the oviduct. Oocytes were collected at approximately 22 or 33 h after hCG injections and incubated for approximately 16 or 1.5 h, respectively, before transfer. Intrauterine inseminations using 1 x 10(9) progressively motile sperm were done approximately 12 h before and 2 h after transfer. For intraoviductal inseminations (gamete intrafallopian transfer [GIFT]), semen was centrifuged through a Percoll gradient, and 200,000 progressively motile sperm were transferred with oocytes into the oviduct. Time of oocyte collection (22 or 33 h) after hCG injection did not affect embryo development rates (17/25, 68%, vs 12/23, 52%, respectively; P = 0.40). When results from oocyte collections at 22 and 33 h after hCG were combined, oocyte transfer with intraoviductal vs intrauterine insemination resulted in similar (P = 0.70) embryo development rates (12/22, 55%, and 17/26, 65%, respectively). However, the interaction between time of oocyte collection and site of insemination tended to be significant (P = 0.09), suggesting that GIFT using oocytes collected at 33 h after hCG may not be as effective as using oocytes collected at 22 h after hCG. Because intraoviductal insemination requires a low number of sperm, GIFT could be used in cases of male subfertility, frozen semen, or sexed sperm.     

不同激活条件及半胱氨酸处理对猪ICSI胚胎发育影响研究

本试验探讨了不同辅助激活方法(Calciumionophore A23187激活、Calciumionophore A23187+6-DMAP联合激活和电激活)、不同精子预处理方法(液氮冻融处理和0.1%Triton X-100处理)和在添加半胱氨酸的胚胎培养液中培养不同时间(0 h、4 h、12 h和168 h)对猪卵母细胞内单精子注射(ICSI)胚胎体外发育的影响。结果显示:与无辅助激活相比,A23187+6-DMAP联合激活和电激活均能显著提高ICSI卵母细胞的激活率、卵裂率和囊胚率(P0.05),A23187+6-DMAP联合激活能显著提高ICSI卵母细胞的受精率(P0.05)。液氮冻融精子组ICSI卵母细胞的雄原核形成率显著高于活精子组(P0.05)。在添加半胱氨酸的胚胎培养液中培养4 h的ICSI卵母细胞受精率、雄原核形成率和囊胚率显著高于0 h组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,猪卵母细胞在ICSI后需要辅助激活来启动胚胎顺利发育,A23187+6-DMAP激活效果较好。液氮冻融精子可以促进ICSI后雄原核的形成。半胱氨酸处理4 h对猪ICSI卵母细胞受精和发育均有促进作用。     

In vitro production of porcine zygotes using intracytoplasmic injection of vitrified sperm

The objectives of this study were to evaluate if vitrified porcine spermatozoa are able to maintain their capacity to produce zygotes in vitro using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and to evaluate the zygote development in two in vitro atmospheric conditions: 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas. A group of porcine oocytes maturated in vitro were injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (treatment group) and another group, with sperm diluted and conserved at 17°C (control group). To evidence parthenogenetic activation, some oocytes were submitted to a Sham test. The injected oocytes were cultured in G1 medium at 38°C, 100% humidity and 5% CO₂ or tri‐gas. No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in embryo development between the oocytes injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (31.8%; 36/113), and those injected with semen diluted and conserved at 17°C (35.5%; 32/90), when cultured in 5% CO₂ or under tri‐gas atmosphere (42.9%; 39/91 vs. 34.2%; 26/76, respectively). No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in the percentage of pronuclei (PN) obtained between 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas, within each treatment either. Of the 52 oocytes submitted to the Sham test, only two presented a female PN (activation) indicating that the PN observed in the treatment group were a product of fertilization and not parthenogenetic activation. To conclude, porcine sperm vitrified using spheres, at a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml in TALP medium with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), conserve condensed and intact chromatin capable of producing early embryo development up to the pronuclear stage.     

显微注射针对猪ICSI胚胎的发育和EGFP表达效率的影响

本实验以猪体外成熟卵子以及冷冻解冻后失活的精子为材料,以无BSA且成分明确的TL-HEPES溶液为操作液,探讨显微注射过程中分别使用钝口针和磨口针进行注射,对猪卵子的激活、ICSI胚胎的发育及EGFP表达效率的影响。结果表明:成熟后的猪卵子在不进行精子注射和电激活的情况下,使用钝口针空注射后,卵裂率显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。分别使用钝口针和磨口针对成熟后的猪卵子进行精子注射,不论进行或不进行电激活,使用钝口针注射,卵子的卵裂率、囊胚率和胚胎EGFP的表达效率均显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。本实验研究发现,使用钝口针进行注射有利于猪ICSI卵子的激活,胚胎的发育以及胚胎中EGFP表达效率。     

Development of Cat Embryos Produced by Intracytoplasmic Injection of Spermatozoa Stored in Alcohol

This study was conducted to examine whether cat spermatozoa stored in ethanol for 1 month was capable of developing into pronuclei and of supporting normal embryonic development. In vitro matured oocytes were injected with frozen-thawed spermatozoa and ethanol-stored spermatozoa. The status of oocytes and sperm nuclei was examined at 4 and 18 h after injection of spermatozoa, and the presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days to assess the development of oocytes injected with each storage sperm. The percentage of enlarged sperm head at 4 h after injection was higher in ethanol-stored spermatozoa than in frozen-thawed spermatozoa, but there was no significant difference in the development of oocytes and sperm nuclei at 18 h after injection between the two groups. The development of oocytes to the blastocyst stage after injection of spermatozoa was observed only in oocytes with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Of oocytes injected with ethanol-stored spermatozoa, two (2.8%) oocytes developed to the 16-cell stage. These results indicate that cat spermatozoa stored in ethanol can decondense and form male pronuclei after intracytoplasmic injection. However, the oocytes injected with ethanol-stored spermatozoa did not have the ability to develop to the blastocyst stage.     

Effects of UCHL1 Inhibition on Porcine Oocyte Matuation in vitro,Zona Pellucida Ubiquitination and Polyspermy

This study was aimed to examine the effects of UCHL1 inhibition on porcine oocyte maturation in vitro, zona pellucida (ZP) ubiquitination and polyspermy. DAPI staining, Hoechst staining and SDS-PAGE methods were used to detect the matuation rate of porcine oocytes in vitro, the level of ubiquitination of zona pellucida (ZP) and polyspermy. The results showed that after different concentrations UCHL1 inhibitor (10, 20, 25 and 30 μmol/L, DMSO and control group) were added into maturation medium for culturing 46 h in vitro, the mature rate of control group was 86.22%, while the maturation rate of 30 μmol/L group was 15.30%, and the maturation rate of every treatment group had significant difference (P<0.05). Western blotting result showed that every group generated ubiquitin markers of ZP were about 61, 80 and 106 ku in different degree. According to the analysis of gray value, the result had significant difference (P<0.05). Conducting fertilization in vitro, the number of sperm adhered on oocyte ZP in control group was the most, the number of sperm running into oocyte was fewer, the number of sperm adhered on oocyte ZP with 30 μmol/L UCHL1 inhibitor was the fewest, and there was almost no sperm running into the oocyte. The results showed that UCHL1 inhibitor had an impact on maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro. With the higher concentration of UCHL1, the lower degree of ZP protein ubiquitinated, UCHL1 could regulate sperm attachment and polyspermy.     

马卵母细胞胞质内精子注射后体外发育能力的研究

本研究在非繁殖季节评估卵丘形态(松散型、致密型)、成熟培养体系(TCM 199、NCSU 23)、体外成熟时间(34、38 h)和离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对马卵母细胞胞质内精子注射(ICSI)后体外发育能力的影响。从屠宰场采集马卵巢,获得的卵母细胞进行体外成熟,然后注射马冷冻解冻精液,统计分裂情况。试验结果表明,①马松散型卵母细胞成熟率显著高于致密型卵母细胞(P<0.05),分别为61.09%和41.24%,但ICSI后36 h分裂率无显著差异(P>0.05),分别为47.34%和44.92%;②两种培养体系对马松散型或致密型卵母细胞成熟率及ICSI后36 h分裂率无显著影响(P>0.05),但相同成熟体系培养松散型卵母细胞成熟率均显著高于致密型卵母细胞(P<0.05),然而ICSI后36 h分裂率差异不显著(P>0.05);③松散型或致密型卵母细胞在TCM 199或NCSU 23中成熟38 h成熟率均高于34 h成熟率,分别为44.43%～68.87%和34.52%～58.90%,松散型卵母细胞在TCM 199体系中成熟34 h、ICSI后激活组或对照组的分裂率显著高于成熟38 h、ICSI后激活组的分裂率(P<0.05),以及致密型卵母细胞在TCM 199体系中成熟34 h、ICSI后激活组的分裂率(P<0.05),而且显著高于松散型卵母细胞在NCSU 23体系中成熟38 h、ICSI后对照组的分裂率(P<0.05);④ICSI后用离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对马卵母细胞ICSI后36 h分裂无显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,马松散型和致密型卵母细胞的成熟能力存在差异,TCM 199和NCSU 23成熟体系对这2种类型卵母细胞的发育能力无显著影响(P>0.05),马卵母细胞成熟38 h成熟率高于34 h成熟率,TCM 199成熟体系培养松散型卵母细胞34 h进行ICSI后的分裂率最高。离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对TCM 199或NCSU 23体系成熟马卵母细胞ICSI后的体外发育能力无显著影响(P>0.05)。